We need nuclear power to solve climate change

It's easy to forget that last night,

one billion people went to sleep
without access to electricity.

One billion people.

Two and a half billion people
did not have access

to clean cooking fuels

or clean heating fuels.

Those are the problems
in the developing world,

and it's easy for us not to be
empathetic with those people

who seem so distant from us.

But even in our own world,
the developed world,

we see the tension of stagnant economies

impacting the lives of people around us.

We see it in whole pieces of the economy,

where the people involved
have lost hope about the future

and despair about the present.

We see that in the Brexit vote.

We see that in the Sanders/Trump
campaigns in my own country.

But even in countries as recently
turning the corner

towards being in the developed world,

in China,

we see the difficulty
that President Xi has

as he begins to unemploy so many people
in his coal and mining industries

who see no future for themselves.

As we as a society figure out
how to manage

the problems of the developed world

and the problems of the developing world,

we have to look at how we move forward

and manage the environmental impact

of those decisions.

We've been working on this problem
for 25 years, since Rio,

the Kyoto Protocols.

Our most recent move

is the Paris treaty,

and the resulting climate agreements

that are being ratified
by nations around the world.

I think we can be very hopeful

that those agreements,
which are bottom-up agreements,

where nations have said
what they think they can do,

are genuine and forthcoming
for the vast majority of the parties.

The unfortunate thing

is that now, as we look
at the independent analyses

of what those climate treaties
are liable to yield,

the magnitude of the problem
before us becomes clear.

This is the United States
Energy Information Agency's assessment

of what will happen

if the countries implement
the climate commitments

that they've made in Paris

between now and 2040.

It shows basically CO2 emissions
around the world

over the next 30 years.

There are three things
that you need to look at

and appreciate.

One, CO2 emissions are expected
to continue to grow

for the next 30 years.

In order to control climate,

CO2 emissions have to literally go to zero

because it's the cumulative emissions
that drive heating on the planet.

This should tell you that we are losing
the race to fossil fuels.

The second thing you should notice

is that the bulk of the growth

comes from the developing countries,

from China, from India,

from the rest of the world,

which includes South Africa
and Indonesia and Brazil,

as most of these countries
move their people

into the lower range of lifestyles

that we literally take for granted

in the developed world.

The final thing that you should notice

is that each year,

about 10 gigatons of carbon
are getting added

to the planet's atmosphere,

and then diffusing into the ocean
and into the land.

That's on top of the 550 gigatons
that are in place today.

At the end of 30 years,

we will have put 850 gigatons

of carbon into the air,

and that probably goes a long way

towards locking in
a 2-4 degree C increase

in global mean surface temperatures,

locking in ocean acidification,

and locking in sea level rise.

Now, this is a projection

made by men

by the actions of society,

and it's ours to change, not to accept.

But the magnitude of the problem
is something we need to appreciate.

Different nations make
different energy choices.

It's a function
of their natural resources.

It's a function of their climate.

It's a function of the development path
that they've followed as a society.

It's a function of where
on the surface of the planet they are.

Are they where it's dark
a lot of the time,

or are they at the mid-latitudes?

Many, many, many things

go into the choices of countries,

and they each make a different choice.

The overwhelming thing
that we need to appreciate

is the choice that China has made.

China has made the choice,

and will make the choice, to run on coal.

The United States has an alternative.

It can run on natural gas

as a result of the inventions
of fracking and shale gas

which we have here.

They provide an alternative.

The OECD Europe has a choice.

It has renewables that it can afford
to deploy in Germany,

because it's rich enough
to afford to do it.

The French and the British
show interest in nuclear power.

Eastern Europe, still very heavily
committed to natural gas and to coal,

and with natural gas that comes from
Russia, with all of its entanglements.

China has many fewer choices

and a much harder row to hoe.

If you look at China,
and you ask yourself,

why has coal been important to it,

you have to remember what China's done.

China brought people to power,
not power to people.

It didn't do rural electrification.

It urbanized.

It urbanized by taking low-cost labor

and low-cost energy,

creating export industries

that could fund a tremendous
amount of growth.

If we look at China's path,

all of us know that prosperity in China
has dramatically increased.

In 1980, 80 percent of China's population

lived below the extreme poverty level,

below the level of having
a $1.90 per person per day.

By the year 2000, only 20 percent
of China's population

lived below the extreme poverty level,

a remarkable feat,

admittedly with some costs
in civil liberties that would be tough

to accept in the Western world.

But the impact of all that wealth

allowed people to get
massively better nutrition.

It allowed water pipes to be placed.

It allowed sewage pipes to be placed,

dramatic decrease in diarrheal diseases,

at the cost of some outdoor air pollution.

But in 1980, and even today,

the number one killer in China
is indoor air pollution,

because people do not have access
to clean cooking and heating fuels.

In fact, in 2040,

it's still estimated

that 200 million people in China

will not have access

to clean cooking fuels.

They have a remarkable path to follow.

India also needs to meet the needs
of its own people,

and it's going to do that by burning coal.

When we look at the EIA's projections

of coal burning in India,

India will supply nearly four times
as much of its energy

from coal as it will from renewables.

It's not because they don't know
the alternatives.

It's because rich countries
can do what they choose,

poor countries do what they must.

So what can we do to stop
coal's emissions in time?

What can we do that changes
this forecast that's in front of us?

Because it's a forecast
that we can change

if we have the will to do it.

First of all, we have to think
about the magnitude of the problem.

Between now and 2040,

800 to 1,600 new coal plants

are going to be built around the world.

This week, between one and three
one gigawatt coal plants

are being turned on around the world.

That's happening regardless
of what we want,

because the people
that rule their countries,

assessing the interests of their citizens,

have decided it's in the interest
of their citizens to do that.

And that's going to happen

unless they have a better alternative,

and every 100 of those plants

will use up between one percent

and three percent

of the Earth's climate budget.

So every day that you go home
thinking that you should do something

about global warming,

at the end of that week, remember

somebody fired up a coal plant

that's going to run for 50 years

and take away your ability to change it.

What we've forgotten is something

that Vinod Khosla used to talk about,
a man of Indian ethnicity

but an American venture capitalist.

And he said, back in the early 2000s

that if you needed to get China and India
off of fossil fuels,

you had to create a technology
that passed the Chindia test,

Chindia being the appending
of the two words.

It had to be first of all viable,

meaning that technically, they could
implement it in their country,

and that it would be accepted
by the people in the country.

Two, it had to be a technology

that was scalable,

that it could deliver the same benefits

on the same timetable as fossil fuels,

so that they can enjoy the kind of life,
again, that we take for granted.

And third, it had to be cost-effective

without subsidy or without mandate.

It had to stand on its own two feet.

It could not be maintained
for that many people

if in fact those countries
had to go begging

or had some foreign countries say,
I won't trade with you,

in order to get the technology
shift to occur.

If you look at the Chindia test,
we simply have not come up

with alternatives that meet that test.

That's what the EIA forecast tells us.

China's building 800 gigawatts of coal,

400 gigawatts of hydro,

about 200 gigawatts of nuclear,

and on an energy equivalent basis,

adjusting for intermittency,

about 100 gigawatts of renewables.

800 gigawatts of coal.

They're doing that knowing the costs
better than any other country,

knowing the need better
than any other country,

but that's what they're aiming for in 2040

unless we give them a better choice.

To give them a better choice, it's
going to have to meet the Chindia test.

If you look at all the alternatives
that are out there,

there are really two
that come near to meeting it.

First is this area of new nuclear
that I'll talk about in just a second.

It's a new generation of nuclear plants
that are on the drawing boards

around the world,

and the people who are
developing these say,

we can get them
in position to demo by 2025

and to scale by 2030
if you will just let us.

The second alternative
that could be there in time

is utility-scale solar

backed up with natural gas

which we can use today

versus the batteries
which are still under development.

So what's holding new nuclear back?

Outdated regulations
and yesterday's mindsets.

We have not used our latest
scientific thinking

on radiological health

to think how we communicate
with the public

and govern the testing
of new nuclear reactors.

We have new scientific knowledge

that we need to use

in order to improve the way

we regulate nuclear industry.

The second thing is we've got a mindset

that it takes 25 years
and 2 to 5 billion dollars

to develop a nuclear power plant.

That comes from the historical,
military mindset

of the places that
nuclear power came from.

These new nuclear ventures are saying

that they can deliver power
for 5 cents per kilowatt/hour,

they can deliver it
for 100 gigawatts a year,

they can demo it by 2025,

and they can deliver it in scale by 2030,

if only we give them a chance.

Right now, we're basically
waiting for a miracle.

What we need is a choice.

If they can't make it safe,
if they can't make it cheap,

it should not be deployed.

But what I want you to do
is not carry an idea forward,

but write your leaders,

write the head of the NGOs you support,

and tell them to give you the choice,

not the past.

Thank you very much.

(Applause)