Latin and Greek roots and affixes | Reading | Khan Academy

- [David] Hello readers,

today I want to talk about vocabulary

and how many English words
have Greek or Latin roots

embedded in them and how you
can use that to your advantage.

The story of why English has
Greek and Latin in it at all

is super fascinating to me

and if I allowed myself, I'd go off

on a big old tangent about it

but let's save that for another time.

Suffice it to say that English has

Latin and Greek chunks in
it for fun history reasons

and let's just leave it at that for now.

I'm not gonna say that you need to be able

to speak modern Greek
or read ancient Latin

in order to understand English

but many complicated words are made up

of little language building
blocks that we can break apart,

using the power of understanding!

(explosion)

That was cool right?

I'm cool?

I'm cool.

I'm gonna introduce some
vocabulary about vocabulary now,

so brace yourselves.

There's this idea of a root word.

Take the word dent,
which is Latin for tooth.

From that root word, we can
get the adjective dental,

which means about teeth,

or the noun dentist, which means a person

who specializes in teeth,

or the noun dentures,
which are false teeth.

That's what a root is.

Now you can also combine
roots to make words.

The word phot is Greek for light,

the root graph comes from
the Greek for writing.

You put those together, you get photograph

or writing with light.

It's kind of poetic, isn't it?

To this understanding, let
us add the idea of an affix.

Affixes aren't words or roots
but they are word particles

that convey meaning.

Maybe you've heard of
prefixes and suffixes,

if you have, these are
both types of affixes.

Prefixes attach at the
front end of a word,

whereas suffixes attach at the back end.

An example of a suffix would
be logy, meaning the study of

or the science of.

So we can make a bunch of words with logy,

like biology, that's supposed
to be a little amoeba;

cetology, the study or science of whales;

anthropology, the study of human beings;

cosmology, the study of the universe.

So if you see a logy, it's
going to be some kind of science

or specialized area of study.

A good example of a prefix
would be the Greek para,

which means alongside.

So a paralegal is someone
who works alongside lawyers,

a paramedic works alongside doctors

and if your house is
haunted, you don't need

a normal pest control expert
to get rid of the ghost,

you need a paranormal pest control expert,

one that is alongside
but not within normalcy

and thus, you call the Ghostbusters.

So what does all of this
mean for you as a reader?

Well when I encounter a
word I don't understand,

it's like I had been
walking down a hallway

and was suddenly confronted
with a locked door.

It's frustrating but the
magic, the power of studying

roots, prefixes and suffixes
is that when you master

a small handful of them,
you suddenly become

the proud owner of a ring of keys.

Doors fling themselves open
for you, you can go anywhere,

you can understand any concept,
any piece of vocabulary.

An army of locked doors fall
off their hinges all at once

when you approach.

Don't believe me?

I'll show you.

While excavating the foundation
for a geothermal plant,

my companion Neha found a fossil.

Upon closer inspection, she
realized it was a pterodactyl.

Wow, lot of big words in
that little paragraph.

Now, watch this.

Excavating,

so hollowing out.

Foundation, bottom-making.

Geothermal, Earth heat.

Companion, so this is someone
you would eat bread with,

so bread together, who do
we eat bread together with?

Our friends.

Inspection,

looking in

or closer

and pterodactyl,

pter means wing,

dactyl means finger,

it is a prehistoric winged reptile.

So while she was digging in the ground

to prepare the bottom of a
plant that gets electricity

from the heat of the Earth,
my friend Neha found a fossil.

When she looked at it
closely, she realized it was

a flying reptile with fingery wings.

Do you see what I mean about keys?

Studying roots and
affixes gives me the power

to look at those words
and crack them apart.

You're not so big now, vocabulary word.

You have no power over me!

Studying roots, prefixes
and suffixes will give you

that same power.

I promise you it is awesome,

like, literally it fills
me with a sense of awe.

The power is yours for the taking.

You can learn anything, David out.

Okay are we doing those
fun history reasons though?

Okay, the short version
is that first the Romans

then some Vikings, then
some French Vikings invaded

the island of Great
Britain a bunch of times

over the last 1500 years,
shaping the language

and making what I like to
call French-shaped dents

in the Germanic structure of English.

English is a Germanic language,

French is a Romance language,

meaning not that it is full of love

but that it is an offshoot
of Latin or you know, Roman.

French took root in 11th Century
English and merged with it,

grafting an enormous amount
of Greek and Latin vocabulary

on to a German root stock.

We often reach for Latin
and Greek compounds

when we compose new words,

which is why we say television in English,

which comes from the Greek
tele, meaning far away,

and the Latin vire, meaning to see.

If we reached for Germanic
roots to make new words,

we'd call a television a
farseer because indeed,

that's what the word is
in German, fernsehen.

So why do we have Greek and
Latin in our vocabulary?

Because England was
colonized by French speakers

almost a thousand years ago.

Imagine what English will sound like

in another thousand years.

Anyway, thanks for coming
on this tangent with me.

David out for real this time, bye.