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Slavery routes – a short history of human trafficking (3/4) | DW Documentary

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    (Narrator) This is the story of a world
    whose borders and territories
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    were drawn by the slave trade,
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    where violence, subjugation
    and profit imposed their own routes.
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    This criminal system shaped our history
    and our world.
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    On São Tomé, the Portuguese
    invented an economic model
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    with unprecedented profitability:
    the sugar plantation.
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    - (English voiceover) This was
    the first black colony,
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    the first slave society.
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    - (English voiceover) We witnessed
    the marriage of the black men
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    with sugar cane.
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    - (Narrator) In the 16th century,
    other European powers
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    were eager to follow their model.
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    Their greed would plunge
    an entire continent
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    into chaos and violence.
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    Nearly 13 million Africans were cast onto
    new slavery routes to the new world,
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    where the English, the French,
    and the Dutch hoped to become wealthy,
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    immeasurably wealthy.
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    (Intense music with strong bass drum beat)
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    Because the Caribbean
    has similar climatic features to São Tomé,
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    it eventually became
    the principal crossroads
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    of the slave trader's routes.
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    For people in the western world,
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    these islands are today
    associated with vacation.
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    Guadeloupe offers tourists
    a dream destination.
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    Sunshine and pristine nature,
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    rekindling myths of a lost paradise.
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    Holidaymakers tend to confine themselves
    to the beaches of Le Gosier, Sainte-Anne,
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    and Saint François.
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    But as this sign indicates,
    they are all too close
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    to another side of the islands heritage
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    that was anything but a paradise.
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    Just a few meters away from the bathers
    is a burial site
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    where countless skeletons were discovered.
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    Between 500 and 1,000 graves
    are still buried beneath the sand.
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    The Raisins Clairs beach is one of 15
    slave cemeteries that have been excavated.
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    15, among the 1,000
    that exist in the Caribbean.
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    89 skeletons have been exhumed
    by French archaeological research experts.
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    Judging by the state of the bones,
    they concluded that these men and women
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    had not reached the age of 30.
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    By the time of their death,
    the toll from working on the plantations
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    had so deformed their bodies
    that they seemed more like 75 year olds.
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    These people were human guinea pigs
    for the sugar experiment,
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    the collateral damage of an unprecedented
    trade war: The Sugar War.
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    74% of all slaves carried off, were carried
    off because of sugar.
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    If you want to understand the slave trade, you
    just need to know about sugar.
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    Sugar proved more addictive
    than pepper or cinnamon.
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    From the 17th century onward, Europeans
    craved this rare and expensive commodity
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    In London, Amsterdam, and Paris,
    sugar fever was rampant,
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    prompting a new generation of adventurers
    to go to any extremes to get it.
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    Shipowners and fitters,
    merchants and pirates,
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    all knew that to produce sugar,
    you needed a lot of slaves.
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    John Hawkins was one of these
    new entrepreneurs
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    for whom profit reigned supreme.
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    The English privateer was a pioneer
    in understanding that a fortune
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    could be made by shipping Black captives
    to the New World.
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    In the mid 16th century,
    he convinced Queen Elizabeth I
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    to lend him a ship, The Jesus of Lubec.
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    For the expedition,
    Hawkins conspicuously set the tone
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    by choosing a trussed up Black man
    on his emblem.
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    - (Male speaker) "I do confirm
    to your highness
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    "that I will bring home 40,000 marks
    without any offense of the least
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    to any of Your Highnesses,
    allies, or friends.
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    "I will conduct this enterprise
    and turn it to the benefit
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    "of your whole realm,
    with Your Highness' consent.
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    "The voyage I propose
    is to load negroes in Guinea
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    "and sell them in the West Indies,
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    "in truck of pearls, gold, and emeralds
    that I will bring back in abundance."
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    - (Narrator) 1620,
    a century after sugar plantations
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    were introduced in Brazil.
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    The Atlantic became the battleground
    for the sugar war.
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    England, The Netherlands and France wanted
    to break Spain and Portugal's hegemony.
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    In the Caribbean,
    the Dutch took control
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    of Curaçao, Sint Eustatius,
    and Saint Martin.
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    The French: Guadeloupe, Martinique,
    Grenada and Saint-Domingue.
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    The English occupied The Bahamas, Jamaica,
    Antigua, Barbados and Dominica.
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    Only Cuba and Puerto Rico
    remained under Spanish rule.
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    After the extermination
    of the native Arawak people,
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    the first sugar canes flourished
    on this fertile land.
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    - The Caribbean became a space of conquest
    for the Europeans very early on.
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    Really, it was the first place
    that Columbus landed in the new world,
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    the first place that the Spanish
    began to search for gold,
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    and the first place they began
    to enslave the Indians.
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    So they were thoroughgoing
    colonial spaces
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    created by design of Europ,ean planters
    and imperial policy makers
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    and for their profit, right?
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    There aren't so many places where you can
    completely overlay a territory like that.
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    So, in some ways, the Caribbean
    is the space where you find
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    the purest of Colonial territories.
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    Where the masters of the space
    actually get to create the space
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    to suit their own needs.
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    - (Narrator) In Guadalupe,
    every plot of land,
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    every single square inch of ground,
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    is connected to this violent
    and deeply rooted history.
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    Today, all that is left of sugar war
    is a field of ruins.
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    Of the 250 sugar refineries active
    in the late 19th century,
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    only two remain in operation.
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    In 2017, experts from France's
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    National Institute of Preventive
    Archeological Research
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    exhumed the remains of the Saint Jacques
    residence and sugar refinery
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    in Anse-Bertrand:
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    A mill, stock rooms,
    and three rows of so-called "negro huts"
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    where hundreds of slaves
    were penned up together.
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    In this brutal work camp, human beings
    were but one tool among others.
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    Each became a mechanized, emaciated body
    consumed by work until their final breath.
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    - Both the time in which the slaves
    were digging the cane holes
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    and the times in which
    they were harvesting
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    were really the peak of the labor
    on a plantation.
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    You could almost see the slaves
    wasting away
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    when they were digging these cane holes
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    because the work was so strenuous and
    they were getting fed so poorly.
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    You found women in all of the gangs,
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    often times doing the hardest,
    dirtiest labor on the plantation
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    alongside the men, or even before the men.
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    And one of the things that means,
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    when you find young women doing
    this quite debilitating labor,
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    is that the birth rates are very low
    and the mortality rates,
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    the infant mortality
    rate is shockingly high.
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    In the mid-18th century,
    people talked about
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    9 out of 10 infants born
    to enslaved Jamaican women dying, right,
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    within the first year.
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    So, there's no way in which the plantation
    can reproduce itself
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    under those kinds of conditions.
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    - (English voiceover) The plantation
    were managed by overseers
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    who saw the slaves
    in purely functional terms.
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    This was an absolute exploitation
    of the workforce.
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    It was a very particular society
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    because the average rate
    of life expectancy on a plantation
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    was extremely low,
    about 8 to 10 years after arriving.
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    - (English voiceover)
    The logic of the slave system
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    was one where the availability
    of the workforce had to be absolute.
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    And for this, man was conceived
    as an accessory of the land.
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    He appeared as such in house inventories.
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    Slaves are listed next to records
    for livestock or manufacturing implements.
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    That's the archaic aspect which was
    put to use by a capitalist system,
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    and which largely met
    market supply and demand,
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    with its fluctuations, needs,
    and competition - free competition.
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    - (Narrator) The sugar plantations
    saw slavery enter a new era.
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    The stronger the demand for sugar,
    the more the slave trade expanded,
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    and the more the slave traders
    sought support from banks
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    to finance their expeditions.
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    London is one of the oldest centers
    of global finance.
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    The city of London was the first
    to create a commodities exchange,
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    to develop credit markets
    and to issue banknotes on a massive scale.
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    Without the invention
    of a centralized banking system,
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    the explosion of the slave trade
    in the 17th century
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    would not have been possible.
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    Preparing for a slave expedition
    was expensive,
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    and having a financial arsenal
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    gave England a decisive advantage
    over its competitors.
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    You've got to remember that the State
    is getting a tremendous amount of revenue
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    from the plantation complex,
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    so they had a very strong,
    vested interest in the slave trade.
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    If you had gone to the king of England
    in 1680 and said,
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    "Look, I'm gonna give you a choice.
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    "You can either have these 13 colonies
    in North America,
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    "or you can have this one little island
    called Barbados."
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    You would have taken Barbados
    in a split second
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    because of the sugar revenues.
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    And this is something
    that's going to persist
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    as a very important interest
    for European states
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    up until the very end of slavery.
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    To support the sugar war,
    the city lent money on a colossal scale.
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    In the midst of these
    steel and glass buildings,
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    the two pillars of the English economy
    that financed the slave trade
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    are still prominent on the London skyline.
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    At the heart of the financial district
    is the venerable bank of England,
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    the world's first central bank.
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    A couple of blocks away
    is Britain's most powerful
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    insurance company,
    the prestigious Lloyd's of London.
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    Atlantic slave traders
    had to take on heavy debts
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    to charter their ships.
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    Without an insurance company,
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    most would risk ruin
    on their first expedition.
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    The slave traders made investments
    as if playing a game of poker.
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    The risks were high, but if successful,
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    the return would far outweigh
    any other type of investment.
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    Insurers like Lloyd's
    had everything to gain
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    by participating in this game of chance.
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    A successful expedition could yield
    up to three times the initial stake.
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    In the Lloyd's archives,
    little evidence remains
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    of the profits of insuring
    these high-risk expeditions.
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    Most accounting records were lost
    in a fire in 1838,
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    the same year that slavery
    was abolished in the British Caribbean.
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    Ports had to adapt
    to this initial scramble
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    for Africa and the Caribbean.
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    In London, Blackwall became
    the slave trade's principal wharf.
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    All manner of goods were sold here.
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    Precious fabrics, jewels, porcelain,
    weapons, and brandy.
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    All bought on credit
    with the bank's money.
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    A giant port complex gradually evolved.
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    A city within a city,
    entirely devoted to this new business.
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    Following London in 1663,
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    other seaports rushed to take advantage
    of this lucrative trade.
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    Lorient, Copenhagen, La Rochelle, Bristol,
    Nantes, Liverpool, Bordeaux, Antwerp.
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    From all over Europe,
    slave ships set sail for Africa.
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    - When I began to see slave ships leaving
    from not just Liverpool and Nantes,
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    but from every port in the Atlantic.
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    As soon as a port becomes big enough
    to contemplate a transoceanic voyage,
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    there's a good chance that voyage
    is going to be a slave trade voyage.
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    And we've got like 170 separate ports,
    tiny places.
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    Today, they've got no idea
    that once upon a time,
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    they sent out slave voyages.
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    Saint Peter's Port in the Channel Islands,
    charming place.
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    And yet, it's a slave trade port.
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    Over a period of two centuries,
    more than 3,500 expeditions
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    set sail from French ports.
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    More than half of them
    left from the port of Nantes,
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    the main French hub of triangular trade.
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    The sculpted figures along
    the Quai de la Fosse, or Feydeau Island,
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    are reminders of an era
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    when the great slave trading families
    displayed their pride
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    in being the main architects
    of the city's wealth.
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    It was they who made Nantes
    France's leading commercial port.
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    - (English voiceover)
    Wealth came from slavery.
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    There were negotiators, ship owners,
    and all those who produced foodstuffs.
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    Vintners, flour producers,
    fabric producers, hardware producers.
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    - (English voiceover) The Atlantic ports
    also generated wealth
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    for areas that stretched very far inland,
    as far as Orléans, in the case of Nantes.
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    Goods were also transported along rivers.
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    So the wealth that slavery
    produced was essential for France.
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    - (Narrator) 1669. From Nantes,
    Bordeaux, La Rochelle and Le Havre,
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    slavery money flowed back up rivers
    to Rouen, Orléans and Angoulême.
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    It had such repercussions on inland areas
    that it became a national objective.
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    Louis XIV knew that to win the sugar war,
    he would need a powerful fleet.
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    The king ordered the construction
    of 500 galleons.
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    The Atlantic became the theater
    of a naval war
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    between France, England and
    the Netherlands.
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    A bitter fight, in which each sunken ship
    was a total loss
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    for the respective country's economy.
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    - (English voiceover) It was
    very expensive to build and equip
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    a 74-gun ship and pay its crew.
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    Ultimately, who bore the cost?
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    The bill for financing these wars,
    the financing of ships and arsenals,
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    was mainly footed by French peasants.
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    The slave trade fleets were protected.
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    16,000 galleons were already protecting
    Dutch commercial ships,
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    while the 3,000 light and fast
    Royal Navy cruisers
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    terrified their adversaries.
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    France paled in comparison
    to these armadas.
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    Each nation needed a fortress
    in Africa
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    if it were to compete
    in the Atlantic race.
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    Just like on the Caribbean islands,
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    these forts were the bastions of
    triangular trade.
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    As military bases,
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    they offered a secure store
    for bartered goods and captives
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    before departure by sea.
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    In less than 80 years,
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    43 such forts were built
    from Senegal to the Niger Delta.
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    Every stone, every beam,
    every element of masonry
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    was transported by boat from Europe.
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    - Most of these fortresses
    are built by states.
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    Individual capitalists
    or even groups of trading capitalists
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    did not have that kind of money
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    in order to build
    those sorts of fortresses.
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    The English already had thirteen,
    the Dutch ten, the Danish five.
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    Even the Prussians,
    with their three forts,
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    surpassed the French.
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    On the Gold Coast, in today’s Ghana,
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    the Fante and Ashanti rented Europeans
    plots of land to build their forts.
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    The Europeans established
    trading posts and fortresses
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    all along the Atlantic coast,
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    From the Ewé territory
    to the Kongo Kingdom.
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    Equatorial Africa became
    the world’s principal source of slaves.
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    In this accounting document
    written in 1688,
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    we learn that over an 8-year period,
    it shipped 60,783 slaves.
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    Each cost the Royal African Company
    8 to 12 pounds sterling —
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    the equivalent of between
    €950 and €1500 today.
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    They were all bought with trade goods.
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    The demand for slaves was so high
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    that the Europeans pressured their
    African partners to help them
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    plan, rationalize, and industrialize
    their system of mass deportation.
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    - Slaves were often bought on credit.
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    And so that meant that European ships
    would come,
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    they would have a whole cargo
    full of textiles, different metal ware,
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    rum, tobacco, whatever.
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    And these would be given
    to the local merchants,
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    extended to them on credit.
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    And then the merchants
    would go inland with those goods
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    and buy slaves and come back.
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    - The biggest impact
    was the level of violence,
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    the rising level of violence,
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    the level of uncertainty
    that permeated society everywhere,
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    and also the opportunity
    for new "big men" to emerge,
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    new powerful leaders.
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    Somebody gets a hold of more firearms,
    somebody gets more aggressive,
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    they build their own personal chieftain
    and, suddenly, they’re powerful.
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    Among these leaders was Antera Duke,
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    a major African trader
    from Calabar in what is now Nigeria.
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    In his diary, he spoke of the methods
    he used to terrorize captives.
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    Kidnapping, detention, and murder...
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    (fire roars and crackles)
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    - (Man) "About 4am, I got up.
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    "Awful rain.
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    "I walked up to the city trading house,
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    "where I met all the gentlemen.
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    "We got ready to cut off heads.
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    "5am, we began decapitating slaves.
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    "50 heads fell that day."
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    - Very clearly, these sacrifices
    were intended as a form of terrorism
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    that were meant to make it very clear
    to the population who was the boss
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    and who was not,
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    very much the way
    the Mafioso type organizations behave
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    in terms of making sure
    that the members of the association
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    respect whoever the Godfather is,
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    and if anybody steps out of line
    they can be assassinated or killed.
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    And so they don't
    step out of line, obviously.
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    - (Narrator) For the benefit of a handful
    of enterprising & unscrupulous profiteers,
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    the entire continental economy
    was transformed.
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    On the coast, African brokers
    knew all of the inner workings
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    of the sugar plantation.
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    A slave ship from Saint-Malo,
    “Le Marie Séraphique”,
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    docked at Loango in the Kingdom of Kongo.
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    Its captain’s drawings provide
    exceptional details
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    of the negotiations
    between Europeans and Africans.
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    The merchants from the coast knew
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    that the Marie Séraphique’s captain
    was in a hurry:
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    he had to arrive in the West Indies
    before harvest time.
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    This was the time of year
    when slaves sold best
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    and when the best sugar was available.
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    So they deliberately
    prolonged negotiations
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    to drive prices up.
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    312 captives were rounded up
    in 116 days.
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    The Marie Séraphique arrived
    in Saint-Domingue, now Haiti,
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    one year after leaving France.
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    Only nine captives had perished:
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    a good ratio for the crew,
    who celebrated their success.
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    In the drawings of the
    Marie Séraphique,
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    no allusion to the
    slaves’ suffering appears.
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    They were dehumanized shadows,
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    tallied and lined up like barrels
    at the bottom of the hold,
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    the transportation of human beings
    turned into a nightmare.
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    - It’s very important to understand
    that violence on board slave ships
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    would be used selectively.
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    In other words,
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    no captain wanted to kill
    the entire allotment of people on board
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    because that voyage
    would then have no profit.
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    So when there was resistance,
    what the captains would do,
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    is organize a spectacle in which
    a small number of people would be executed
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    in extremely vicious, horrific ways
    as a means of terrorizing everybody else.
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    All of the enslaved would be forced
    to come up on deck in order to view these
Title:
Slavery routes – a short history of human trafficking (3/4) | DW Documentary
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