[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Narrator) This is the story of a world\Nwhose borders and territories
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were drawn by the slave trade,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where violence, subjugation \Nand profit imposed their own routes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This criminal system shaped our history\Nand our world.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On São Tomé, the Portuguese\Ninvented an economic model
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with unprecedented profitability:\Nthe sugar plantation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (English voiceover) This was \Nthe first black colony,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first slave society.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (English voiceover) We witnessed\Nthe marriage of the black men
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with sugar cane.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) In the 16th century,\Nother European powers
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were eager to follow their model.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their greed would plunge \Nan entire continent
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into chaos and violence.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nearly 13 million Africans were cast onto\Nnew slavery routes to the new world,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the English, the French,\Nand the Dutch hoped to become wealthy,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immeasurably wealthy.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Intense music with strong bass drum beat)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the Caribbean\Nhas similar climatic features to São Tomé,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it eventually became\Nthe principal crossroads
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the slave trader's routes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For people in the western world,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these islands are today\Nassociated with vacation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Guadeloupe offers tourists\Na dream destination.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sunshine and pristine nature,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rekindling myths of a lost paradise.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Holidaymakers tend to confine themselves\Nto the beaches of Le Gosier, Sainte-Anne,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Saint François.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as this sign indicates,\Nthey are all too close
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to another side of the islands heritage
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was anything but a paradise.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just a few meters away from the bathers\Nis a burial site
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where countless skeletons were discovered.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Between 500 and 1,000 graves\Nare still buried beneath the sand.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Raisins Clairs beach is one of 15 \Nslave cemeteries that have been excavated.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,15, among the 1,000\Nthat exist in the Caribbean.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,89 skeletons have been exhumed\Nby French archaeological research experts.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Judging by the state of the bones,\Nthey concluded that these men and women
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had not reached the age of 30.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the time of their death,\Nthe toll from working on the plantations
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had so deformed their bodies\Nthat they seemed more like 75 year olds.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These people were human guinea pigs\Nfor the sugar experiment,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the collateral damage of an unprecedented\Ntrade war: The Sugar War.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,74% of all slaves carried off, were carried\Noff because of sugar.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you want to understand the slave trade, you\Njust need to know about sugar.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sugar proved more addictive\Nthan pepper or cinnamon.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the 17th century onward, Europeans\Ncraved this rare and expensive commodity
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In London, Amsterdam, and Paris,\Nsugar fever was rampant,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prompting a new generation of adventurers\Nto go to any extremes to get it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shipowners and fitters,\Nmerchants and pirates,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all knew that to produce sugar,\Nyou needed a lot of slaves.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,John Hawkins was one of these\Nnew entrepreneurs
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for whom profit reigned supreme.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The English privateer was a pioneer\Nin understanding that a fortune
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be made by shipping Black captives\Nto the New World.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the mid 16th century,\Nhe convinced Queen Elizabeth I
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to lend him a ship, The Jesus of Lubec.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the expedition,\NHawkins conspicuously set the tone
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by choosing a trussed up Black man\Non his emblem.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Male speaker) "I do confirm\Nto your highness
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"that I will bring home 40,000 marks\Nwithout any offense of the least
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to any of Your Highnesses,\Nallies, or friends.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I will conduct this enterprise\Nand turn it to the benefit
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"of your whole realm,\Nwith Your Highness' consent.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The voyage I propose\Nis to load negroes in Guinea
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and sell them in the West Indies,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"in truck of pearls, gold, and emeralds\Nthat I will bring back in abundance."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) 1620,\Na century after sugar plantations
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were introduced in Brazil.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Atlantic became the battleground\Nfor the sugar war.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,England, The Netherlands and France wanted\Nto break Spain and Portugal's hegemony.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Caribbean,\Nthe Dutch took control
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Curaçao, Sint Eustatius,\Nand Saint Martin.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The French: Guadeloupe, Martinique,\NGrenada and Saint-Domingue.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The English occupied The Bahamas, Jamaica,\NAntigua, Barbados and Dominica.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only Cuba and Puerto Rico\Nremained under Spanish rule.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the extermination\Nof the native Arawak people,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first sugar canes flourished\Non this fertile land.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- The Caribbean became a space of conquest\Nfor the Europeans very early on.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Really, it was the first place\Nthat Columbus landed in the new world,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first place that the Spanish\Nbegan to search for gold,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the first place they began\Nto enslave the Indians.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they were thoroughgoing\Ncolonial spaces
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created by design of Europ,ean planters\Nand imperial policy makers
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,\Nand for their profit, right?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There aren't so many places where you can\Ncompletely overlay a territory like that.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in some ways, the Caribbean\Nis the space where you find
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the purest of Colonial territories.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where the masters of the space\Nactually get to create the space
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to suit their own needs.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) In Guadalupe,\Nevery plot of land,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every single square inch of ground,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is connected to this violent\Nand deeply rooted history.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, all that is left of sugar war\Nis a field of ruins.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of the 250 sugar refineries active\Nin the late 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only two remain in operation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2017, experts from France's
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,National Institute of Preventive\NArcheological Research
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exhumed the remains of the Saint Jacques\Nresidence and sugar refinery
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Anse-Bertrand:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A mill, stock rooms,\Nand three rows of so-called "negro huts"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where hundreds of slaves\Nwere penned up together.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this brutal work camp, human beings\Nwere but one tool among others.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each became a mechanized, emaciated body\Nconsumed by work until their final breath.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Both the time in which the slaves\Nwere digging the cane holes
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the times in which\Nthey were harvesting
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were really the peak of the labor\Non a plantation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could almost see the slaves\Nwasting away
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they were digging these cane holes
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the work was so strenuous and\Nthey were getting fed so poorly.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You found women in all of the gangs,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often times doing the hardest,\Ndirtiest labor on the plantation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alongside the men, or even before the men.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the things that means,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you find young women doing\Nthis quite debilitating labor,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the birth rates are very low\Nand the mortality rates,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the infant mortality\Nrate is shockingly high.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the mid-18th century,\Npeople talked about
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,9 out of 10 infants born \Nto enslaved Jamaican women dying, right,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within the first year.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, there's no way in which the plantation\Ncan reproduce itself
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under those kinds of conditions.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (English voiceover) The plantation\Nwere managed by overseers
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who saw the slaves\Nin purely functional terms.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was an absolute exploitation\Nof the workforce.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a very particular society
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the average rate\Nof life expectancy on a plantation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was extremely low,\Nabout 8 to 10 years after arriving.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (English voiceover)\NThe logic of the slave system
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was one where the availability\Nof the workforce had to be absolute.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for this, man was conceived\Nas an accessory of the land.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He appeared as such in house inventories.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Slaves are listed next to records\Nfor livestock or manufacturing implements.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the archaic aspect which was\Nput to use by a capitalist system,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which largely met\Nmarket supply and demand,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with its fluctuations, needs,\Nand competition - free competition.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) The sugar plantations\Nsaw slavery enter a new era.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The stronger the demand for sugar,\Nthe more the slave trade expanded,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the more the slave traders\Nsought support from banks
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to finance their expeditions.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,London is one of the oldest centers\Nof global finance.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The city of London was the first\Nto create a commodities exchange,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to develop credit markets\Nand to issue banknotes on a massive scale.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without the invention\Nof a centralized banking system,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the explosion of the slave trade\Nin the 17th century
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would not have been possible.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Preparing for a slave expedition\Nwas expensive,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and having a financial arsenal
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gave England a decisive advantage\Nover its competitors.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got to remember that the State\Nis getting a tremendous amount of revenue
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the plantation complex,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they had a very strong,\Nvested interest in the slave trade.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you had gone to the king of England\Nin 1680 and said,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Look, I'm gonna give you a choice.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You can either have these 13 colonies\Nin North America,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"or you can have this one little island\Ncalled Barbados."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would have taken Barbados\Nin a split second
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the sugar revenues.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is something\Nthat's going to persist
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a very important interest\Nfor European states
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up until the very end of slavery.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To support the sugar war,\Nthe city lent money on a colossal scale.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the midst of these\Nsteel and glass buildings,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the two pillars of the English economy\Nthat financed the slave trade
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are still prominent on the London skyline.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the heart of the financial district\Nis the venerable bank of England,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world's first central bank.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A couple of blocks away\Nis Britain's most powerful
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,insurance company,\Nthe prestigious Lloyd's of London.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Atlantic slave traders\Nhad to take on heavy debts
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to charter their ships.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without an insurance company,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most would risk ruin\Non their first expedition.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The slave traders made investments\Nas if playing a game of poker.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The risks were high, but if successful,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the return would far outweigh\Nany other type of investment.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Insurers like Lloyd's\Nhad everything to gain
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by participating in this game of chance.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A successful expedition could yield\Nup to three times the initial stake.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Lloyd's archives,\Nlittle evidence remains
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the profits of insuring\Nthese high-risk expeditions.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most accounting records were lost\Nin a fire in 1838,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same year that slavery\Nwas abolished in the British Caribbean.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ports had to adapt\Nto this initial scramble
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Africa and the Caribbean.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In London, Blackwall became\Nthe slave trade's principal wharf.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All manner of goods were sold here.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Precious fabrics, jewels, porcelain,\Nweapons, and brandy.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All bought on credit \Nwith the bank's money.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A giant port complex gradually evolved.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A city within a city,\Nentirely devoted to this new business.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Following London in 1663,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other seaports rushed to take advantage\Nof this lucrative trade.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lorient, Copenhagen, La Rochelle, Bristol,\NNantes, Liverpool, Bordeaux, Antwerp.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From all over Europe,\Nslave ships set sail for Africa.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- When I began to see slave ships leaving\Nfrom not just Liverpool and Nantes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but from every port in the Atlantic.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As soon as a port becomes big enough\Nto contemplate a transoceanic voyage,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a good chance that voyage\Nis going to be a slave trade voyage.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've got like 170 separate ports, \Ntiny places.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, they've got no idea \Nthat once upon a time,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they sent out slave voyages.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saint Peter's Port in the Channel Islands,\Ncharming place.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, it's a slave trade port.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over a period of two centuries,\Nmore than 3,500 expeditions
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,set sail from French ports.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than half of them\Nleft from the port of Nantes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the main French hub of triangular trade.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sculpted figures along\Nthe Quai de la Fosse, or Feydeau Island,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are reminders of an era
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the great slave trading families\Ndisplayed their pride
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in being the main architects\Nof the city's wealth.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was they who made Nantes\NFrance's leading commercial port.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (English voiceover)\NWealth came from slavery.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were negotiators, ship owners,\Nand all those who produced foodstuffs.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vintners, flour producers,\Nfabric producers, hardware producers.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (English voiceover) The Atlantic ports\Nalso generated wealth
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for areas that stretched very far inland,\Nas far as Orléans, in the case of Nantes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Goods were also transported along rivers.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the wealth that slavery\Nproduced was essential for France.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) 1669. From Nantes,\NBordeaux, La Rochelle and Le Havre,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slavery money flowed back up rivers\Nto Rouen, Orléans and Angoulême.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It had such repercussions on inland areas\Nthat it became a national objective.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Louis XIV knew that to win the sugar war,\Nhe would need a powerful fleet.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The king ordered the construction\Nof 500 galleons.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Atlantic became the theater\Nof a naval war
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between France, England and\Nthe Netherlands.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A bitter fight, in which each sunken ship\Nwas a total loss
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the respective country's economy.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (English voiceover) It was\Nvery expensive to build and equip
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a 74-gun ship and pay its crew.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ultimately, who bore the cost?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bill for financing these wars,\Nthe financing of ships and arsenals,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was mainly footed by French peasants.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The slave trade fleets were protected.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,16,000 galleons were already protecting\NDutch commercial ships,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the 3,000 light and fast\NRoyal Navy cruisers
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,terrified their adversaries.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,France paled in comparison\Nto these armadas.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each nation needed a fortress\Nin Africa
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it were to compete\Nin the Atlantic race.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just like on the Caribbean islands,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these forts were the bastions of \Ntriangular trade.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As military bases,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they offered a secure store\Nfor bartered goods and captives
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before departure by sea.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In less than 80 years,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,43 such forts were built\Nfrom Senegal to the Niger Delta.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every stone, every beam,\Nevery element of masonry
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was transported by boat from Europe.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Most of these fortresses\Nare built by states.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Individual capitalists\Nor even groups of trading capitalists
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did not have that kind of money
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to build\Nthose sorts of fortresses.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The English already had thirteen,\Nthe Dutch ten, the Danish five.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even the Prussians,\Nwith their three forts,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surpassed the French.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the Gold Coast, in today’s Ghana,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Fante and Ashanti rented Europeans\Nplots of land to build their forts.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Europeans established\Ntrading posts and fortresses
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all along the Atlantic coast,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the Ewé territory\Nto the Kongo Kingdom.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Equatorial Africa became\Nthe world’s principal source of slaves.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this accounting document\Nwritten in 1688,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we learn that over an 8-year period,\Nit shipped 60,783 slaves.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each cost the Royal African Company\N8 to 12 pounds sterling —
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the equivalent of between \N€950 and €1500 today.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were all bought with trade goods.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The demand for slaves was so high
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Europeans pressured their\NAfrican partners to help them
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plan, rationalize, and industrialize\Ntheir system of mass deportation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Slaves were often bought on credit.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so that meant that European ships\Nwould come,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would have a whole cargo\Nfull of textiles, different metal ware,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rum, tobacco, whatever.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these would be given\Nto the local merchants,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extended to them on credit.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the merchants\Nwould go inland with those goods
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and buy slaves and come back.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- The biggest impact\Nwas the level of violence,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rising level of violence,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the level of uncertainty\Nthat permeated society everywhere,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also the opportunity \Nfor new "big men" to emerge,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new powerful leaders.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somebody gets a hold of more firearms,\Nsomebody gets more aggressive,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they build their own personal chieftain\Nand, suddenly, they’re powerful.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among these leaders was Antera Duke,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a major African trader \Nfrom Calabar in what is now Nigeria.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In his diary, he spoke of the methods\Nhe used to terrorize captives.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kidnapping, detention, and murder...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(fire roars and crackles)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Man) "About 4am, I got up.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Awful rain.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I walked up to the city trading house,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"where I met all the gentlemen.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We got ready to cut off heads.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"5am, we began decapitating slaves.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"50 heads fell that day."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Very clearly, these sacrifices\Nwere intended as a form of terrorism
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were meant to make it very clear\Nto the population who was the boss
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and who was not,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very much the way\Nthe Mafioso type organizations behave
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of making sure\Nthat the members of the association
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,respect whoever the Godfather is,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if anybody steps out of line\Nthey can be assassinated or killed.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they don't\Nstep out of line, obviously.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Narrator) For the benefit of a handful\Nof enterprising & unscrupulous profiteers,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the entire continental economy\Nwas transformed.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the coast, African brokers \Nknew all of the inner workings
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the sugar plantation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A slave ship from Saint-Malo,\N“Le Marie Séraphique”,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,docked at Loango in the Kingdom of Kongo.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its captain’s drawings provide\Nexceptional details
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the negotiations\Nbetween Europeans and Africans.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The merchants from the coast knew
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Marie Séraphique’s captain\Nwas in a hurry:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he had to arrive in the West Indies\Nbefore harvest time.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the time of year\Nwhen slaves sold best
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when the best sugar was available.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they deliberately \Nprolonged negotiations
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to drive prices up.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,312 captives were rounded up\Nin 116 days.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Marie Séraphique arrived\Nin Saint-Domingue, now Haiti,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one year after leaving France.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only nine captives had perished:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a good ratio for the crew,\Nwho celebrated their success.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the drawings of the\NMarie Séraphique,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no allusion to the\Nslaves’ suffering appears.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were dehumanized shadows,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tallied and lined up like barrels\Nat the bottom of the hold,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the transportation of human beings\Nturned into a nightmare.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- It’s very important to understand\Nthat violence on board slave ships
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be used selectively.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no captain wanted to kill\Nthe entire allotment of people on board
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that voyage\Nwould then have no profit.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when there was resistance,\Nwhat the captains would do,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is organize a spectacle in which\Na small number of people would be executed
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in extremely vicious, horrific ways\Nas a means of terrorizing everybody else.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of the enslaved would be forced\Nto come up on deck in order to view these