The surprising science of alpha males
-
0:01 - 0:04Well, I have known
many alpha males in my life, -
0:05 - 0:06chimpanzee alpha males,
-
0:07 - 0:10and I'm going to talk
about what an alpha male is, -
0:10 - 0:14because I think we can all learn
a lot from our close relatives -
0:14 - 0:17where we have alpha males.
-
0:17 - 0:21And as an example, I want to give you
Amos, a male that I knew -
0:21 - 0:23who was a young male
and he was alpha male, -
0:23 - 0:25he was very popular,
-
0:25 - 0:27but he got sick
-
0:27 - 0:30and he lost his position because,
you know, chimpanzee males -
0:30 - 0:33they can spot from a mile away
if you are weak -
0:33 - 0:34and they went for him,
-
0:34 - 0:37and he lost his position,
and then he got sicker and sicker -
0:37 - 0:40until at some point we had to isolate him.
-
0:40 - 0:44The group lived on a grassy island,
-
0:44 - 0:46and we had to isolate him in a cage,
-
0:46 - 0:49but we cracked open the cage
so that the rest of the chimps -
0:49 - 0:51still had access to him.
-
0:51 - 0:53And what happened was most touching.
-
0:53 - 0:56Other chimps would bring food to him,
-
0:56 - 0:58they would bring wood wool to him,
-
0:58 - 1:01which is this thing that they use
to sleep in and build nests out of, -
1:01 - 1:04and females would put
the wood wool behind his back. -
1:04 - 1:06He was leaning heavily against the wall,
-
1:06 - 1:10and the way we do with pillows
to patients in a hospital, -
1:10 - 1:13they were putting
that stuff behind his back. -
1:13 - 1:16And I thought, this is the way
to go for an alpha male. -
1:16 - 1:20He was loved and respected,
and everyone was taking care of him, -
1:20 - 1:22and this is not always how it goes,
-
1:22 - 1:25because some males don't end so well
when they lose their position. -
1:25 - 1:31So Amos was an example
of a male who was liked as a leader, -
1:31 - 1:34and I think the term alpha male,
if you look it up on the internet, -
1:34 - 1:38you will find all these business books
that tell you how to be an alpha male, -
1:38 - 1:40and what they mean
is how to beat up others -
1:40 - 1:43and beat them over the head
and let them know that you are boss -
1:43 - 1:45and don't mess with me and so on.
-
1:45 - 1:48And basically an alpha male
for them is a bully. -
1:49 - 1:52And I really don't like
that kind of description, -
1:53 - 1:57because I am actually partly responsible
for the term "alpha male" -
1:57 - 1:59because I wrote this book
"Chimpanzee Politics," -
1:59 - 2:04which was recommended by Newt Gingrich
to freshmen congressmen. -
2:05 - 2:08I don't know what good it did,
but he recommended that book to them, -
2:08 - 2:11and after that the term
"alpha male" became very popular. -
2:12 - 2:16But I think it is used
in a mischaracterization. -
2:16 - 2:18It's used in a very superficial way
-
2:18 - 2:21that doesn't relate
to what a real alpha male is. -
2:21 - 2:23And so I'm here to explain what that is.
-
2:23 - 2:26The term itself goes back
actually much further. -
2:26 - 2:30It goes back to the '40s and '50s,
research on wolves, -
2:30 - 2:32and basically the definition
is very simple. -
2:32 - 2:34The highest ranking male
is the alpha male. -
2:34 - 2:36The highest ranking female
is the alpha female. -
2:36 - 2:40Every primate group
has one alpha male, one alpha female, -
2:40 - 2:42not more than that, there's only one.
-
2:42 - 2:44And I will explain how that goes.
-
2:45 - 2:47So first, the body language.
-
2:47 - 2:52What you see here is two male chimpanzees
who are the same size, -
2:52 - 2:54but one is walking upright,
has his hair up, -
2:54 - 2:57has a big rock in his hand,
and he's the alpha male. -
2:57 - 2:59The other male is pant-grunting to him,
-
2:59 - 3:02is being submissive to him
and bowing for him, -
3:02 - 3:06and that is the sort of ritual they need
to go through many times a day -
3:06 - 3:07in order to have a stable relationship.
-
3:08 - 3:11I'll show you a video from the field.
-
3:11 - 3:15What you will see here
is a female pant-grunting to an alpha male -
3:15 - 3:16and you will see how that goes.
-
3:17 - 3:19The male is approaching,
-
3:19 - 3:20she grunts at him.
-
3:20 - 3:21(Chimpanzee grunts)
-
3:21 - 3:24He has all his hair up
-
3:24 - 3:25and he displays.
-
3:27 - 3:30I'm actually standing far too close.
-
3:30 - 3:33A chimpanzee is far stronger than I am,
-
3:33 - 3:36and I just was not very prudent,
this particular video. -
3:37 - 3:40So what you saw him do
-
3:40 - 3:43is he was lifting himself up
and standing on two legs, -
3:43 - 3:44and putting his arms out.
-
3:44 - 3:46That's called the bipedal swagger.
-
3:46 - 3:48It's a very common posture
in high-ranking males, -
3:48 - 3:51and it's very recognizable
because humans do this kind of stuff. -
3:51 - 3:53(Laughter)
-
3:53 - 3:54Humans do this all the time.
-
3:55 - 3:59And what I really like
about this particular picture -
3:59 - 4:01is the two old guys to the side.
-
4:01 - 4:03This is very chimpanzee.
-
4:03 - 4:05In chimpanzees,
-
4:05 - 4:08we have usually old males
who are over the hill, -
4:08 - 4:11who cannot be alpha male
themselves anymore, -
4:11 - 4:14but they start playing games
and forming coalitions, -
4:14 - 4:16and behind the backs of others.
-
4:16 - 4:17And they become extremely influential,
-
4:18 - 4:20and you may actually have old males
-
4:20 - 4:23who are more influential
than the alpha male himself. -
4:23 - 4:25Just as an example,
-
4:25 - 4:27the three males
that I used to work with most -
4:27 - 4:30at the Dutch zoo long ago, where I worked,
-
4:30 - 4:34and the middle male here
is a 17-year-old alpha male. -
4:34 - 4:38The male whom he is grooming
on the side is twice as old, -
4:38 - 4:41and this old male has made him the leader.
-
4:41 - 4:44So you can imagine that that old male
has an enormous amount of power, -
4:44 - 4:47because he has made
the alpha male alpha male. -
4:47 - 4:48The male on the right
-
4:48 - 4:51is individually the strongest male.
-
4:51 - 4:54In captivity, you can test it out,
-
4:54 - 4:57and you can know that this male
has no trouble with either one. -
4:57 - 5:00He has only trouble
with the combination of the two. -
5:00 - 5:04And so the coalition formation
that goes on in chimpanzee society -
5:04 - 5:06makes it much more complex than you think.
-
5:06 - 5:08It means, for example,
-
5:08 - 5:11that the smallest male in a group
can be the alpha male. -
5:11 - 5:14You don't need to be
the biggest and strongest male. -
5:14 - 5:17The smallest male, if he has
the right friends and keeps them happy, -
5:17 - 5:19or he has female support,
-
5:19 - 5:21he can be the alpha male.
-
5:21 - 5:25So the coalition system
makes everything complex, -
5:25 - 5:27and I'm always waiting here in the US
-
5:27 - 5:29for the primaries,
the end of the primaries, -
5:29 - 5:33because that's a moment
where you need to demonstrate unity. -
5:33 - 5:37Now let me first show you
how the unity is shown in chimpanzees. -
5:37 - 5:39What you see here is two males on the left
-
5:39 - 5:40who are standing together.
-
5:40 - 5:43You also see the big
canine teeth that they have. -
5:43 - 5:46And they're standing together and they
demonstrate to the rest of the group, -
5:46 - 5:49"We are together. We are a unit."
-
5:49 - 5:52The males on the right
are walking together in synchrony. -
5:52 - 5:55That's another way of demonstrating
that you are together. -
5:55 - 5:58And so demonstrating unity
is extremely important -
5:58 - 5:59in a coalition system,
-
6:00 - 6:03and as I said, in the primaries
always I'm waiting for that moment -
6:03 - 6:06because then you have
two members of the same party -
6:06 - 6:08who have been fighting with each other,
-
6:08 - 6:10and they need to come
together at some moment. -
6:10 - 6:13And it leads to very awkward situations.
-
6:13 - 6:16People who don't like each other
need to embrace each other -
6:16 - 6:17and stand together,
-
6:17 - 6:21and that's absolutely essential
for the unity of the party, -
6:21 - 6:23and if you don't do that,
the party may fall apart. -
6:23 - 6:26And so if it doesn't go well,
like in this particular case -- -
6:26 - 6:27(Laughter)
-
6:27 - 6:29then the party is in deep doo-doo
-
6:29 - 6:32because they have not demonstrated unity.
-
6:32 - 6:35So that's a very important part
of the coalition system, -
6:35 - 6:39and that's something that we share
between humans and chimpanzees. -
6:40 - 6:43Now, how do you become an alpha male?
-
6:43 - 6:47First of all, you need to be
impressive and intimidating -
6:47 - 6:49and demonstrate your vigor on occasion
-
6:49 - 6:50and show that you are very strong,
-
6:50 - 6:53and there's all sorts
of ways of doing that. -
6:53 - 6:56But other things that you need to do
is you need to be generous. -
6:56 - 6:59So, for example,
males who go on a campaign -
6:59 - 7:00to dethrone the leader,
-
7:00 - 7:02which may take two or three months
-
7:02 - 7:05where they're testing
all the coalitions in the group, -
7:05 - 7:07they also become extremely generous.
-
7:07 - 7:09They share food very easily with everyone.
-
7:10 - 7:13Or they start to tickle
the babies of the females. -
7:13 - 7:16They're normally, male chimpanzees,
not particularly interested in infants, -
7:16 - 7:19but when they are campaigning like that,
-
7:19 - 7:21they get very interested in infants
and they tickle them, -
7:21 - 7:24and they try to curry favor
with the females. -
7:24 - 7:25(Laughter)
-
7:25 - 7:26So in humans, of course,
-
7:26 - 7:29I am always intrigued
by these men who are candidates -
7:29 - 7:30and hold babies up like this.
-
7:30 - 7:33This is not particularly
something that babies like -- -
7:33 - 7:34(Laughter)
-
7:34 - 7:37but since it is a signal
to the rest of the world, -
7:37 - 7:39they need to hold them in the air.
-
7:39 - 7:41And I was really intrigued by,
-
7:41 - 7:44when we had a female candidate
in the last election, -
7:44 - 7:46the way she held babies
was more like this, -
7:46 - 7:48which is what babies really like.
-
7:48 - 7:51But she of course
didn't need to send the message -
7:51 - 7:53that she could hold a baby
without dropping it, -
7:53 - 7:55which was what the man was doing.
-
7:55 - 7:57So this is a very common tactic,
-
7:57 - 7:59and male chimpanzees,
-
7:59 - 8:03they spend a lot of time
currying favor with all sorts of parties -
8:03 - 8:04when they are campaigning.
-
8:05 - 8:09Now, what are the privileges and the costs
-
8:09 - 8:11of being an alpha male?
-
8:12 - 8:14The biggest privilege is females.
-
8:14 - 8:16Food is really irrelevant.
-
8:16 - 8:19Male chimpanzees
can go a week without food -
8:19 - 8:22if there's a female in estrus
and they're sexually interested in her. -
8:22 - 8:24Food is secondary to sex.
-
8:24 - 8:26And so the male chimpanzees --
-
8:26 - 8:30and we evolutionary biologists, of course,
we have an explanation for this, -
8:30 - 8:33is that sex leads to reproduction,
-
8:33 - 8:35and reproductive success
is the measure of evolution. -
8:35 - 8:37That's how everything evolves.
-
8:37 - 8:40And so if males can enhance
their reproductive success -
8:40 - 8:41by being high ranking,
-
8:41 - 8:45you get automatically the ambition
to be high ranking in the males. -
8:45 - 8:47So that's the privilege.
-
8:48 - 8:52The costs, one cost is of course
-
8:52 - 8:54that you need to keep your partners happy.
-
8:54 - 8:58So if you come to power
with the support of an old male, -
8:58 - 9:01you need to let that old male
mate with females. -
9:01 - 9:04If you don't do that,
that old male is going to get mad at you, -
9:04 - 9:06and you're going to lose him as a partner.
-
9:06 - 9:08So there's a transaction going on.
-
9:08 - 9:12If you become alpha male this way,
you need to keep your partners happy. -
9:12 - 9:14And so that's one of the costs.
-
9:14 - 9:17The second cost is that
everyone wants your position. -
9:17 - 9:20Alpha male position
is a very important position, -
9:20 - 9:22and everyone wants to take it from you,
-
9:22 - 9:24and so you constantly
have to watch your back. -
9:24 - 9:26You have to be extremely vigilant.
-
9:26 - 9:29For example, you have to
disrupt the coalitions of others -
9:29 - 9:31and that's what male
chimpanzees do quite a bit. -
9:31 - 9:33Divide and rule strategies, they have.
-
9:33 - 9:37And so that's a very stressful situation,
and we actually have data on this. -
9:37 - 9:39The data comes from the field,
-
9:39 - 9:42from baboons not chimpanzees in this case,
-
9:42 - 9:45where they did fecal samples
on the baboons -
9:45 - 9:47and they analyzed them
for glucocorticoids. -
9:47 - 9:50And what you see here is a graph
-
9:50 - 9:54where you see that the lower ranking
the male baboon is, -
9:54 - 9:56the higher is his cortisol level
-
9:56 - 9:57in the feces,
-
9:57 - 9:59but the alpha male, as you see,
-
9:59 - 10:02has just as high a level
as the lowest-ranking males, -
10:03 - 10:07and so you may think that being alpha male
is nice and dandy and is wonderful, -
10:07 - 10:10but it's actually
a very stressful position, -
10:10 - 10:12and we can demonstrate
that physiologically. -
10:13 - 10:16Now, what are the obligations?
-
10:16 - 10:18And here, for me,
it gets really interesting, -
10:18 - 10:23and it deviates very much
from your typical image of the alpha male. -
10:24 - 10:26The alpha male
has two sorts of obligations. -
10:27 - 10:29One is to keep the peace in the group.
-
10:29 - 10:30We call that the control role,
-
10:30 - 10:32to control fights in the group,
-
10:32 - 10:34and the second is to be the most empathic,
-
10:34 - 10:37the consoler in chief, basically,
of the nation, so to speak. -
10:38 - 10:40So first of all, keeping the peace.
-
10:40 - 10:43This is a male who stops a fight
between two females. -
10:43 - 10:45Two females on the left and the right
-
10:45 - 10:47have been screaming and yelling
at each other over food, -
10:47 - 10:50because food is very
important for the females, -
10:50 - 10:53and so he stops the fight between them
and stands between them like this. -
10:53 - 10:57And it's very interesting to me
that alpha males, when they do this, -
10:57 - 10:58they become impartial.
-
10:58 - 11:01They don't support their mom
or their best buddy. -
11:01 - 11:04No, no, they stop fights,
-
11:04 - 11:06and they come up
for the underdog in general. -
11:06 - 11:09And this makes them
extremely popular in the group, -
11:09 - 11:11because they provide security
-
11:11 - 11:14for the lowest-ranking
members of the group. -
11:14 - 11:15And so they become impartial,
-
11:15 - 11:18which is an unusual condition
for a chimpanzee to be in, -
11:18 - 11:21because they're usually
very fond of their friends and so on, -
11:21 - 11:23and these alpha males
who are good at this, -
11:23 - 11:26they can be very effective
at keeping the peace in the group. -
11:26 - 11:29And the second thing they do
is they show empathy for others. -
11:29 - 11:32Now, I do an enormous amount
of research on empathy, -
11:32 - 11:34and I don't have time to go into it,
-
11:34 - 11:38but empathy is nowadays a topic
that we study in rodents and dogs -
11:38 - 11:40and elephants and primates,
-
11:40 - 11:41all sorts of animals.
-
11:42 - 11:45And what you see here is two bonobos.
-
11:45 - 11:47The one in front
-
11:47 - 11:48has been beaten up in a fight.
-
11:49 - 11:52The one in the back puts
her arms around her and consoles her. -
11:52 - 11:55This is also actually how we measure
empathy in young children, -
11:56 - 11:59by looking at how they respond
to distressed individuals. -
11:59 - 12:01And high-ranking males,
they do a lot of this. -
12:01 - 12:06High-ranking males provide an enormous
amount of comfort in the group, -
12:06 - 12:08and they go to places
where there are earthquakes -
12:08 - 12:10or hurricanes
-
12:10 - 12:12and they provide comfort.
-
12:12 - 12:14The pope does this.
The presidents do this. -
12:14 - 12:16All the leaders in the world
have to do this job. -
12:16 - 12:18The queen does it and so on.
-
12:18 - 12:20They all have to do this job,
-
12:20 - 12:23so providing consolation,
and that's a very important task. -
12:23 - 12:25And males who are good at these two,
-
12:25 - 12:28keeping the peace and providing comfort,
-
12:28 - 12:30they become extremely popular leaders,
-
12:30 - 12:32and there's actually
some self-interest involved in it. -
12:33 - 12:34They don't do it just for the group,
-
12:34 - 12:37because it also stabilizes their position.
-
12:37 - 12:40The more popular
a male becomes as alpha male -
12:40 - 12:45and the more the rest of them
respects them and looks up to them, -
12:45 - 12:47the better their position is defended
-
12:47 - 12:49in case it's going to be
challenged by somebody else, -
12:49 - 12:53because then, of course, the whole group
is going to support that male -
12:53 - 12:55because they want to keep
a leader who is good for them. -
12:55 - 12:59So the group is usually very supportive
of males who are good leaders, -
12:59 - 13:01and it's not supportive at all of bullies.
-
13:01 - 13:03And when bullies lose their position,
-
13:03 - 13:05they may end up
in a very bad situation there. -
13:06 - 13:08This is data actually
on the consolation behavior. -
13:08 - 13:11This is data on consolation
in chimpanzees, -
13:11 - 13:14and you see for the medium-
and low-ranking individuals, -
13:15 - 13:17the females do more of it than the males.
-
13:17 - 13:19This is basically the whole community.
-
13:19 - 13:22And this is true for all
the mammal studies on empathy -
13:22 - 13:24is that females
have more of it than males. -
13:24 - 13:26But look at the alpha male.
-
13:26 - 13:28The alpha male does
far more than anybody else. -
13:28 - 13:33And so that's the data on alpha males
being the consoler in chief, basically. -
13:34 - 13:37The last thing I want to say
is something about alpha females. -
13:38 - 13:42This is a picture of Mama,
the alpha female in the Arnhem zoo -
13:42 - 13:43where I used to work,
-
13:43 - 13:44who is now all over the internet,
-
13:44 - 13:47I think a hundred million
clicks at the moment, -
13:47 - 13:49for a video of her dying at the age of 59,
-
13:49 - 13:51which happened last year.
-
13:51 - 13:54And Mama was an absolute
centrum of the group. -
13:54 - 13:58So she was not physically capable
of dominating the males. -
13:58 - 14:02She ranked below the males,
but she was the center of the community, -
14:02 - 14:04and if there was big trouble
in the community, -
14:04 - 14:07everyone would end up in the arms of Mama.
-
14:07 - 14:09And so she was a very important figure.
-
14:09 - 14:12And so I don't want to minimize
the position of alpha females -
14:12 - 14:13in the chimpanzee group.
-
14:13 - 14:17And then we have a species
that is equally close to us -
14:17 - 14:18as the chimpanzee, the bonobo.
-
14:18 - 14:23We often forget about the bonobo,
but the bonobos have a matriarchal society -
14:23 - 14:28and the alpha individual
is a female, generally. -
14:28 - 14:30Generally, it's a female
who is at the top of the community, -
14:30 - 14:33and we know much less
about how this is done -
14:33 - 14:35and how they get to that position,
and what they do with it, -
14:35 - 14:38because we know much less
about bonobos in general. -
14:38 - 14:40But I do want to emphasize
-
14:40 - 14:43that the alpha in a group
doesn't need to be a male, -
14:43 - 14:46and that actually in one
of our close relatives, it is a female. -
14:47 - 14:50So the message I want to leave you with
-
14:50 - 14:54is that if you are looking
at men in our society -
14:56 - 14:57who are the boss of, let's say,
-
14:57 - 15:01a family or a business
or Washington or whatever, -
15:01 - 15:03you call them alpha male,
-
15:03 - 15:06you should not insult chimpanzees
-
15:06 - 15:07by using the wrong label.
-
15:07 - 15:09(Laughter)
-
15:09 - 15:11You should not call a bully an alpha male.
-
15:12 - 15:16Someone who is big and strong
and intimidates and insults everyone -
15:16 - 15:17is not necessarily an alpha male.
-
15:17 - 15:19An alpha male has all sorts of qualities,
-
15:19 - 15:22and I have seen bully
alpha males in chimpanzees, -
15:22 - 15:24they do occur,
-
15:24 - 15:26but most of the ones that we have
-
15:26 - 15:28have leadership capacities
-
15:28 - 15:30and are integrated in their community,
-
15:30 - 15:32and, like Amos at the end,
-
15:32 - 15:34they are loved and respected,
-
15:34 - 15:37and so it's a very different situation
than you may think. -
15:37 - 15:38And I thank you.
-
15:38 - 15:42(Applause)
- Title:
- The surprising science of alpha males
- Speaker:
- Frans de Waal
- Description:
-
In this fascinating look at the "alpha male," primatologist Frans de Waal explores the privileges and costs of power while drawing surprising parallels between how humans and primates choose their leaders. His research reveals some of the unexpected capacities of alpha males -- generosity, empathy, even peacekeeping -- and sheds light on the power struggles of human politicians. "Someone who is big and strong and intimidates and insults everyone is not necessarily an alpha male," de Waal says.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 16:52
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for The surprising science of alpha males | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for The surprising science of alpha males | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for The surprising science of alpha males | ||
Oliver Friedman edited English subtitles for The surprising science of alpha males | ||
Oliver Friedman edited English subtitles for The surprising science of alpha males | ||
Brian Greene approved English subtitles for The surprising science of alpha males | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for The surprising science of alpha males | ||
Joanna Pietrulewicz accepted English subtitles for The surprising science of alpha males |