The Secret Structure of Great Talks: Nancy Duarte at TEDxEast

All great presentations have a common architecture. In this powerful talk Nancy Duarte encourages us to understand how we can implement new ideas, and change our world by using that effectively. By analyzing two of the greatest talks of our times, the "I Have a Dream" speech by Martin Luther King, and Steve Jobs’ iPhone launch presentation, she draws lessons on how to make a sweeping call-to-action presentation.

It's really really great to be here.

You have the power to change the world.

I’m not saying that to be cliché,

you really have the power to change the world.

Deep inside of you, every single one of you

has the most powerful device known to man.

And that's an idea.

So a single idea, from the human mind,

it could start the ground swell,

it could be a flash point for a movement,

and it can actually rewrite our future.

But an idea is powerless,

if it stays inside of you.

If you never pull that idea out
for others to contend with,

it will die with you.

Now maybe some of you guys
are trying to convey your idea,

and it wasn't adopted, it was rejected

and some other mediocre
or average idea was adopted.

And the only difference between those two
is in the way it was communicated.

Because if you communicate an idea
in a way that resonates,

change will happen,
and you can change the world.

In my family, we collect these vintage European posters.

Every time we go to Maui, we go to the dealer there,

and he turns these great big posters.

I love them. They all have one idea,

and one really clear visual that conveys the idea.

They are about the size of a mattress.
They are really big,

they're not as thick as a mattress,
but they are big.

And the guy will tell the stories
as he turns the pages.

And there was one time
I was flanked by my two kids,

and he turns the page
and this poster is underneath,

and right when I leaned forward and say,

"Oh my god, I love this poster,"

both of my kids jumped back and they are like
"Oh my god, mom, it's you."

And this is the poster. (Laughter)

See I'm like "Fire it up!"

The thing I loved about
this poster was the irony.

Here's this chick all fired up,
headed into battle,

– as the standard there, –

and she's holding these little
Suavitos baking spices,

like something so seemingly insignificant,

though she's willing to risk, you know,

life and limb to promote this thing.

So if you are to swap out, swap out
those little Suavitos baking spices

with a presentation.

Yeah, it's me, pretty fired up.

I was fired up about presentations
back when it wasn't cool

to be fired up about presentations.

I really think they have the power
to change the world

when you communicate effectively through them.

And changing the world is hard.

It won't happen with just one person
with one single idea.

That idea has got to spread,
or it won't be effective.

So it has to come out of you

and out into the open for people to see.

And the way that ideas are conveyed
the most effectively is through story.

You know, for thousands of years,
illiterate generations

would pass on their values and their culture
from generation to generation,

and they would stay intact.

So there's something kind of magical
about a story structure

that makes it so that when it's assembled,

it can be ingested and then recalled

by the person who's receiving it.

So basically a story,
you get a physical reaction,

your heart can race,
your eyes can dilate,

you could talk about,
"Oh I got a chill down my spine"

or, "I could feel it in the pit of my stomach".

We actually physically react
when someone is telling us a story.

So even though the stage is the same,
a story can be told,

but once a presentation is told,
it completely flatlines.

And I wanted to figure out why.

Why is it that we physically sit
with wrapped attention during a story,

but it just dies for a presentation.

So I wanted to figure out, how do you
incorporate story into presentations.

So we've had thousands of presentations

back at the shop – hundreds of thousands
of presentations actually,

so I knew the contexts
of a really bad presentation.

I decided to study cinema, and literature,

and really dig in and figure out
what was going on

and why it was broken.

So, I want to show you some of the findings

that led up to what I think of –
I've uncovered as a presentation form.

So it was obvious to start with Aristotle,

he had a three act structure,
a beginning, a middle and an end,

studied poetics and rhetoric,

and a lot of presentations don't even
have that in its most simple form.

And then when I moved on
to studying hero archetypes

I thought, "OK, the presenter is the hero,

they are up on the stage,
they're the star of the show."

It's really easy to feel that way, as the presenter,
that you are the star of the show.

I realized right away,
that that's really broken.

Because I have an idea,
I can put it out there,

but if you guys don't grab that idea
and hold it as dear,

the idea goes nowhere
and the world is never changed.

So in reality, the presenter isn't the hero,

the audience is the hero of our idea.

So if you look at Joseph Campbell's
Hero's Journey,

just in the front part, there was some
really interesting insights there.

So there is this likable hero
in an ordinary world,

and they get this call to adventure.

So the world is kind of
brought out of balance.

And at first they're resistant,

they're like "I don't know if
I want to jump into this"

and then a mentor comes along

and helps them move
from their ordinary world

into a special world.

And that's the role of the presenter.

It's to be the mentor.
You are not Luke Skywalker, you're Yoda.

You're the one that actually
helps the audience

move from one thing and
into your new special idea,

and that's the power of story.

So in its most simple structure,
it's a three part structure of the story.

You have a likable hero, who has a desire,

they encounter a roadblock, and ultimately

they emerge, transform,
and that's the basic structure.

But it wasn't until I came across
a Gustav Freytag's pyramid

– he drew this shape in 1863.

Now he was a German dramatist,

– he was a German dramatist –

and he believed there is a five act structure,

which has an exposition, a rising action,
a climax, a falling action and a denouement,

which is the unraveling or
the resolution of the story.

I love this shape. So we talk about shapes.

Story has an arc, well an arc is a shape.

We talk about classical music,
having a shapeliness to it.

So I thought, hey, if presentations had a shape,
what would that shape be?

And how did the greatest communicators
use that shape

or do they use a shape?

So I'll never forget, it was a Saturday morning.

After all this study,
– it was a couple of years of study –

I drew a shape.

And I was like,

"Oh my gosh, if this shape is real,

I should be able to take
two completely different presentations,

and overlay it and it should be true."

So I took the obvious,

I took Martin Luther King's
"I Have a Dream" speech,

and I took Steve Jobs'
2007 iPhone launch speech,

I overlaid it over it, and it worked.

I sat in my office, just astounded.
I actually cried a little,

because I was like,
"I've been given this gift,"

and here it is,

this is the shape of a great presentation.

Isn't it amazing?
(Mock sob; laughter) I was crying.

So I want to walk you through it,
'cause it's actually pretty astounding.

There is a beginning, a middle and an end
and I want to walk you through it.

Because the greatest communicators of all times,
– I went through speeches, everything, –

actually I can overlay the shape,

even the Gettysburg Address
follows the shape.

So the beginning of any presentation,
you need to establish what is.

You know, here's the status quo,
here's what's going on.

And then you need to compare that
to what could be.

Now you need to make that gap
as big as possible,

because there is this commonplace
of the status quo,

and you need to contrast that
with the loftiness of your idea.

So it's like you know, here's the past,
here's the present,

but look at our future.

Here's a problem,

but look at that problem removed.

Here's a roadblock,

let's annihilate the roadblock.

You need to really amplify that gap.

This would be like the inciting incident in a movie.

That's when suddenly the audience
has to contend with what you just put out there

and they have to say "Wow,

do I want to agree with this
and align with it or not?"

And in the rest of your presentation
should support that.

So the middle goes back and forth,

it traverses between what is and what could be,
what is and what could be.

Because what you are trying to do

is make the status quo and the normal unappealing,

and you're wanting to draw them towards
what could be in the future with your idea adopted.

Now, on your way to change the world,
people are gonna resist,

they are not going to be excited,
they may love the world the way it is.

So you'll encounter resistance.

That's why you have to move back and forth,

that's similar to sailing.

When you're sailing against the wind,
and there is wind resistance,

you have to move your boat back and forth,
and back and forth.

That's so you can capture the wind.

You have to actually capture the resistance
coming against you when you are sailing.

Now interesting, if you capture the wind just right,
and you set your sail just right,

your ship will actually sail faster than the wind itself

– it is a physics phenomenon.

So by planting in there, the way they're gonna resist
between what is and what can be,

is actually going to draw them towards your idea
quicker than should you not do that.

So after you've moved back and forth
between what is and what could be,

the last turning point is a call-to-action
which every presentation should have

– but at the very end.

You need to describe the world as a new bliss,

"This is utopia with my idea adopted."

"This is the way the world is going to look,

when we join together and we solve this big problem."

You need to use that as your ending,

in a very poetic and a dramatic way.

So, interestingly, when I was done,
I was like, "You know what?

I could use this as an analysis tool."

I actually transcribe speeches

and I would actually map out,

how much they map to this tool.

So I want to show you some of that today,

and I want to start with the very two people
that I used when I first did.

Here's Mr. Jobs, completely
has changed the world.

Changed the world of personal computing,
he has changed the music industry,

and now he is on his way to change the device,

the mobile device industry.

So he has definitely changed the world.

And this is the shape of his iPhone launch 2007,

when he launched his iPhone.

It's a ninety-minute-talk and you can see
he starts with what is,

traverses back and forth and ends with what could be.

So I want to zoom in on this:

the white line is him speaking, he's talking.

And the next color line you see popped up there,
that's when he cuts to video.

So he's adding some variety and he cuts to demo.

So it's not just him talking the whole time.

And these lines are representative there.

And then towards the end you'll see a blue line,
which will be the guest speaker.

So this is where it gets kind of interesting:

every tick mark here is when he made them laugh.

And every tick mark here is when he made them clap.

They are so involved physically,

they are physically reacting to what he is saying,
which is actually fantastic,

because then now you have the audience
in your hand.

So he kicks off what could be,

with "This is a day I've been looking forward to
for two and a half years."

So he is launching a product

that he's known about already for a couple of years.

So this is not a new product to him.

But look at this, he does this other thing:

he marvels.

He marvels at his own product.

He marvels himself
more than the audience laughs or claps.

So he is like, "Isn't this awesome?
Isn't this beautiful?"

He is modeling for the audience
what he wants them to feel.

So he is actually doing a job
of compelling them to feel a certain way.

So he kicks off with what could be,

with "Every once in a while, a revolutionary product
comes along that changes everything."

So he starts to kick in and
talk about his new product.

Now at the beginning of it,
he actually keeps the phone off.

You'll see that the line is
pretty wide up until this point,

so he goes off between "Here's this new phone
and here's the sucky competitors.

Here's this new phone
and here's the sucking competitors."

And then, right about here, he has the star moment

– and that something we'll always remember.

He does, he turns the phone on.

The audience sees scrolling for the first time,

you can hear the oxygen sucked out of the room.

They gasped. You can actually hear it.

So he creates a moment that
they'll always remember.

So if we move along this model,
you can see the blue

– where the external speakers are going in –

and then, over towards the bottom right,
the line breaks.

That's because of his clicker broke.

So what is he doing? He wants to keep
this heightened sense of excitement.

He tells a personal story,

right there, where the technology didn't work.

So he is the master communicator
and he turns to story

to keep the audience involved.

So the top right he ends with the new bliss.

He leaves them with the promise

that Apple will continue to build
revolutionary new products.

And he says,

"There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love:

'I skate to where the puck is going to be,
not to where it has been.'

We've always tried to do that at Apple
and since the very very beginning, we always will."

So he ends with the new bliss.

So let's look at Mr. King.

He was an amazing visionary, he's a clergyman,

who spent his life working hard for equality.

And this is the shape of the
"I Have a Dream" speech.

You can see he starts with 'what is',

moves back and forth between
what is and what could be,

and ends with a very poetic new bliss,
which is the famous part we all know.

So I'm gonna spread it out a little bit here,
stretch it for ya',

and what I'm doing here is
I put the actual transcript there

along with the text.
I know you can't read it.

But at the end of every line break,
I broke the line there,

because he took a breath and he paused.

Now he was a Southern Baptist preacher,
most people haven't heard that,

so he had a real cadence and a rhythm,

that was really new for people there.

So I want to cover up these lines of texts with a bar

'cause I want to use this bar
as an information device here.

So let's walk through
how he actually spoke to the people.

The blue bars here are going to be when he used

the actual rhetorical device of repetition.

So he was repeating himself,

he was using the same words and phrases,

so people could remember and recall them.

But then he also used a lot of metaphors
and visual words.

This was a way to take really complicated ideas

and make it memorable, and knowledgeable,
so people got it.

He actually created very –

almost like scenes with his words to make it –

so they could envision what he was saying.

And then there were also a lot of familiar
songs and scriptures that he used.

This is just the front end of it
that you are seeing.

And then he also made a lot of political references
of the promises that were made to the people.

So if we look at the very first end of 'what is',

at the very end of 'what is' was the very first time
that people actually clapped and roared really loud.

So the end of 'what is', what he did is, he said,

"America has given the Negro people a bad check,

a check which has come back
marked insufficient funds."

Well, everyone knows what is like
to not have money in your account.

So he used the metaphor
people were very familiar with.

But when they really charged up,
the very first time they really screamed was:

"So we have come to cash this check,

a check that will give us upon demand
the riches of freedom and the security of justice."

That's when they really clapped.

It was when he compared
what currently is to what could be.

So when we move along
a little farther in the model,

you'll see it goes back and forth
in a more frenzy pace.

And this is when he goes
back and forth, and back and forth,

now the audience was in a frenzy.

You know, they were all excited,
and so you can actually do this

to keep them in a heightened
sense of excitement.

So he says, "I have a dream

that one day this nation will rise up
and live out the meaning of its creed.

'We hold these truths to be self-evident,
that all men are created equal.'"

So you can see he uses the little orange text there
to remind them of the promise

that the politicians had made to him
or that this country had made.

Then he moves back and forth between

"I have a dream that one day,
I have a dream that one day,

I have a dream that one day",
and at the end, it gets really interesting here.

Because he uses,
you can look the four shades of green,

there's a lot of blue there,
which was a lot of repetition,

he had a heightened sense of repetition.

And the green was a heightened sense
of songs and scriptures.

So with the first batch of green was
the actual scripture from the book of Isaiah.

The second batch of green was
"My Country, 'Tis of Thee."

Now, that's a familiar song
that was specifically very significant

for the black people at the time,

because this song was the song
they chose to change the words to as an outcry,

saying that promises had not been kept.

So the third batch of green was actually
a stanza from "My Country, 'Tis of Thee."

And then the fourth was a Negro spiritual.

"Free at last! Free at last!
Thank God Almighty, I'm free at last!"

So what he did is he actually reached inside
of the hearts of the audience.

He pulled from scriptures what is important.

He pulled from songs that they'd sung together,

as an outcry against this outrage
and he used those as a device

to connect and resonate with the audience.

Ending, painting a picture of this new bliss,

using the very things inside of them
that they already held as sacred.

So he was a great man.
He had a big, big dream.

There's a lot of people here,
you guys have really big dreams. (Laughter)

There're really big ideas inside of you

that you need to get out.
But you know what?

We encounter hardships. It's not easy
to change the world, it's a big job.

And you know he was –

his house was bombed,
he was stabbed with a letter opener,

ultimately, he lost his life,

you know, for what he cared about.

But you know a lot of us aren't gonna be required
to pay that kind of sacrifice,

but what happens is that it basically

is a little bit like that basic story structure.
Life can be like that.

You know you guys are all likable people,

you have a desire, you encounter roadblocks,

and we stop there.

We're just like, you know,
"I had this idea,

but I'm not gonna put it out there.

It's been rejected."

You know – we self-sabotage our own ideas,

we just butt up against the roadblocks,
and butt up against the roadblocks

instead of choosing
to let the struggle transform us

and choosing to go ahead
and have a dream and make it real.

And you know, if anyone,

if I can do this, anybody can do this.

I was raised in an economically
and emotionally starved environment.

First time I got to go to a camp
with my sister I was abused,

wasn't the first time I was abused,
though, it was just the most aggressive.

And my mom and dad
– they married each other three times,

yeah, that was tumultuous
and when they weren't fighting

they were helping sober up some
alcoholic that was living with us

because they were both sober alcoholics.

So my mom abandoned us
when I was sixteen years old.

And I took on a role of caretaker
of my home and of my siblings.

And I married. I met a man.

Fell in love. I went to a year of college.

I did what every single
bright young girl should do,

it's I got married when
I was eighteen years old.

And you know what?

I knew, I knew,
that I was born for more than this.

And right at the point in the story
of my life I had a choice.

I could let all these things push me down

and I could let all my ideas die inside of me.

I could just say, you know,
life is too hard to change the world.

It's just too tough.

But I chose a different story for my life.

Don't you know it? (Laughter)

And so I feel like there's people in this room,
you got these little Suavitos baking spices

and you're just like,
"You know, It's not that big a deal."

"It's really not the whole world I can change."

But you know you can change your world.

You can change your life. You can change

the world that you have control on,

you can change your sphere.

I want to encourage you to do that.

Because you know what?

The future isn't a place that we're going to go.

It's a place that you get to create.

I want to thank you. (Applause)

Bless you. God bless you. Thank you.