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I've got a confession,
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I love looking through people's garbage.
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Now, it's not some creepy thing.
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I'm usually just looking for old
electronics,
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stuff I can take to my workshop
and hack.
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I do have a fetish for CD-ROM drives.
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Each one has three different motors,
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so now you can build things that move.
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There's switches so you can
turn things on and off.
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There's even a freaking laser,
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so you can make a cool robot
into an awesome robot.
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I've built a lot of stuff
out of garbage
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and some of these things
have even been kind of useful.
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But here's the thing,
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for me, garbage is just
a chance to play,
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to be creative and build things
that amuse myself.
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This is what I love doing,
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so I just made it a part
of my day job.
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I lead a university-based
biological research lab
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where we value curiosity and exploration
above all else,
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We aren't focused on any
particular problem
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and we're not trying to solve
any particular disease.
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This is just a place where people
can come
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and ask fascinating questions
and find answers.
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And I realized a long time ago
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that if I challenge people
to build the equipment they need
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out of the garbage I find,
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it's a great way to foster
creativity.
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And what happened was that artists
and scientists
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from around the world started
coming to my lab.
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And it's not just because
we valube unconventional ideas,
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it's because we test and validate them
with scientific rigor.
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So one day I was hacking something,
I was taking it apart
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and I had this sudden idea.
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Could I treat biology like hardware?
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Could I dismantle a biological system,
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mix and match the parts,
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and then put them back together
in some new and creative way?
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My lab started working on this
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and I want to show you the result.
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Can any of you guys tell me
what fruit this is?
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That's right -- it's an apple.
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Now I actually want you to notice
as well
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that this is a lot better than most apples.
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And that's because
we grew human cells into it.
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We took a totally innocent
Macintosh apple,
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removed all the apple cells
and DNA
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and then implanted human cells.
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And what we're left with
after removing all the apple cells
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is this cellulose scaffold.
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This is the stuf that gives plants
their shape and texture.
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And these little holes that you can see,
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this is where all the apple cells
used to be.
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So then we come along,
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we implant some mammalian cells
that you can see in blue.
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And what happens is that these guys
start multiplying
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and they fill up this entire scaffold.
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As weird as this is,
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it's actually really reminiscent
of how our own tissues are organized.
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And we found in our pre-clinical work
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that you can implant these scaffolds
into the body
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and the body will send in cells
and a blood supply
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and actually keep these things alive.
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This is the point when people
started asking me,
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"Andrew, can you make
body parts out of apples?"
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And I'm like, "You've come
to the right place."
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(Laughter)
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I actually brought this up
with my wife.
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She's a musical instrument maker
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and she does a lot of wood carving
for a living.
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So I asked her, "Could you literally
carve some ears
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out of an apple for us?"
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And she did.
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I took her ears to the lab,
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we then started preparing them.
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Yeah, I know.
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(Laughter)
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It's a good lab, man.
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And then we grew cells on them,
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and this is the result.
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Listen, my lab is not in the
ear manufacturing business.
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People have actually been
working on this for decades.
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Here's the issue:
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Commercial scaffolds can be
really expensive and problematic
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because they're sourced from
proprietary products,
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animals, or cadavers.
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We used an apple and it cost pennies.
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What's also really cool here is that
it's not that hard to make these things.
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The equipment you need
can be built from garbage
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and the key processing step
only requires soap and water.
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So what we did is put all
the instructions online as open source.
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And then we founded
a mission-driven company
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and we're developing kits
to make it easier
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for anyone with a sink
and a soldering iron
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to make these things at home.
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What I'm actually really curious about
is if one day,
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it will be possible to repair, rebuild
and augment our own bodies
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with stuff we make in the kitchen.
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Speaking of kitchens,
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here's some asparagus.
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They're tasty and they make
your pee smell funny.
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Now, I was in my kitchen
and I was noticing
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that when you look down
the stalks of these asparagus,
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what you can see are all
these tiny little vessels.
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And when we image them in the lab,
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you can see how these cellulose
forms these strucutres.
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This image reminds me of two things:
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our blood vessels and the structure
and organization
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of our nerves and spinal cord.
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So here's the question:
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Can we grow axons and neurons
down these channels?
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Because if we can,
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then maybe we can use asparagus
to form new connections
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between the ends of damaged
and severed nerves?
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Or maybe even a spinal cord.
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Don't get me wrong,
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this is exceptionally challenging
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and really hard work to do
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and we are not the only ones
working on this.
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But we are the only ones
using an asparagus.
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(Laughter)
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And right now, we've got
really promising pilot data
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and we're working with tissue engineers
and neurosurgeons
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to find out what's actually possible.
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So listen, all of the work I've shown you,
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the stuff that I've built that's
all around me on this stage
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and the other projects my lab
is involved in
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are all a direct result of me
playing with your garvage.
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Play, play is a key part
of my scientific practice.
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It's how I train my mind to be
unconventional and to be creative
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and to decide to make human-apple ears.
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So, the next time any of you
are looking
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at some old, broken down,
malfunctioning, piece of crap technology,
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I want you to think of me,
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because I want it.
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Seriously, please find any way
to get in touch with me,
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and let's see what we can build.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)