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This mad scientist makes ears out of apples

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    I've got a confession,
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    I love looking through people's garbage.
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    Now, it's not some creepy thing.
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    I'm usually just looking for old
    electronics,
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    stuff I can take to my workshop
    and hack.
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    I do have a fetish for CD-ROM drives.
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    Each one has three different motors,
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    so now you can build things that move.
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    There's switches so you can
    turn things on and off.
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    There's even a freaking laser,
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    so you can make a cool robot
    into an awesome robot.
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    I've built a lot of stuff
    out of garbage
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    and some of these things
    have even been kind of useful.
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    But here's the thing,
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    for me, garbage is just
    a chance to play,
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    to be creative and build things
    that amuse myself.
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    This is what I love doing,
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    so I just made it a part
    of my day job.
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    I lead a university-based
    biological research lab
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    where we value curiosity and exploration
    above all else,
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    We aren't focused on any
    particular problem
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    and we're not trying to solve
    any particular disease.
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    This is just a place where people
    can come
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    and ask fascinating questions
    and find answers.
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    And I realized a long time ago
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    that if I challenge people
    to build the equipment they need
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    out of the garbage I find,
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    it's a great way to foster
    creativity.
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    And what happened was that artists
    and scientists
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    from around the world started
    coming to my lab.
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    And it's not just because
    we valube unconventional ideas,
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    it's because we test and validate them
    with scientific rigor.
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    So one day I was hacking something,
    I was taking it apart
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    and I had this sudden idea.
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    Could I treat biology like hardware?
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    Could I dismantle a biological system,
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    mix and match the parts,
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    and then put them back together
    in some new and creative way?
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    My lab started working on this
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    and I want to show you the result.
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    Can any of you guys tell me
    what fruit this is?
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    That's right -- it's an apple.
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    Now I actually want you to notice
    as well
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    that this is a lot better than most apples.
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    And that's because
    we grew human cells into it.
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    We took a totally innocent
    Macintosh apple,
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    removed all the apple cells
    and DNA
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    and then implanted human cells.
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    And what we're left with
    after removing all the apple cells
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    is this cellulose scaffold.
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    This is the stuf that gives plants
    their shape and texture.
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    And these little holes that you can see,
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    this is where all the apple cells
    used to be.
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    So then we come along,
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    we implant some mammalian cells
    that you can see in blue.
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    And what happens is that these guys
    start multiplying
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    and they fill up this entire scaffold.
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    As weird as this is,
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    it's actually really reminiscent
    of how our own tissues are organized.
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    And we found in our pre-clinical work
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    that you can implant these scaffolds
    into the body
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    and the body will send in cells
    and a blood supply
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    and actually keep these things alive.
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    This is the point when people
    started asking me,
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    "Andrew, can you make
    body parts out of apples?"
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    And I'm like, "You've come
    to the right place."
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    (Laughter)
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    I actually brought this up
    with my wife.
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    She's a musical instrument maker
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    and she does a lot of wood carving
    for a living.
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    So I asked her, "Could you literally
    carve some ears
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    out of an apple for us?"
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    And she did.
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    I took her ears to the lab,
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    we then started preparing them.
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    Yeah, I know.
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    (Laughter)
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    It's a good lab, man.
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    And then we grew cells on them,
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    and this is the result.
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    Listen, my lab is not in the
    ear manufacturing business.
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    People have actually been
    working on this for decades.
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    Here's the issue:
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    Commercial scaffolds can be
    really expensive and problematic
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    because they're sourced from
    proprietary products,
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    animals, or cadavers.
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    We used an apple and it cost pennies.
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    What's also really cool here is that
    it's not that hard to make these things.
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    The equipment you need
    can be built from garbage
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    and the key processing step
    only requires soap and water.
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    So what we did is put all
    the instructions online as open source.
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    And then we founded
    a mission-driven company
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    and we're developing kits
    to make it easier
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    for anyone with a sink
    and a soldering iron
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    to make these things at home.
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    What I'm actually really curious about
    is if one day,
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    it will be possible to repair, rebuild
    and augment our own bodies
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    with stuff we make in the kitchen.
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    Speaking of kitchens,
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    here's some asparagus.
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    They're tasty and they make
    your pee smell funny.
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    Now, I was in my kitchen
    and I was noticing
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    that when you look down
    the stalks of these asparagus,
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    what you can see are all
    these tiny little vessels.
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    And when we image them in the lab,
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    you can see how these cellulose
    forms these strucutres.
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    This image reminds me of two things:
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    our blood vessels and the structure
    and organization
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    of our nerves and spinal cord.
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    So here's the question:
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    Can we grow axons and neurons
    down these channels?
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    Because if we can,
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    then maybe we can use asparagus
    to form new connections
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    between the ends of damaged
    and severed nerves?
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    Or maybe even a spinal cord.
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    Don't get me wrong,
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    this is exceptionally challenging
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    and really hard work to do
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    and we are not the only ones
    working on this.
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    But we are the only ones
    using an asparagus.
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    (Laughter)
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    And right now, we've got
    really promising pilot data
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    and we're working with tissue engineers
    and neurosurgeons
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    to find out what's actually possible.
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    So listen, all of the work I've shown you,
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    the stuff that I've built that's
    all around me on this stage
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    and the other projects my lab
    is involved in
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    are all a direct result of me
    playing with your garvage.
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    Play, play is a key part
    of my scientific practice.
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    It's how I train my mind to be
    unconventional and to be creative
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    and to decide to make human-apple ears.
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    So, the next time any of you
    are looking
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    at some old, broken down,
    malfunctioning, piece of crap technology,
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    I want you to think of me,
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    because I want it.
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    Seriously, please find any way
    to get in touch with me,
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    and let's see what we can build.
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    Thank you.
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    (Applause)
Title:
This mad scientist makes ears out of apples
Speaker:
Andrew Pelling
Description:

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Video Language:
English
Team:
closed TED
Project:
TEDTalks
Duration:
07:05

English subtitles

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