How does an Electric Car work ? | Tesla Model S

Electric cars are making big waves in the automobile world

These noise-free, pollution-fre and high-performance] vehicles are expected to make their IC engine counterparts obsolete by 2025

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This video will unveil the hidden technologies behind the Tesla model S which recently became the world's fastest accelerating car

We will see how electric cars have achieved superior performance by analyzing the technology behind the induction motor,

inverter

Lithium-Ion battery Power source,

and, above all, the synchronized vehicle mechanism, in a logical step-by-step Manner

The powerhouse of the tesla car is an invention made by the great scientist Nikola Tesla around 100 Years back: the induction motor

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The induction Motor has two main parts: the stator and the rotor

You can see the construction details of the motor here

The rotor is simply a collection of conducting bars short-circuited by end rings

A three-phase AC power input is given to the stator

The three-phase alternating current in the coils produces a rotating magnetic field. The tesla motor produces a four-pole Magnetic field.

This rotating magnetic field that induces current on the rotor bars to make it turn

In an induction motor the rotor always lags behind the RMF.

An induction motor has neither brushes nor a permanent magnet. At the same time it is robust and powerful.

The beauty of an induction motor is that its speed depends on the frequency of the AC power supply.

So just by varying the frequency of the power supply, we will be able to alter the drive wheel speed

This simple fact makes electric car speed control easy and reliable

The motor Supply is from a variable frequency drive, which in turn controls motor speed.

The motor speed can range from Zero to 18,000 rpm.

This is the most sizable advantage electric cars have when compared to internal combustion cars.

An Internal Combustion engine produces usable torque and power output only within limited speed range

Therefore, directly connecting the engine rotation to the drive wheel is not a clever idea.

A transmission must be introduced to vary the drive wheel speed

On the other hand an induction motor will work efficiently in any speed range

Thus no speed varying transmission is needed for an electric car

moreover an IC engine does not produce direct rotational motion

The linear motion of the piston has to be converted to rotational motion

This causes major problems for mechanical balancing

Not only is the internal combustion engine not self-started like an induction motor

further, the power output of an IC engine is always uneven

Many accessories are needed to solve these issues

On the other hand you will have direct rotational motion and uniform power output with an induction motor

many components in the IC engine can be avoided here

As a result of these factors, a great response rate and higher power to weight ratio comes naturally to an induction motor resulting in superior

vehicle Performance

But from where does the motor receive power?

From a battery pack

the battery Produces DC power

so before supply get to a motor it has to be converted to AC

An inverter is used for this purpose

This power electronic device also controls the Ac power frequency thus controlling the motor speed

Moreover the Inverter can even vary the amplitude of the ac power which in turn will control the motor power output

Thus the inverter acts as the brain of the electric car

Now let's turn our focus to the battery pack

You will be amazed to find that they are just a collection of common lithium-ion cells similar to those used in your daily life

The cells are connected in a combination of series and parallel to produce the power required to run your electric car

Glycol coolant is passed through metallic inner tubes through the gap between the cells

This is one principal innovation of Tesla

by using many small cells instead of a few big cells

Effective cooling is guaranteed

This minimizes thermal hot spots and even temperature distribution is achieved leading to higher battery pack life

The cells are arranged as detachable modules

There are 16 such modules in the battery pack constituting around 7,000 cells

The heated Glycol is cooled down by passing through a radiator, which is fitted at the front of the vehicle

Moreover you can see how such a low height battery pack when fitted close to the ground level will lower the vehicle center of gravity

The lower of gravity improves the stability of the car considerably

The large battery pack is also spread across the floor offering structural rigidity against side collisions

Now let's get back to Tesla's drivetrain

The power produced by the motor is transferred to the drive wheels via a gearbox

As previously discussed, tesla model s uses a simple

Single speed transmission because the motor is efficient in a wide range of operating conditions

You can see that output speed from the motor is reduced in two steps

Even achieving the reverse gear is quite easy in an electric car. Just change the order of the power phase for this

The only purpose of electric car transmission is speed reduction and associated torque multiplication

The second component in the Gearbox is a differential

The reduced speed drive is passed to it

You can see this is a simple open differential. However, open differentials, have a problem of traction control

But why does such an advanced car use an open differential rather than a limited slip differential?

The answer is that the open differential is more rugged and can carry more torque

A problem that occurs in an open differential can effectively be overcome with help of two methods:
selective braking and

cutting the power supply

In an Internal combustion engine this power supply cut by cutting the fuel is not so responsive

In an induction motor, however, the power supply cut is quite responsive and an effective means for obtaining traction control

In the tesla this can all be accomplished using a state-of-the-art algorithm with help from Sensors and controllers

In short, Tesla Motors has replaced a complex mechanical hardware system with smart,

responsive software

Did you know an electric car could be driven efficiently with the help of just one pedal?

This is due to its powerful regenerative braking system

That means saving the huge kinetic energy of the car in the form of electricity without wasting it as heat

In an electric car, as soon as you release the accelerator pedal the regenerative braking comes into action

The interesting thing is that during the regenerative braking the same induction motor acts as a generator

Here the wheels drive the rotor of the induction motor

We know in an induction motor the rotor speed is less than the RMF speed

To convert the motor to a generator. You just have to make sure that the rotor speed is greater than the RMF speed

The inverter plays a crucial role here in adjusting the input power frequency and keeping the RMF speed below the rotor speed

This will generate electricity in the stator coils, which is way higher than the supplied electricity

The generated electricity can then be stored in the battery pack after the conversion

An opposing electromagnetic force acts on the rotor during this process, so the drive wheels and the car will slow down

This way vehicle speed can be accurately controlled during the drive using a single pedal

The brake Pedal can be applied for a complete stop

As you might already be aware, electric cars are much safer than internal combustion cars

The cost of maintaining and driving an electric car is much lower than that of an IC engine car

With the drawbacks of the electric car evaded through the advent of improved technology, electric cars promise to be the cars of the future

We think mr.. J. Who Garcia an electric car expert and youtuber for his technical support for this video?

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