Why shiny glass towers are bad for city life
-
0:01 - 0:03Imagine that when you walked
in here this evening, -
0:03 - 0:08you discovered that everybody in the room
looked almost exactly the same: -
0:08 - 0:10ageless, raceless,
-
0:10 - 0:11generically good-looking.
-
0:12 - 0:14That person sitting right next to you
-
0:14 - 0:16might have the most
idiosyncratic inner life, -
0:16 - 0:18but you don't have a clue
-
0:18 - 0:21because we're all wearing
the same blank expression all the time. -
0:23 - 0:27That is the kind of creepy transformation
that is taking over cities, -
0:28 - 0:30only it applies to buildings, not people.
-
0:31 - 0:37Cities are full of roughness and shadow,
-
0:37 - 0:39texture and color.
-
0:39 - 0:44You can still find architectural surfaces
of great individuality and character -
0:45 - 0:47in apartment buildings in Riga
-
0:48 - 0:49and Yemen,
-
0:51 - 0:52social housing in Vienna,
-
0:53 - 0:55Hopi villages in Arizona,
-
0:55 - 0:57brownstones in New York,
-
0:58 - 0:59wooden houses in San Francisco.
-
1:00 - 1:02These aren't palaces or cathedrals.
-
1:02 - 1:04These are just ordinary residences
-
1:04 - 1:06expressing the ordinary
splendor of cities. -
1:07 - 1:11And the reason they're like that
is that the need for shelter -
1:11 - 1:14is so bound up with
the human desire for beauty. -
1:17 - 1:20Their rough surfaces
give us a touchable city. -
1:21 - 1:22Right? Streets that you can read
-
1:22 - 1:25by running your fingers
over brick and stone. -
1:26 - 1:27But that's getting harder to do,
-
1:28 - 1:30because cities are becoming smooth.
-
1:32 - 1:34New downtowns sprout towers
-
1:34 - 1:36that are almost always
made of concrete and steel -
1:36 - 1:37and covered in glass.
-
1:39 - 1:42You can look at skylines
all over the world -- -
1:42 - 1:43Houston,
-
1:44 - 1:45Guangzhou,
-
1:45 - 1:47Frankfurt --
-
1:47 - 1:51and you see the same army
of high-gloss robots -
1:51 - 1:52marching over the horizon.
-
1:54 - 1:56Now, just think of everything we lose
-
1:56 - 2:00when architects stop using
the full range of available materials. -
2:01 - 2:05When we reject granite
and limestone and sandstone -
2:05 - 2:07and wood and copper
and terra-cotta and brick -
2:07 - 2:08and wattle and plaster,
-
2:09 - 2:11we simplify architecture
-
2:11 - 2:13and we impoverish cities.
-
2:14 - 2:18It's as if you reduced
all of the world's cuisines -
2:18 - 2:20down to airline food.
-
2:20 - 2:21(Laughter)
-
2:21 - 2:22Chicken or pasta?
-
2:23 - 2:25But worse still,
-
2:26 - 2:29assemblies of glass towers
like this one in Moscow -
2:29 - 2:34suggest a disdain for the civic
and communal aspects of urban living. -
2:34 - 2:39Right? Buildings like these are intended
to enrich their owners and tenants, -
2:39 - 2:42but not necessarily
the lives of the rest of us, -
2:42 - 2:46those of us who navigate
the spaces between the buildings. -
2:46 - 2:48And we expect to do so for free.
-
2:50 - 2:52Shiny towers are an invasive species
-
2:53 - 2:56and they are choking our cities
and killing off public space. -
2:57 - 3:01We tend to think of a facade
as being like makeup, -
3:01 - 3:05a decorative layer applied at the end
to a building that's effectively complete. -
3:05 - 3:08But just because a facade is superficial
-
3:08 - 3:10doesn't mean it's not also deep.
-
3:10 - 3:11Let me give you an example
-
3:12 - 3:15of how a city's surfaces
affect the way we live in it. -
3:15 - 3:18When I visited Salamanca in Spain,
-
3:18 - 3:20I gravitated to the Plaza Mayor
-
3:20 - 3:22at all hours of the day.
-
3:22 - 3:25Early in the morning,
sunlight rakes the facades, -
3:25 - 3:27sharpening shadows,
-
3:27 - 3:30and at night, lamplight
segments the buildings -
3:30 - 3:32into hundreds of distinct areas,
-
3:33 - 3:35balconies and windows and arcades,
-
3:35 - 3:38each one a separate pocket
of visual activity. -
3:39 - 3:41That detail and depth, that glamour
-
3:43 - 3:45gives the plaza a theatrical quality.
-
3:47 - 3:49It becomes a stage
where the generations can meet. -
3:50 - 3:54You have teenagers
sprawling on the pavers, -
3:54 - 3:56seniors monopolizing the benches,
-
3:56 - 4:00and real life starts to look
like an opera set. -
4:00 - 4:02The curtain goes up on Salamanca.
-
4:04 - 4:08So just because I'm talking
about the exteriors of buildings, -
4:09 - 4:12not form, not function, not structure,
-
4:13 - 4:16even so those surfaces
give texture to our lives, -
4:17 - 4:20because buildings
create the spaces around them, -
4:20 - 4:23and those spaces can draw people in
-
4:23 - 4:25or push them away.
-
4:25 - 4:29And the difference often has to do
with the quality of those exteriors. -
4:29 - 4:33So one contemporary equivalent
of the Plaza Mayor in Salamanca -
4:33 - 4:35is the Place de la Défense in Paris,
-
4:36 - 4:39a windswept, glass-walled open space
-
4:40 - 4:41that office workers hurry through
-
4:41 - 4:44on the way from the metro
to their cubicles -
4:44 - 4:46but otherwise spend
as little time in as possible. -
4:48 - 4:51In the early 1980s,
the architect Philip Johnson -
4:51 - 4:55tried to recreate a gracious
European plaza in Pittsburgh. -
4:56 - 4:57This is PPG Place,
-
4:57 - 5:02a half acre of open space
encircled by commercial buildings -
5:02 - 5:04made of mirrored glass.
-
5:04 - 5:07And he ornamented those buildings
with metal trim and bays -
5:07 - 5:09and Gothic turrets
-
5:09 - 5:11which really pop on the skyline.
-
5:12 - 5:13But at ground level,
-
5:15 - 5:17the plaza feels like a black glass cage.
-
5:18 - 5:20I mean, sure, in summertime
-
5:20 - 5:22kids are running back and forth
through the fountain -
5:22 - 5:24and there's ice-skating in the winter,
-
5:24 - 5:28but it lacks the informality
of a leisurely hangout. -
5:28 - 5:32It's just not the sort of place
you really want to just hang out and chat. -
5:35 - 5:39Public spaces thrive or fail
for many different reasons. -
5:39 - 5:41Architecture is only one,
-
5:41 - 5:43but it's an important one.
-
5:44 - 5:45Some recent plazas
-
5:45 - 5:48like Federation Square in Melbourne
-
5:49 - 5:51or Superkilen in Copenhagen
-
5:52 - 5:55succeed because they combine old and new,
-
5:55 - 5:57rough and smooth,
-
5:57 - 5:59neutral and bright colors,
-
5:59 - 6:03and because they don't rely
excessively on glass. -
6:04 - 6:07Now, I'm not against glass.
-
6:08 - 6:11It's an ancient and versatile material.
-
6:12 - 6:16It's easy to manufacture and transport
-
6:16 - 6:18and install and replace
-
6:18 - 6:19and clean.
-
6:20 - 6:22It comes in everything
from enormous, ultraclear sheets -
6:22 - 6:25to translucent bricks.
-
6:25 - 6:27New coatings make it change mood
-
6:28 - 6:29in the shifting light.
-
6:30 - 6:33In expensive cities like New York,
it has the magical power -
6:33 - 6:37of being able to multiply
real estate values by allowing views, -
6:37 - 6:40which is really the only commodity
that developers have to offer -
6:40 - 6:42to justify those surreal prices.
-
6:44 - 6:46In the middle of the 19th century,
-
6:46 - 6:49with the construction
of the Crystal Palace in London, -
6:49 - 6:53glass leapt to the top of the list
of quintessentially modern substances. -
6:54 - 6:56By the mid-20th century,
-
6:56 - 6:59it had come to dominate
the downtowns of some American cities, -
7:00 - 7:03largely through some
really spectacular office buildings -
7:03 - 7:07like Lever House in midtown Manhattan,
designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. -
7:08 - 7:10Eventually, the technology
advanced to the point -
7:10 - 7:13where architects could design
structures so transparent -
7:13 - 7:15they practically disappear.
-
7:16 - 7:18And along the way,
-
7:18 - 7:22glass became the default material
of the high-rise city, -
7:23 - 7:25and there's a very
powerful reason for that. -
7:25 - 7:29Because as the world's populations
converge on cities, -
7:30 - 7:34the least fortunate pack
into jerry-built shantytowns. -
7:34 - 7:37But hundreds of millions of people
need apartments and places to work -
7:38 - 7:39in ever-larger buildings,
-
7:39 - 7:41so it makes economic sense
to put up towers -
7:41 - 7:44and wrap them in cheap
and practical curtain walls. -
7:46 - 7:48But glass has a limited ability
-
7:49 - 7:50to be expressive.
-
7:51 - 7:53This is a section of wall framing a plaza
-
7:53 - 7:58in the pre-Hispanic city of Mitla,
in southern Mexico. -
7:59 - 8:00Those 2,000-year-old carvings
-
8:00 - 8:03make it clear that this was a place
of high ritual significance. -
8:05 - 8:11Today we look at those and we can see
a historical and textural continuity -
8:11 - 8:14between those carvings,
the mountains all around -
8:14 - 8:18and that church which is built
on top of the ruins -
8:18 - 8:20using stone plundered from the site.
-
8:21 - 8:24In nearby Oaxaca,
even ordinary plaster buildings -
8:24 - 8:28become canvasses for
bright colors, political murals -
8:28 - 8:30and sophisticated graphic arts.
-
8:31 - 8:34It's an intricate, communicative language
-
8:34 - 8:37that an epidemic of glass
would simply wipe out. -
8:38 - 8:41The good news is
that architects and developers -
8:41 - 8:44have begun to rediscover
the joys of texture -
8:44 - 8:46without backing away from modernity.
-
8:46 - 8:50Some find innovative uses
for old materials like brick -
8:51 - 8:53and terra-cotta.
-
8:54 - 8:59Others invent new products
like the molded panels that Snøhetta used -
8:59 - 9:01to give the San Francisco
Museum of Modern Art -
9:02 - 9:04that crinkly, sculptural quality.
-
9:05 - 9:08The architect Stefano Boeri
even created living facades. -
9:08 - 9:12This is his Vertical Forest,
a pair of apartment towers in Milan, -
9:12 - 9:14whose most visible feature is greenery.
-
9:15 - 9:20And Boeri is designing a version of this
for Nanjing in China. -
9:21 - 9:25And imagine if green facades
were as ubiquitous as glass ones -
9:25 - 9:28how much cleaner the air
in Chinese cities would become. -
9:29 - 9:32But the truth is
that these are mostly one-offs, -
9:32 - 9:34boutique projects,
-
9:34 - 9:36not easily reproduced at a global scale.
-
9:38 - 9:39And that is the point.
-
9:40 - 9:43When you use materials
that have a local significance, -
9:43 - 9:46you prevent cities
from all looking the same. -
9:47 - 9:50Copper has a long history in New York --
-
9:50 - 9:51the Statue of Liberty,
-
9:52 - 9:54the crown of the Woolworth Building --
-
9:54 - 9:57but it fell out of fashion for a long time
-
9:57 - 10:02until SHoP Architects used it
to cover the American Copper Building, -
10:02 - 10:04a pair of twisting towers
on the East River. -
10:05 - 10:06It's not even finished
-
10:06 - 10:11and you can see the way
sunset lights up that metallic facade, -
10:11 - 10:13which will weather to green as it ages.
-
10:14 - 10:16Buildings can be like people.
-
10:16 - 10:18Their faces broadcast their experience.
-
10:19 - 10:21And that's an important point,
-
10:21 - 10:23because when glass ages,
-
10:24 - 10:25you just replace it,
-
10:25 - 10:28and the building looks
pretty much the same way it did before -
10:28 - 10:30until eventually it's demolished.
-
10:30 - 10:33Almost all other materials
have the ability -
10:33 - 10:36to absorb infusions of history and memory,
-
10:36 - 10:40and project it into the present.
-
10:41 - 10:43The firm Ennead
-
10:43 - 10:48clad the Utah Natural History Museum
in Salt Lake City in copper and zinc, -
10:48 - 10:52ores that have been mined
in the area for 150 years -
10:53 - 10:57and that also camouflage the building
against the ochre hills -
10:57 - 11:00so that you have a natural history museum
-
11:00 - 11:02that reflects the region's
natural history. -
11:04 - 11:06And when the Chinese
Pritzker Prize winner Wang Shu -
11:06 - 11:10was building a history museum in Ningbo,
-
11:10 - 11:13he didn't just create
a wrapper for the past, -
11:13 - 11:16he built memory right into the walls
-
11:16 - 11:20by using brick and stones and shingles
-
11:20 - 11:23salvaged from villages
that had been demolished. -
11:24 - 11:27Now, architects can use glass
-
11:27 - 11:30in equally lyrical and inventive ways.
-
11:30 - 11:32Here in New York, two buildings,
-
11:32 - 11:34one by Jean Nouvel
and this one by Frank Gehry -
11:35 - 11:37face off across West 19th Street,
-
11:38 - 11:41and the play of reflections
that they toss back and forth -
11:41 - 11:42is like a symphony in light.
-
11:44 - 11:47But when a city defaults to glass
-
11:47 - 11:49as it grows,
-
11:49 - 11:50it becomes a hall of mirrors,
-
11:51 - 11:53disquieting and cold.
-
11:54 - 11:58After all, cities are places
of concentrated variety -
12:00 - 12:05where the world's cultures
and languages and lifestyles -
12:05 - 12:06come together and mingle.
-
12:07 - 12:10So rather than encase all that variety
-
12:11 - 12:15and diversity in buildings
of crushing sameness, -
12:15 - 12:19we should have an architecture that honors
the full range of the urban experience. -
12:20 - 12:21Thank you.
-
12:21 - 12:27(Applause)
- Title:
- Why shiny glass towers are bad for city life
- Speaker:
- Justin Davidson
- Description:
-
There's a creepy transformation taking over our cities, says architecture critic Justin Davidson. From Houston, Texas to Guangzhou, China, shiny towers of concrete and steel covered with glass are cropping up like an invasive species. Rethink your city's anatomy as Davidson explains how the exteriors of building shape the urban experience -- and what we lose when architects stop using the full range of available materials.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 12:39
![]() |
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Why glass towers are bad for city life -- and what we need instead | |
![]() |
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Why glass towers are bad for city life -- and what we need instead | |
![]() |
Brian Greene approved English subtitles for Why glass towers are bad for city life -- and what we need instead | |
![]() |
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Why glass towers are bad for city life -- and what we need instead | |
![]() |
Joanna Pietrulewicz accepted English subtitles for Why glass towers are bad for city life -- and what we need instead | |
![]() |
Joanna Pietrulewicz edited English subtitles for Why glass towers are bad for city life -- and what we need instead | |
![]() |
Joanna Pietrulewicz edited English subtitles for Why glass towers are bad for city life -- and what we need instead | |
![]() |
Joseph Geni edited English subtitles for Why glass towers are bad for city life -- and what we need instead |