[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.60,0:00:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine that when you walked\Nin here this evening,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.44,0:00:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you discovered that everybody in the room\Nlooked almost exactly the same:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.28,0:00:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ageless, raceless,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.24,0:00:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,generically good-looking.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.28,0:00:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That person sitting right next to you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.28,0:00:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might have the most\Nidiosyncratic inner life,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.44,0:00:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you don't have a clue
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.72,0:00:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we're all wearing\Nthe same blank expression all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.96,0:00:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the kind of creepy transformation\Nthat is taking over cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.92,0:00:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only it applies to buildings, not people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.48,0:00:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cities are full of roughness and shadow,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.48,0:00:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,texture and color.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.72,0:00:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can still find architectural surfaces\Nof great individuality and character
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.36,0:00:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in apartment buildings in Riga
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.08,0:00:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Yemen,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.52,0:00:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,social housing in Vienna,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.00,0:00:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hopi villages in Arizona,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.40,0:00:56.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brownstones in New York,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.52,0:00:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wooden houses in San Francisco.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.80,0:01:01.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These aren't palaces or cathedrals.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.08,0:01:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are just ordinary residences
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.88,0:01:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,expressing the ordinary\Nsplendor of cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.48,0:01:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason they're like that\Nis that the need for shelter
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.80,0:01:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is so bound up with\Nthe human desire for beauty.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.60,0:01:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their rough surfaces\Ngive us a touchable city.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.84,0:01:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right? Streets that you can read
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.44,0:01:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by running your fingers\Nover brick and stone.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.60,0:01:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's getting harder to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.20,0:01:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because cities are becoming smooth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.68,0:01:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New downtowns sprout towers
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.76,0:01:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are almost always\Nmade of concrete and steel
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.12,0:01:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and covered in glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.92,0:01:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can look at skylines\Nall over the world --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.80,0:01:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Houston,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.64,0:01:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Guangzhou,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.44,0:01:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Frankfurt --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.44,0:01:50.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you see the same army\Nof high-gloss robots
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.88,0:01:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,marching over the horizon.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.56,0:01:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, just think of everything we lose
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.72,0:01:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when architects stop using\Nthe full range of available materials.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.80,0:02:04.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we reject granite\Nand limestone and sandstone
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.56,0:02:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and wood and copper\Nand terra-cotta and brick
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.76,0:02:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and wattle and plaster,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.12,0:02:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we simplify architecture
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.28,0:02:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we impoverish cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.88,0:02:17.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's as if you reduced\Nall of the world's cuisines
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.60,0:02:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down to airline food.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.56,0:02:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.64,0:02:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chicken or pasta?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.44,0:02:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But worse still,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.76,0:02:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assemblies of glass towers\Nlike this one in Moscow
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.36,0:02:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suggest a disdain for the civic\Nand communal aspects of urban living.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.28,0:02:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right? Buildings like these are intended\Nto enrich their owners and tenants,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.36,0:02:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not necessarily\Nthe lives of the rest of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.96,0:02:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those of us who navigate\Nthe spaces between the buildings.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.44,0:02:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we expect to do so for free.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.80,0:02:52.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shiny towers are an invasive species
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.08,0:02:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they are choking our cities\Nand killing off public space.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.32,0:03:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We tend to think of a facade\Nas being like makeup,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.80,0:03:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a decorative layer applied at the end\Nto a building that's effectively complete.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.16,0:03:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just because a facade is superficial
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.72,0:03:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't mean it's not also deep.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.00,0:03:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you an example
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.20,0:03:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how a city's surfaces\Naffect the way we live in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.24,0:03:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I visited Salamanca in Spain,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.16,0:03:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I gravitated to the Plaza Mayor
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.44,0:03:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at all hours of the day.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.88,0:03:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Early in the morning,\Nsunlight rakes the facades,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.88,0:03:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sharpening shadows,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.60,0:03:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at night, lamplight\Nsegments the buildings
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.92,0:03:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into hundreds of distinct areas,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.52,0:03:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,balconies and windows and arcades,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.92,0:03:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each one a separate pocket\Nof visual activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.68,0:03:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That detail and depth, that glamour
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.64,0:03:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gives the plaza a theatrical quality.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.00,0:03:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It becomes a stage\Nwhere the generations can meet.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.16,0:03:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have teenagers\Nsprawling on the pavers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.56,0:03:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seniors monopolizing the benches,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.40,0:04:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and real life starts to look\Nlike an opera set.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.32,0:04:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The curtain goes up on Salamanca.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.52,0:04:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So just because I'm talking\Nabout the exteriors of buildings,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.52,0:04:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not form, not function, not structure,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.76,0:04:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even so those surfaces\Ngive texture to our lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.40,0:04:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because buildings\Ncreate the spaces around them,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.32,0:04:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those spaces can draw people in
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.36,0:04:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or push them away.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.28,0:04:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the difference often has to do\Nwith the quality of those exteriors.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.00,0:04:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one contemporary equivalent\Nof the Plaza Mayor in Salamanca
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.76,0:04:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the Place de la Défense in Paris,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.88,0:04:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a windswept, glass-walled open space
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.52,0:04:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that office workers hurry through
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.32,0:04:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the way from the metro\Nto their cubicles
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.84,0:04:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but otherwise spend\Nas little time in as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.12,0:04:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the early 1980s,\Nthe architect Philip Johnson
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.44,0:04:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tried to recreate a gracious\NEuropean plaza in Pittsburgh.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.68,0:04:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is PPG Place,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.20,0:05:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a half acre of open space\Nencircled by commercial buildings
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.44,0:05:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made of mirrored glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.92,0:05:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he ornamented those buildings\Nwith metal trim and bays
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.36,0:05:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Gothic turrets
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.32,0:05:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which really pop on the skyline.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.88,0:05:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at ground level,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.52,0:05:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the plaza feels like a black glass cage.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.08,0:05:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, sure, in summertime
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.96,0:05:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kids are running back and forth\Nthrough the fountain
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.44,0:05:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's ice-skating in the winter,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.44,0:05:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it lacks the informality\Nof a leisurely hangout.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.68,0:05:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just not the sort of place\Nyou really want to just hang out and chat.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.48,0:05:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Public spaces thrive or fail\Nfor many different reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.24,0:05:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Architecture is only one,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.48,0:05:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's an important one.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.84,0:05:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some recent plazas
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.20,0:05:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Federation Square in Melbourne
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.64,0:05:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Superkilen in Copenhagen
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.96,0:05:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,succeed because they combine old and new,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.36,0:05:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rough and smooth,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.40,0:05:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neutral and bright colors,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.28,0:06:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because they don't rely\Nexcessively on glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.00,0:06:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I'm not against glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.80,0:06:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an ancient and versatile material.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.64,0:06:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's easy to manufacture and transport
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.88,0:06:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and install and replace
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.96,0:06:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and clean.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.52,0:06:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It comes in everything\Nfrom enormous, ultraclear sheets
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.44,0:06:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to translucent bricks.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.20,0:06:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New coatings make it change mood
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.52,0:06:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the shifting light.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.88,0:06:33.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In expensive cities like New York,\Nit has the magical power
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.16,0:06:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of being able to multiply\Nreal estate values by allowing views,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.80,0:06:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is really the only commodity\Nthat developers have to offer
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.92,0:06:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to justify those surreal prices.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.40,0:06:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the middle of the 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.36,0:06:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the construction\Nof the Crystal Palace in London,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.16,0:06:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,glass leapt to the top of the list\Nof quintessentially modern substances.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.28,0:06:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the mid-20th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.80,0:06:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it had come to dominate\Nthe downtowns of some American cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.68,0:07:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,largely through some\Nreally spectacular office buildings
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.72,0:07:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Lever House in midtown Manhattan,\Ndesigned by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.56,0:07:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, the technology\Nadvanced to the point
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.28,0:07:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where architects could design\Nstructures so transparent
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.40,0:07:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they practically disappear.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.36,0:07:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And along the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.80,0:07:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,glass became the default material\Nof the high-rise city,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.68,0:07:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a very\Npowerful reason for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.20,0:07:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because as the world's populations\Nconverge on cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.00,0:07:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the least fortunate pack\Ninto jerry-built shantytowns.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.68,0:07:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But hundreds of millions of people\Nneed apartments and places to work
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.52,0:07:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in ever-larger buildings,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.76,0:07:41.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it makes economic sense\Nto put up towers
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.40,0:07:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and wrap them in cheap\Nand practical curtain walls.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.60,0:07:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But glass has a limited ability
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.08,0:07:50.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be expressive.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.24,0:07:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a section of wall framing a plaza
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.44,0:07:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the pre-Hispanic city of Mitla,\Nin southern Mexico.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.64,0:08:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those 2,000-year-old carvings
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.16,0:08:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make it clear that this was a place\Nof high ritual significance.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.24,0:08:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today we look at those and we can see\Na historical and textural continuity
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.04,0:08:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between those carvings,\Nthe mountains all around
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.92,0:08:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that church which is built\Non top of the ruins
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.80,0:08:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using stone plundered from the site.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.88,0:08:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In nearby Oaxaca,\Neven ordinary plaster buildings
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.80,0:08:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become canvasses for\Nbright colors, political murals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.16,0:08:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sophisticated graphic arts.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.00,0:08:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an intricate, communicative language
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.40,0:08:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that an epidemic of glass\Nwould simply wipe out.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.96,0:08:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good news is\Nthat architects and developers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.76,0:08:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have begun to rediscover\Nthe joys of texture
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.76,0:08:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without backing away from modernity.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.24,0:08:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some find innovative uses\Nfor old materials like brick
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.32,0:08:52.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and terra-cotta.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.76,0:08:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others invent new products\Nlike the molded panels that Snøhetta used
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.08,0:09:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to give the San Francisco\NMuseum of Modern Art
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.52,0:09:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that crinkly, sculptural quality.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.52,0:09:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The architect Stefano Boeri\Neven created living facades.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.44,0:09:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is his Vertical Forest,\Na pair of apartment towers in Milan,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.48,0:09:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose most visible feature is greenery.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.24,0:09:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Boeri is designing a version of this\Nfor Nanjing in China.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.08,0:09:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And imagine if green facades\Nwere as ubiquitous as glass ones
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.24,0:09:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much cleaner the air\Nin Chinese cities would become.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.28,0:09:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the truth is\Nthat these are mostly one-offs,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.32,0:09:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,boutique projects,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.84,0:09:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not easily reproduced at a global scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.72,0:09:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is the point.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.36,0:09:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you use materials\Nthat have a local significance,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.48,0:09:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you prevent cities\Nfrom all looking the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.76,0:09:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Copper has a long history in New York --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.64,0:09:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Statue of Liberty,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.72,0:09:53.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the crown of the Woolworth Building --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.20,0:09:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it fell out of fashion for a long time
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.40,0:10:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until SHoP Architects used it\Nto cover the American Copper Building,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.80,0:10:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a pair of twisting towers\Non the East River.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.16,0:10:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not even finished
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.44,0:10:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see the way\Nsunset lights up that metallic facade,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.56,0:10:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which will weather to green as it ages.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.72,0:10:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Buildings can be like people.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.04,0:10:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their faces broadcast their experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.40,0:10:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's an important point,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.88,0:10:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because when glass ages,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.80,0:10:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you just replace it,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.32,0:10:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the building looks\Npretty much the same way it did before
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.24,0:10:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until eventually it's demolished.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.96,0:10:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost all other materials\Nhave the ability
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.76,0:10:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to absorb infusions of history and memory,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.36,0:10:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and project it into the present.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.84,0:10:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The firm Ennead
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.72,0:10:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clad the Utah Natural History Museum\Nin Salt Lake City in copper and zinc,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.64,0:10:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ores that have been mined\Nin the area for 150 years
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.28,0:10:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that also camouflage the building\Nagainst the ochre hills
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.36,0:10:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that you have a natural history museum
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.68,0:11:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that reflects the region's\Nnatural history.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.68,0:11:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when the Chinese\NPritzker Prize winner Wang Shu
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.48,0:11:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was building a history museum in Ningbo,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.84,0:11:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he didn't just create\Na wrapper for the past,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.08,0:11:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he built memory right into the walls
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.16,0:11:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by using brick and stones and shingles
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.88,0:11:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,salvaged from villages\Nthat had been demolished.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.44,0:11:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, architects can use glass
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.32,0:11:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in equally lyrical and inventive ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.12,0:11:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here in New York, two buildings,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.84,0:11:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one by Jean Nouvel\Nand this one by Frank Gehry
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.16,0:11:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,face off across West 19th Street,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.80,0:11:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the play of reflections\Nthat they toss back and forth
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.76,0:11:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is like a symphony in light.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.28,0:11:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when a city defaults to glass
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.32,0:11:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it grows,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.84,0:11:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it becomes a hall of mirrors,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.08,0:11:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disquieting and cold.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.00,0:11:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, cities are places\Nof concentrated variety
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.68,0:12:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the world's cultures\Nand languages and lifestyles
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.72,0:12:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come together and mingle.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.00,0:12:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So rather than encase all that variety
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.80,0:12:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and diversity in buildings\Nof crushing sameness,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.80,0:12:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we should have an architecture that honors\Nthe full range of the urban experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.00,0:12:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.24,0:12:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)