Non-lethal weapons, a moral hazard?
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0:00 - 0:02What I want to talk to you about today
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0:02 - 0:07is some of the problems that the military
of the Western world -- -
0:07 - 0:10Australia, United States,
the UK and so on -- -
0:10 - 0:13face in some of the deployments
that they're dealing with -
0:13 - 0:15in the modern world at this time.
-
0:15 - 0:17If you think about the sorts of things
-
0:17 - 0:20we've sent Australian military
personnel to in recent years, -
0:20 - 0:22we've got obvious things
like Iraq and Afghanistan, -
0:22 - 0:25but you've also got things like
East Timor and the Solomon Islands, -
0:25 - 0:27and so on.
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0:27 - 0:28And a lot of these deployments
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0:28 - 0:31that we're sending
military personnel to these days -
0:31 - 0:33aren't traditional wars.
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0:33 - 0:37In fact, a lot of the jobs
we're asking military personnel to do -
0:37 - 0:39in those situations
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0:39 - 0:42are ones that, in their own countries --
Australia, the US and so on -- -
0:42 - 0:45would actually be done by police officers.
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0:45 - 0:47So there's a bunch
of problems that come up -
0:47 - 0:49for military personnel
in these situations, -
0:49 - 0:52because they're doing things
they haven't really been trained for. -
0:52 - 0:57And they're doing things that those
who do them in their own countries -
0:57 - 1:00are trained very differently for
and equipped very differently for. -
1:01 - 1:04Now, there's a bunch of reasons
why we send military personnel, -
1:04 - 1:06rather than police, to do these jobs.
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1:06 - 1:09If Australia had to send
1,000 people tomorrow -
1:09 - 1:12to West Papua, for example,
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1:12 - 1:16we don't have 1,000 police officers
hanging around that could go tomorrow, -
1:16 - 1:18and we do have
1,000 soldiers that could go. -
1:18 - 1:21So when we have to send someone,
we send the military -- -
1:21 - 1:23they're there, they're available,
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1:23 - 1:25and heck, they're used to going off
and doing these things -
1:25 - 1:27and living by themselves
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1:27 - 1:28and not having all this extra support.
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1:28 - 1:31So they are able to do it in that sense.
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1:31 - 1:34But they aren't trained
the same way police officers are, -
1:34 - 1:37and they're certainly not equipped
the way police officers are, -
1:37 - 1:39so this has raised
a bunch of problems for them -
1:39 - 1:41when dealing with these issues.
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1:41 - 1:44One particular thing that's come up
that I am especially interested in, -
1:44 - 1:46is the question of whether,
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1:46 - 1:49when we're sending military personnel
to do these sorts of jobs, -
1:49 - 1:51we ought to be equipping them differently;
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1:51 - 1:54and in particular, whether we ought
to be giving them access -
1:54 - 1:56to some of the nonlethal weapons
that police have. -
1:56 - 1:58Since they're doing some of the same jobs,
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1:58 - 2:00maybe they should have
some of those things. -
2:00 - 2:04And there's a range of places you'd think
those things would be really useful. -
2:04 - 2:07For example, when you've got
military checkpoints. -
2:07 - 2:09If people are approaching
these checkpoints -
2:09 - 2:12and the military personnel are unsure
if this person's hostile or not, -
2:12 - 2:15say this person approaching
here, and they say, -
2:15 - 2:16"Is this a suicide bomber or not?
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2:16 - 2:18Is something hidden under their clothes?
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2:18 - 2:20What's going to happen?"
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2:20 - 2:22They don't know if the person
is hostile or not. -
2:22 - 2:25If the person doesn't follow directions,
they may end up shooting them, -
2:25 - 2:28and then find out afterwards
either, yes, we shot the right person, -
2:28 - 2:30or, no, this was just an innocent person
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2:30 - 2:33who didn't understand what was going on.
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2:33 - 2:35So if they had nonlethal weapons,
then they would say, -
2:35 - 2:37"We can use them
in that sort of situation. -
2:37 - 2:39If we shoot someone who wasn't hostile,
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2:39 - 2:41at least we haven't killed them."
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2:41 - 2:44Another situation: this photo
is from one of the missions -
2:44 - 2:46in the Balkans in the late 1990s.
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2:47 - 2:49This situation is a little bit different,
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2:49 - 2:51where maybe they know someone is hostile;
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2:51 - 2:52they've got someone shooting at them
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2:52 - 2:55or doing something else
that's clearly hostile, -
2:55 - 2:56throwing rocks, whatever.
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2:56 - 2:57But if they respond,
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2:57 - 3:00there's a range of other people around
who are innocent people, -
3:00 - 3:01who might also get hurt.
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3:01 - 3:03It'd be collateral damage
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3:03 - 3:05that the military
often doesn't want to talk about. -
3:05 - 3:08So again, they'd say, "With access
to nonlethal weapons, -
3:08 - 3:10if we've got someone we know is hostile,
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3:10 - 3:12we can do something to deal with them,
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3:12 - 3:14and know that if we hit anyone else,
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3:14 - 3:16at least we're not going to kill them."
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3:16 - 3:18Another suggestion has been,
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3:18 - 3:20since we're putting so many
robots in the field, -
3:20 - 3:21we can see the time coming
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3:21 - 3:24where they're actually going
to send robots out in the field -
3:24 - 3:25that are autonomous.
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3:25 - 3:29They'll make their own decisions
about who to shoot and who not to shoot, -
3:29 - 3:30without a human in the loop.
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3:30 - 3:31So the suggestion is,
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3:31 - 3:35if we're going to send robots out
and allow them to do this, -
3:35 - 3:39maybe it would be a good idea
if they were armed with nonlethal weapons, -
3:39 - 3:42so if the robot makes a bad decision
and shoots the wrong person, -
3:42 - 3:44again, they haven't actually killed them.
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3:45 - 3:48Now, there's a whole range
of different sorts of nonlethal weapons, -
3:48 - 3:49some of which are available now,
-
3:49 - 3:51some of which they're developing.
-
3:51 - 3:53You've got traditional things
like pepper spray, -
3:53 - 3:55OC spray up at the top there,
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3:55 - 3:57or Tasers over here.
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3:57 - 4:00The one on the top right here
is actually a dazzling laser, -
4:00 - 4:03intended to just blind
the person momentarily -
4:03 - 4:04and disorient them.
-
4:04 - 4:06You've got nonlethal shotgun rounds
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4:06 - 4:10that contain rubber pellets
instead of the traditional metal ones. -
4:10 - 4:12And this one in the middle
here, the large truck, -
4:12 - 4:15is called the Active Denial System,
-
4:15 - 4:17something the US military
is working on at the moment. -
4:17 - 4:20It's essentially a big
microwave transmitter. -
4:21 - 4:23It's sort of your classic
idea of a heat ray. -
4:24 - 4:27It goes out to a really long distance,
-
4:27 - 4:29compared to any of these
other sorts of things. -
4:29 - 4:33Anybody who is hit with this
feels a sudden burst of heat, -
4:33 - 4:35and just wants to get out of the way.
-
4:35 - 4:37It is a lot more sophisticated
than a microwave oven, -
4:37 - 4:40but it basically is boiling
the water molecules -
4:40 - 4:42in the very surface level of your skin.
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4:42 - 4:44So you feel this massive heat,
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4:44 - 4:47and you go, "I want
to get out of the way." -
4:47 - 4:49And they think this will be really useful
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4:49 - 4:52in places where we need to clear
a crowd out of a particular area, -
4:52 - 4:53if the crowd is being hostile.
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4:53 - 4:56If we need to keep people
away from a particular place, -
4:56 - 4:58we can do that with these sorts of things.
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4:58 - 5:01So there's a whole range
of different nonlethal weapons -
5:01 - 5:03we could give military personnel,
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5:03 - 5:05and there's a whole range of situations
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5:05 - 5:07where they're looking at them and saying,
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5:07 - 5:09"These things would be really useful."
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5:09 - 5:11But as I said,
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5:11 - 5:14the military and the police
are very different. -
5:14 - 5:15(Laughter)
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5:15 - 5:17Yes, you don't have to look
very hard at this to recognize -
5:17 - 5:19that they might be very different.
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5:19 - 5:20In particular,
-
5:20 - 5:22the attitude to the use of force
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5:22 - 5:24and the way they're trained to use force
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5:24 - 5:26is especially different.
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5:27 - 5:29The police --
-
5:29 - 5:32and knowing because I've actually
helped to train police -- -
5:32 - 5:34police, particularly
in Western jurisdictions at least, -
5:34 - 5:38are trained to De-escalate force,
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5:38 - 5:41to try and avoid using force
wherever possible, -
5:41 - 5:46and to use lethal force
only as an absolute last resort. -
5:46 - 5:49Military personnel
are being trained for war. -
5:50 - 5:53So they're trained that,
as soon as things go bad, -
5:53 - 5:55their first response is lethal force.
-
5:56 - 5:59The moment the fecal matter
hits the rotating turbine -- -
5:59 - 6:01(Laughter)
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6:01 - 6:03you can start shooting at people.
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6:04 - 6:06So their attitudes
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6:06 - 6:08to the use of lethal force
are very different, -
6:08 - 6:10and I think it's fairly obvious
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6:10 - 6:13that their attitude to the use
of nonlethal weapons -
6:13 - 6:16would also be very different
from what it is with the police. -
6:16 - 6:18And since we've already had
so many problems -
6:18 - 6:21with police use of nonlethal
weapons in various ways, -
6:21 - 6:24I thought it would be a good idea
to look at some of those things -
6:24 - 6:26and relate it to the military context.
-
6:26 - 6:30I was very surprised when I started
to do this to see that, in fact, -
6:30 - 6:33even the people who advocated the use
of nonlethal weapons by the military -
6:33 - 6:35hadn't actually done that.
-
6:35 - 6:36They generally seemed to think,
-
6:36 - 6:39"Why would we care
what's happened with the police? -
6:39 - 6:41We're looking at something different,"
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6:41 - 6:42and didn't seem to recognize
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6:42 - 6:44they were looking at pretty
much the same stuff. -
6:44 - 6:47So I started to investigate
some of those issues, -
6:47 - 6:51and have a look at the way
police use nonlethal weapons -
6:51 - 6:52when they're introduced,
-
6:52 - 6:56and some of the problems that might
arise out of those sorts of things -
6:56 - 6:58when they actually do introduce them.
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6:58 - 7:00And of course, being Australian,
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7:00 - 7:04I started looking at stuff in Australia,
knowing from my own experience -
7:04 - 7:08of various times when nonlethal weapons
have been introduced in Australia. -
7:08 - 7:11One of the things I particularly
looked at was the use of OC spray -- -
7:11 - 7:14oleoresin capsicum spray, pepper spray --
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7:14 - 7:16by Australian police,
-
7:16 - 7:19and seeing what had happened
when that had been introduced, -
7:19 - 7:20and those sorts of issues.
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7:20 - 7:23And one study that I found,
a particularly interesting one, -
7:23 - 7:25was in Queensland,
-
7:25 - 7:29because they had a trial period
for the use of pepper spray -
7:29 - 7:31before they actually
introduced it more broadly. -
7:32 - 7:35And I went and had a look
at some of the figures here. -
7:35 - 7:37Now, when they introduced
OC spray in Queensland, -
7:37 - 7:39they were really explicit.
-
7:39 - 7:42The police minister's and a heap
of public statements were made about it. -
7:42 - 7:46They were saying, "This is explicitly
intended to give police an option -
7:46 - 7:48between shouting and shooting.
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7:49 - 7:52This is something they can use
instead of a firearm -
7:52 - 7:55in situations where they would have
previously had to shoot someone." -
7:55 - 7:58So I looked at all
of the police shooting figures. -
7:58 - 8:00And you can't actually
find them very easily -
8:00 - 8:02for individual Australian states;
-
8:02 - 8:03I could only find these.
-
8:03 - 8:06This is from an Australian Institute
of Criminology report. -
8:06 - 8:08You can see, in the fine print at the top:
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8:08 - 8:11"Police shooting deaths"
means not just people shot by police, -
8:11 - 8:14but people who have shot themselves
in the presence of police. -
8:14 - 8:17But these are the figures
across the entire country, -
8:17 - 8:20and the red arrow represents
the point where Queensland said, -
8:20 - 8:22"Yes, this is where we're going to give
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8:22 - 8:24all police officers
across the entire state -
8:24 - 8:25access to OC spray."
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8:26 - 8:29So you can see there were six deaths
sort of leading up to it, -
8:29 - 8:31every year for a number of years.
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8:31 - 8:33There was a spike a few years before,
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8:33 - 8:34but that wasn't actually Queensland.
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8:34 - 8:36Anyone know where that was?
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8:36 - 8:38Wasn't Port Arthur, no.
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8:38 - 8:40Victoria? Yes, correct.
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8:40 - 8:42That spike was all Victoria.
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8:42 - 8:43(Laughter)
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8:43 - 8:46So it wasn't that Queensland
had a particular problem -
8:46 - 8:48with deaths from police
shootings and so on. -
8:48 - 8:51So, six shootings
across the whole country, -
8:51 - 8:53fairly consistently over the years before.
-
8:53 - 8:56The next two years were the years
they studied -- 2001, 2002. -
8:56 - 8:59Anyone want to take a stab
at the number of times, -
8:59 - 9:00given how they've introduced this,
-
9:00 - 9:04the number of times police in Queensland
used OC spray in that period? -
9:04 - 9:06Hundreds? One? Three?
-
9:06 - 9:08A thousand is getting better.
-
9:10 - 9:14Explicitly introduced as an alternative
to the use of lethal force -- -
9:14 - 9:17an alternative between
shouting and shooting. -
9:17 - 9:19I'm going to go out on a limb here
-
9:19 - 9:23and say that if Queensland police
didn't have OC spray, -
9:23 - 9:25they wouldn't have shot 2,226 people
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9:25 - 9:27in those two years.
-
9:27 - 9:28(Laughter)
-
9:29 - 9:32In fact, if you have a look
at the studies they were looking at, -
9:32 - 9:36the material they were
collecting and examining, -
9:36 - 9:40you can see the suspects were only armed
in about 15 percent of cases -
9:40 - 9:42where OC spray was used.
-
9:43 - 9:45It was routinely being
used in this period, -
9:45 - 9:48and, of course, still is routinely used --
-
9:48 - 9:50because there were no complaints about it,
-
9:50 - 9:53not within the context
of this study, anyway -- -
9:53 - 9:57it was routinely being used
to deal with people who were violent, -
9:57 - 9:59who were potentially violent,
-
9:59 - 10:01and also quite frequently used
-
10:01 - 10:04to deal with people who were
simply passively noncompliant. -
10:06 - 10:08This person is not doing anything violent,
-
10:08 - 10:10but they just won't do
what we want them to. -
10:10 - 10:13They're not obeying
the directions we're giving them, -
10:13 - 10:16so we'll give them a shot
of the OC spray -- that'll speed them up. -
10:16 - 10:18Everything will work out better that way.
-
10:19 - 10:21This was something explicitly introduced
-
10:21 - 10:23to be an alternative to firearms,
-
10:23 - 10:25but it's being routinely used
-
10:25 - 10:28to deal with a whole range
of other sorts of problems. -
10:28 - 10:31Now one of the particular
issues that comes up -
10:31 - 10:34with military use of nonlethal weapons --
-
10:34 - 10:37and people actually say,
"There might be some problems" -- -
10:37 - 10:40there's a couple of particular
problems that get focused on. -
10:40 - 10:45One of those problems is: nonlethal
weapons may be used indiscriminately. -
10:45 - 10:48One of the fundamental principles
of military use of force -
10:48 - 10:50is that you have to be discriminate;
-
10:50 - 10:53you have to be careful
about who you're shooting at. -
10:53 - 10:56So one of the problems suggested
with nonlethal weapons -
10:56 - 10:58is that they might be used
indiscriminately -- -
10:58 - 11:00that you would use them
against a whole range of people, -
11:00 - 11:03because you don't have
to worry so much anymore. -
11:03 - 11:06And in fact, one particular instance
where I think that actually happens -
11:06 - 11:09was the Dubrovka Theater
siege in Moscow in 2002, -
11:09 - 11:12which probably a lot of you,
unlike most of my students at ADFA, -
11:12 - 11:14are old enough to remember.
-
11:14 - 11:17So, Chechens had come in
and taken control of the theater. -
11:17 - 11:20They were holding something
like 700 people hostage. -
11:20 - 11:22They'd released a bunch of people,
-
11:22 - 11:24but they still had
about 700 people hostage. -
11:24 - 11:30And the Russian military police
special forces, "Spetsnaz," -
11:30 - 11:32came in and stormed the theater.
-
11:32 - 11:35The way they did it was to pump
the whole thing full of anesthetic gas. -
11:35 - 11:40And it turned out
that lots of the hostages died -
11:40 - 11:42as a result of inhaling the gas.
-
11:42 - 11:45It was used indiscriminately.
-
11:45 - 11:47They pumped the whole theater
full of the gas. -
11:47 - 11:50And it's no surprise that people died,
-
11:50 - 11:54because you don't know how much gas
each person is going to inhale, -
11:54 - 11:57what position they'll fall in when
they become unconscious, and so on. -
11:58 - 12:01There were, in fact,
only a couple of people who got shot -
12:01 - 12:02in this episode.
-
12:03 - 12:05So when they had a look at it afterward,
-
12:05 - 12:08there were only a couple of people
who'd apparently been shot, -
12:08 - 12:10by the hostage takers
or by the police forces -
12:10 - 12:12trying to deal with the situation.
-
12:12 - 12:14Virtually everybody that got killed
-
12:14 - 12:17got killed from inhaling the gas.
-
12:17 - 12:20The final toll of hostages
is a little unclear, -
12:20 - 12:22but it's certainly a few more than that,
-
12:22 - 12:25because other people died
over the next few days. -
12:25 - 12:27So this was one problem they talked about,
-
12:27 - 12:29that it might be used indiscriminately.
-
12:29 - 12:31A second problem
people sometimes talk about -
12:31 - 12:33with military use of nonlethal weapons --
-
12:33 - 12:36and it's actually why,
in the chemical weapons convention, -
12:36 - 12:38it's very clear that you can't use
riot-control agents -
12:38 - 12:40as weapons of warfare --
-
12:40 - 12:44is that it's seen that sometimes
nonlethal weapons might be used -
12:44 - 12:46not as an alternative to lethal force,
-
12:46 - 12:48but as a lethal force multiplier:
-
12:49 - 12:51that you use nonlethal weapons first,
-
12:51 - 12:54so your lethal weapons
will actually be more effective. -
12:54 - 12:58The people you'll be shooting at
won't be able to get out of the way. -
12:58 - 13:01They won't be aware of what's happening,
and you can kill them better. -
13:01 - 13:03And that's exactly what happened here.
-
13:04 - 13:07The hostage takers who had
been rendered unconscious by the gas -
13:07 - 13:08were not taken into custody;
-
13:08 - 13:10they were simply shot in the head.
-
13:12 - 13:16So this nonlethal weapon
was being used in this case -
13:16 - 13:19as a lethal force multiplier,
-
13:19 - 13:22to make killing more effective
in this particular situation. -
13:23 - 13:26Another problem I want to quickly mention
-
13:26 - 13:28is that there's a whole heap of problems
-
13:28 - 13:32with the way people are actually
taught to use nonlethal weapons, -
13:32 - 13:34and get trained about them
and then tested and so on. -
13:34 - 13:37Because they're tested
in nice, safe environments, -
13:37 - 13:40and are taught to use them
in nice, safe environments -- -
13:40 - 13:43like this, where you can see
exactly what's going on. -
13:43 - 13:46The person spraying the OC spray
is wearing a rubber glove -
13:46 - 13:48to make sure they don't get
contaminated, and so on. -
13:48 - 13:50But they're never used like that.
-
13:50 - 13:52They're used out in the real world,
-
13:52 - 13:54like in Texas, like this:
-
13:54 - 13:57["Police Taser Great-Grandmother
During Traffic Stop"] -
13:57 - 14:01I confess, this particular case
was one that piqued my interest in this. -
14:01 - 14:03It happened while I was working
as a research fellow -
14:03 - 14:04at the US Naval Academy.
-
14:04 - 14:07News reports started
coming up about this situation, -
14:07 - 14:10where this woman was arguing
with a police officer. -
14:10 - 14:11She wasn't violent.
-
14:11 - 14:14In fact, he was probably
six inches taller than me, -
14:14 - 14:16and she was about this tall.
-
14:16 - 14:18And eventually she said to him,
-
14:18 - 14:20"Well, I'm going to get back in my car."
-
14:20 - 14:23And he says, "If you get back
in your car, I'm going to tase you." -
14:23 - 14:27And she says, "Oh, go ahead.
Tase me." And so he does. -
14:27 - 14:29And it's all captured by the video camera
-
14:29 - 14:31running in the front of the police car.
-
14:32 - 14:34So, she's 72.
-
14:35 - 14:39And it's seen that this is the most
appropriate way of dealing with her. -
14:39 - 14:42And there are other examples
of the same sorts of things, -
14:42 - 14:43where you think,
-
14:43 - 14:46"Is this really an appropriate way
to use nonlethal weapons?" -
14:46 - 14:49"Police Chief Fires Taser
into 14 year old Girl's Head." -
14:49 - 14:51"She was running away.
What else was I suppose to do?" -
14:51 - 14:54(Laughter)
-
14:54 - 14:55Or Florida:
-
14:56 - 14:59"Police Taser 6-year-old
Boy at Elementary School." -
14:59 - 15:02And they clearly learned a lot from it,
because in the same district: -
15:02 - 15:05"Police Review Policy
After Children Shocked: -
15:05 - 15:082nd Child Shocked by Taser
Stun Gun Within Weeks." -
15:08 - 15:10Same police district.
-
15:10 - 15:13Another child within weeks
of Tasering the six-year-old boy. -
15:13 - 15:16Just in case you think it's only going
to happen in the United States, -
15:16 - 15:18it happened in Canada as well:
-
15:18 - 15:20["Mounties Zap 11-year-old Boy"]
-
15:20 - 15:22And a colleague sent me
this one from London: -
15:22 - 15:24["Arrested Man, 82, Shot with Taser"]
-
15:24 - 15:28But my personal favorite,
I have to confess, does come from the US: -
15:28 - 15:32"Officers Taser 86-year-old
Disabled Woman in her Bed." -
15:32 - 15:34(Laughter)
-
15:34 - 15:36I checked the reports on this one.
-
15:36 - 15:38I looked at it. I was really surprised.
-
15:38 - 15:42Apparently, she took up a more
threatening position in her bed. -
15:42 - 15:44(Laughter)
-
15:44 - 15:46I kid you not,
that's exactly what it said: -
15:46 - 15:49"She took up a more threatening
position in her bed." -
15:49 - 15:51OK.
-
15:51 - 15:52But I'd remind you --
-
15:52 - 15:55I'm talking about military
uses of nonlethal weapons, -
15:55 - 15:56so why is this relevant?
-
15:56 - 15:59Because police are actually
more restrained in the use of force -
15:59 - 16:01than the military are.
-
16:01 - 16:03They're trained to be more
restrained in the use of force -
16:03 - 16:05than the military are.
-
16:05 - 16:07They're trained to think more,
to try and De-escalate. -
16:07 - 16:09So if you have these problems
with police officers -
16:09 - 16:11with nonlethal weapons,
-
16:11 - 16:12what on earth would make you think
-
16:12 - 16:15it's going to be better
with military personnel? -
16:15 - 16:18The last thing that I would like to say:
-
16:19 - 16:20When I'm talking to the police
-
16:20 - 16:23about what a perfect nonlethal
weapon would look like, -
16:23 - 16:25they almost inevitably say the same thing.
-
16:25 - 16:28They say, "It's got to be something
that's nasty enough -
16:28 - 16:30that people don't want
to be hit with this weapon. -
16:30 - 16:31So if you threaten to use it,
-
16:31 - 16:33people are going to comply with it.
-
16:34 - 16:36But it's also going to be something
-
16:36 - 16:39that doesn't leave any lasting effects."
-
16:41 - 16:42In other words,
-
16:42 - 16:46your perfect nonlethal weapon
is something that's perfect for abuse. -
16:46 - 16:49What would these guys have done
if they'd had access to Tasers, -
16:49 - 16:53or to a manned, portable version
of the Active Denial System -- -
16:54 - 16:56a small heat ray that you
can use on people -
16:56 - 16:58and not worry about.
-
16:59 - 17:00So I think yes,
-
17:00 - 17:04there may be ways that nonlethal weapons
will be great in these situations, -
17:04 - 17:06but there's also a whole heap of problems
-
17:06 - 17:08that need to be considered as well.
-
17:08 - 17:09Thanks very much.
-
17:09 - 17:12(Applause)
- Title:
- Non-lethal weapons, a moral hazard?
- Speaker:
- Stephen Coleman
- Description:
-
Pepper spray and tasers are in increasing use by both police and military, and more exotic non-lethal weapons such as heat rays are in the works. At TEDxCanberra, ethicist Stephen Coleman explores the unexpected consequences of their introduction and asks some challenging questions.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 17:11
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Non-lethal weapons, a moral hazard? | ||
Krystian Aparta commented on English subtitles for Non-lethal weapons, a moral hazard? | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for Non-lethal weapons, a moral hazard? | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for Non-lethal weapons, a moral hazard? | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Non-lethal weapons, a moral hazard? | ||
TED edited English subtitles for Non-lethal weapons, a moral hazard? | ||
TED added a translation |
Krystian Aparta
The English transcript was updated on 10/3/2016.