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Worldwide, over 1.5 billion people
experience armed conflict.
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In response,
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people are forced to flee their country,
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leaving over 15 million refugees.
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Children,
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without a doubt,
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are the most innocent
and vulnerable victims ...
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but not just from the obvious
physical dangers,
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but from the often unspoken effects
that wars have on their families.
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The experiences of war
leave children at a real high risk
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for the development of emotional
and behavioral problems.
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Children, as we can only imagine,
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will feel worried, threatened and at risk.
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But there is good news.
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The quality of care that children
receive in their families
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can have a more significant
affect on their well-being
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than from the actual experiences of war
that they have been exposed to.
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So actually,
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children can be protected
by warm, secure parenting
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during and after conflict.
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In 2011, I was a first-year PhD student
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in the University of Manchester
School of Psychological Sciences.
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Like many of you here,
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I watched the crisis in Syria unfold
in front of me on the TV.
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My family is originally from Syria,
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and very early on,
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I lost several family members
in really horrifying ways.
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I'd sit and I'd gather with my family
and watch the TV.
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So we've all seen those scenes --
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bombs destroying buildings,
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chaos, destruction
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and people screaming and running.
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It was always the people screaming
and running that really got me the most,
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especially those
terrified-looking children.
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I was a mother to two young,
typically inquisitive children.
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They were five and six then,
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at an age where they typically asked
lots and lots of questions,
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and expected real convincing answers.
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So, I began to wonder
what it might be like
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to parent my children in a war zone
and a refugee camp.
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Would my children change?
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Would my daughter's bright
happy eyes lose their shine?
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Would my son's really relaxed and carefree
nature become fearful and withdrawn?
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How would I cope?
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Would I change?
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As psychologists and parent trainers,
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we know that arming parents with skills
in caring for their children
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can have a huge effect
on their well-being,
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and we call this parent training.
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The question I had was,
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could parent training programs
be useful for families
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while they were still in war zones
or refugee camps?
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Could we reach them
with advice or training
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that would help them
through these struggles?
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So, I approached my PhD supervisor,
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Professor Rachel Calam,
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with the idea of using my academic skills
to make some change in the real world.
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I wasn't quite sure what
exactly I wanted to do.
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She listened carefully and patiently,
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and then to my joy she said,
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"If that's what you want to do,
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and it means so much to you,
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then let's do it.
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Let's find ways to see if parent programs
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can be useful for families
in these contexts."
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So for the past five years,
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myself and my colleagues --
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Professor [Kalem] and Dr. Kim [Cartwright]
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have been working on ways
to support families
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that have experienced
war and displacement.
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Now, to know how to help families
that have been through conflict
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support their children,
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the first step must obviously be
to ask them what they're struggling with,
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right?
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I mean, it seems obvious.
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But it's often those
that are the most vulnerable
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that we're trying to support
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that we actually don't ask.
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How many times have we just assumed
we know exactly the right thing
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that's going to help someone or something
without actually asking them first?
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So I travelled to refugee camps
in Syria and in Turkey,
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and I sat with families,
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and I listened.
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I listened to their parenting challenges,
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I listened to their parenting struggles,
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and I listened to their call for help.
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And sometimes that was just [paused],
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as all I could do was
hold hands with them,
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and just join them in silent
crying and prayer.
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They told me about their struggles,
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they told me about the rough,
harsh refugee camp conditions
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that made it hard to focus on anything
but practical chores
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like collecting clean water.
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They told me how they watched
their children withdraw;
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the sadness, depression, anger,
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bed-wetting, thumb-sucking,
fear of loud noises,
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fear of nightmares --
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terrifying, terrifying nightmares.
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These families had been through
what we had been watching on the TV.
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The mothers,
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almost half of them were now
widows of war,
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or didn't even know if their husbands
were dead or alive,
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described how they thought they
were coping so badly.
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They watched their children change,
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and they had no idea how to help them.
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They didn't know how to answer
their children's questions.
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What I found incredibly astonishing,
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and so motivational,
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was that these families were so motivated
to support their children
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despite all these challenges they faced,
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they were trying to help their children.
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They were making attempts at seeking
support from NGO workers,
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from refugee camp teachers,
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professional medics,
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other parents.
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One mother I met had only been
in a camp for four days,
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and had already made two attempts
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at seeking support for
her eight-year-old daughter
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who was having terrifying nightmares.
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But sadly, these attempts
are almost always useless.
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Refugee camp doctors,
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when available,
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are almost always too busy,
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or don't have the knowledge or the time
for basic parenting supports.
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Refugee camp teachers and other parents
are just like them --
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part of new refugee community
who's struggling with new needs.
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So then we began to think.
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How could we help these families?
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The families were struggling with things
much bigger than they could cope with.
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The Syrian crisis made it clear how
incredibly impossible it would be
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to reach families on an individual level.
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How else could we help them?
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How would reach families
at a population level,
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and at low costs
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in these terrifying, terrifying times.
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After hours of speaking to NGO workers,
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one suggested a fantastic, innovative idea
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of distributing parenting
information leaflets via breadwrappers.
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Bread wrappers that were being delivered
to famlies in a conflict zone in Syria
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by humanitarian workers.
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So that's what we did.
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The bread wrappers haven't changed
at all in their appearance,
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except for the addition
of two pieces of paper.
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One was a parenting information leaflet
that had basic advice
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and information
that normalized to the parent
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what they might be experiencing
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and what their child
might be experiencing.
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And information on how they could
support themselves and their children,
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such as information like spending
time talking to your child,
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showing them more affection,
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being more patient with your child,
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talking to your children.
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The other piece of paper
was a feedback questionnaire,
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and of course, there was a pen.
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So is this simply leaflet distribution,
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or is this actually a possible means
of delievering psychological first-aid
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that provides warm, secure,
loving parenting?
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We managed to distribute 3,000
of these in just one week.
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What was incredible was we had
a 60 percent response rate.
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60 percent of the 3,0000
families responded.
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I don't know how many researchers
we have here today,
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but that kind of response rate
is fantastic.
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To have that in Manchester would be
a huge achievement,
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let alone in a conflict zone in Syria --
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really highlighting how important
these kinds of messages were to families.
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I remember how excited and eager we were
for the return of the questionnaires.
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The families had left
hundreds of messages --
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most incredibly positive and encouraging.
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But my favorite has got to be,
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"Thank you for not forgetting
about us and our children."
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This really illustrates
the potential means
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of the delievery of psychological
first-aid to families,
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and the return of feedback, too.
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Just imagine replicating this
using other means,
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such as baby milk distribution,
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or female hygeine kits,
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or even food baskets.
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But let's bring this closer to home,
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because the refugee crisis
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is one that is having an effect
on every singly one of us.
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We're bombarded with images daily
of statistics and of photos,
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and that's not surprising,
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because by last month,
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over one million refugees
had reached Europe.
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One million.
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Refugees are joining our communities,
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they're becoming our neighbors,
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their children are attending
our children's schools.
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So we've adapted the leaflet to meet
the needs of European refugees,
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and we have them online,
open-access,
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in areas with a really high
refugee influx.
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For example,
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the Swedish Healthcare uploaded it
onto their website,
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and within the first 45 minutes,
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it was downloaded 343 times --
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really highlighting how important it is
for volunteers, practitioners,
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and other parents
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to have open-access, psychological
first-aid messages.
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In 2013, I was sitting on the cold
hard floor of a refugee camp tent
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with mothers sitting around me
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as I was conducting a focus group.
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Across from me stood an elederly lady
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with what seemed to be
a 13-year-old girl lying beside her,
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with her head on her elderly lady's knees.
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The girl stayed quiet
throughout the focus group,
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not talking at all,
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with her knees curled up
against her chest.
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Towards the end of the focus group,
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and as I was thanking
the mothers for their time,
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the elderly lady looked at me
while point at the young girl,
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and said to me,
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"Can you help us with...?"
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Not quite sure what she expected me to do,
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I looked at the young girl and smiled,
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and in Arabic I said,
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"Salaam Alaikum,
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mā ismak?"
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"What's your name?"
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She looked at me really
confused and unengaged,
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but then said,
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"Halul."
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Halul is the pet's name for the Arabic
female name, Hala,
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and is only really used to refer
to really young girls.
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At that point I realized that actually
Hala was probably much older than 13.
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It turns out Hala was a 25-year-old mother
to three young children.
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Hala had been a confident, bright,
bubbly, loving, caring mother
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to her children,
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but the war had changed all of that.
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She had lived through bombs
being dropped in her town;
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she had lived through explosions.
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When fighter jets were flying
around their building,
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dropping bombs,
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her children would be screaming,
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terrified from the noise.
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Hala would frantically grab pillows
and cover her children's ears
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to block out the noise,
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all the while screaming herself.
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When they reached the refugee camp,
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and she knew they were finally
in some kind of safety,
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she completely withdrew to acting
like her old childhood self.
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She compeltely rejected her family...
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her children, her husband.
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Hala simply could no longer cope.
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This is a parenting struggle
with a really tough ending,
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but sadly, it's not uncommon.
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Those who experience armed
conflict and displacement
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will face serious emotional stuggles.
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And that's something we can all relate to.
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If you have been through
a devastating time in your life,
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if you have lost someone or something
you really care about,
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how would you continue to cope?
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Could you still be able to care
for yourself and for your family?
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Given that the first years
of a child's life are crucial
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for healthy physical
and emotional development,
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and that 1.5 billion people
are experiencing armed conflict,
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many of whom are now
joining our communities,
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we cannot afford to turn a bline eye
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to the needs of those who
are experiencing war and displacement.
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We must prioritize these family needs
to those who were internally displaced,
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and those are are refugees worldwide.
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These needs must be prioritized
by NGO workers, policy makers,
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the WHO, the UNHCL
and every single one of us
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in whatever capacity it is
that we function in a society.
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When we begin to recognize
the individual faces of the conflict,
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when we begin to notice those intricate
emotions on their faces,
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we begin to see them as humans, too.
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We begin to see the needs
of these families,
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and these are the real human needs.
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When these family needs are prioritized,
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interventions for children
in humanitarian settings
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will prioritize and recognize the primary
role of the family in supporting children.
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Family mental health will be
shouting loud and clear
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in global, international agenda.
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And children will be less likely to enter
social service systems
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in resettlement counties
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because their families would have had
support earlier on.
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And we will be more open-minded,
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more welcoming,
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more caring
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and more trusting to those who
are joining our communities.
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We need to stop wars.
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We need to build a world where children
can dream of planes dropping gifts,
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and not bombs.
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Until we stop armed conflicts
raging throughout the world,
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families will continue to be displaced,
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leaving children vulnerable.
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But by improving parenting
and caregiver support,
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it may be possible to weaken the links
between war and psychological difficulties
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in children and their families.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)