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Malcolm X: Make It Plain (Full PBS Documentary)

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    Who taught you to hate the color of your skin?
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    Who taught you to hate the texture of your hair?
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    Who taught you to hate the shape of your nose? And the shape of your lips?
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    Who taught you to hate yourself from the top of your head to the soles of your feet?
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    Who taught you to hate your own kind?
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    Who taught you to hate the race you belong to?
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    So much so that you don't want to be around each other.
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    Befor you come asking Mr. Muhammed, does he teach hate you should ask yourself who taught you to hate being what god made you.
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    Most of us blacks, or negroes as they call us really thought we were free.
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    Without being aware that in our subconscious all those change we thought we had ??? was still there.
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    And there were many ways where what really motivated us was our desire to be loved by the white man.
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    Malcolm meant to ??? that sense of inferiority.
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    He knew it would be painful. He knew that people would kill you because of it.
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    But he dared to take that risk.
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    He was saying something over and above than of any other leader of that day,
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    While the other leaders were begging for entry into the house of their oppressor he was telling you to build your own house.
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    He expelled fear for african americans. He said: "I'll speak out loud what you've been thinking."
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    And he said: "You'll see. People will hear and they won't do anything to us necessarily. Okay.
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    "But I will not speak it for the masses of people."
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    But he said it in a very strong fashion. ???
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    in a fashion that said: "I am not afraid to say what you've been thinking all these years."
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    That's why we loved him. He said it out loud. Not behind closed doors.
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    He took on America for us.
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    And I, for one, as a muslim belief the white man is intelligent enough.
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    If he were made to realize how black people really feel and how fed up we are without all that compromising sweet-talk.
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    ??? you the one that makes it hard for himself.
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    The white man beliefs you when you go to him with all that sweet talk, because you've been sweet talking
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    ever since he brought you here. Stop sweet talking.
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    Tell him how you feel. Tell him how what kind of hell you been catching ??? and let him know that if he's not ready
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    to clean his house up. He shouldn't have a house. It should catch ??? on fire and burn down.
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    On these harlem street corners, for most of the century, black people had celebrated their culture
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    and argued the question of race in america.
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    It was here that Malcolm first joined the street orders who gave voice to harlems hope and its anger.
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    I fought ???. And that means that I ?? this white man's country, because integration
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    will never happen.
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    You'll never as long as you live integrate into the white man's system.
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    125th Str. and 7th Ave. was the center of activity among the black street artists ??.
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    When Malcolm arrived, technically he had no corner.
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    So he established his base you might say in front of ??? bookstore.
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    When Malcolm would ascend the little platform he couldn't talk for the first four or five minutes.
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    The people would be making such a ??? shout to him. And he was standing, taking his due.
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    And then he would open his mouth.
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    They call Mr. Muhammed a hate teacher. Because he makes you hate dope and alcohol.
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    They call Mr. Muhammed a black surpremacist, because he teaches you and me not only that
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    we are as good as the white man, but better than the white man.
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    You are better than the white man.
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    And that's not saying anything. You don't ?? to be equal to him. Who is he to be equal with?
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    Look as his skin. You can't compare your skin with his skin, while your skin looks like gold beside his skin.
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    There was a time when we used to drool in the mouth over white people.
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    We thought that they ??? and that we were ??? We were dumb.
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    We couldn't see them as they are.
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    Since the honorable Elijah Muhammed has come and taught us the religion of islam ?? clean us up
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    and ?? so we can see for ourselves. Now we can see ?? pale things to look exactly as we look.
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    Nothing but an old pale thing/face ??
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    I came away from that rally feeling that with him, once you heard him speak you never went back
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    to where you were before. Even if you kept your position you had to re-think it.
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    We weren't accustomed of being told that we were devils and that we were oppressors up here in our northern ???
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    He was speaking for a silent mass of black people.
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    And saying it out front on the devils own airwaves.
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    And that was an acto of war.
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    When he came off the stage I jumped off the ???, walked up to him
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    and of course when I got to him the Bodyguards moved in front.
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    And he just pushed them away and I went in front of him, extended my hand
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    and said: "I like some of what you said. I didn't agree with all what you said, but
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    I liked some of what you said."
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    He looked at me, held my hand in a very gentle fasion and said: "One day you will, siter". And he smiled.
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    To make his message clear, Malcolm used his own life as a lesson to all black americans.
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    He preched it in fables and parables. And later in writing his autobiography with Alex Haley,
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    he sought some control in how his life would be interpreted in the future.
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    I would be rather ??? taken by a statement that he made of himself.
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    He would say: "I am a part of all I admit." And by that he meant that all the things
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    he had done in his earlier life had exposed him to things, that taught him skills of ???
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    ...all of which had synthesized ??? into the Malcolm who became the spokesman for the
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    Nation of Islam.
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    You were born in Omaha, is that right? - Yes sir.
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    And your family left Omaha when you were about one year old? ???
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    I imagine about a year old.
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    Why did they leave Omaha? - To my understanding the Ku Klux Klan burned down one of their homes in Omaha.
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    This made your family very unhappy I'm sure. - Well, insecure if not unhappy.
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    So you must have a somewhat prejudiced POV, a personally prejudiced POV.
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    You cannot look at this in a broad academic sort of way. - I think this ain't correct.
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    Because despite the fact that that happened in Ohama and then when we moved to
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    Lansing, Michigan our home was burned down again. My father was killed by the Ku Klux Klan.
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    And despite all of that no one was more thoroughly integrated with whites than I.
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    No one had lived more so in the society with whites than I.
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    We were the only black children in the neighbourhood.
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    On the back of our property we had a wooded area.
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    So the white kids would all come to our house and they'd go back and play in the woods.
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    So Malcolm would say: "Let's go play Robin Hood." So we would go back there and play
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    Robin Hood and Robin Hood was Malcolm.
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    And these white kids ???.
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    Malcolm said he was the lightest skinned of the seven children born to Earl and Louis Little.
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    A reminder, he said, of the white man who had raped his mothers mother.
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    In 1929, when Malcolm was 4 years old his father, a carpenter and preacher moved the family
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    to Lansing Michigan.
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    Lansing was a small town and the west side was the side of town the blacks lived on.
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    Malcolm and his family lived outside of the city.
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    And they had a four acre parcel with a small house on it.
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    So they were sort of considered as farmers.
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    Three months after the Littles moved in white neighbours took legal action to evict them.
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    A county judge ruled that the farm property was restricted to whites only.
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    But Earl Little refused to move.
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    Here in Michigan, Klu Klux Klan Membership was at least 7.000.
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    Five times more than in Mississippi.
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    For Malcolms family white hostility was a fact of life.
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    Everybody was asleep in our house and all of a sudden we heard a big boom.
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    And when we woke up fire was everywhere.
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    And everybody was running into the walls and into each other, you know?
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    What I recall about that was my mother telling us: "Get up, get up, get up! The house is on fire! Get out!"
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    That's what I actually recall.
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    I could hear my mother yelling, I could hear my father yelling.
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    And so they made sure they got us all rounded up and got us out.
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    The house burned down to the ground. No fire wagon came. Nothing. We were burned out.
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    Malcolms father Earl Little accused local whites of setting the fire. The police accuse Earl and
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    arrested him on suspicion on arson. The charges were later dropped.
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    In the city where we grew up whites would refer to us as "Those uppity Niggers" or
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    "Those smart Niggers who live outside of town."
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    In those days whenever a white person refered to you as a "Smart Nigger" that was their way
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    of saying a "Nigger you have to watch" because he's not dumb.
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    My father was independent. He didn't want anybody to feed him.
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    He wanted to raise his own food. He didn't want anybody to exercise authority over his children.
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    He wanted to exercise the authority and he did.
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    He was always speaking in terms of Marcus Garvey's way of thinking and trying to get black
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    people to organize themselves. Not to cause any trouble but just to work in unity with each other
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    toward improving their conditions.
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    But in those days if you did that you were still considered a trouble maker.
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    In the 1920's Marcus Garvey, a black nationalist preached that black americans should build a nation
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    independent of white society.
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    With memberships in the hundreds of thousands Garvey's "Universal Negro Improvement
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    Association" sought closer ties with african countries.
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    The UNIA had its own flag, its own National Anthem and and african legioun pledged to
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    defend black people at home and abroad.
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    The US Bureau of Investigation labeled Garvey one of the prominent Negro agitators.
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    The federal government deported him in 1927 but Malcolm's parents remained Garvey-ans.
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    Earl recruited new members, Louise wrote for the Garvey newspaper.
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    My mother was the one who would read to us the Garvey paper which was called "The Negro world".
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    And she also would talk to us about ourselves being independent ???.
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    We shouldn't be calling ourselves Negros or Niggers and that we were black people.
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    That we should be proud to call ourselves black people.
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    What is your real name? - Maclolm X.
    Is that your legal name? - As far as I'm
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    concerned it is my legal name.
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    Would you mind telling me what your fathers last name was=
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    My father didn't know his last name. My father got his last name from his grandfather and his
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    grandfather got it from his grandfather who got it from the slave master.
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    The real names of our people were destroyed during slavery - Was there any line, any point
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    in the genealogy of your family when you did have to use the last name, and if so, what was it?
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    The last name of my forefathers was taken from them when they were brought to America
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    and made slaves and then the name of their slavemaster was given which we refuse. We reject
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    that name today... -
    You mean you won't even tell me what your fathers
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    supposed last name was or gifted last name was?
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    I never acknowledge it whatsoever.
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    September 1931. Malcolm was six years old when his mother had a premonition.
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    We were all in the house and had dinner, supper together.
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    And my mother was holding Wesley, who was my youngest brother.
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    And she ??? nursing him 'cause when she fell asleep nursing, holding the baby ???
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    My father had gotten up and went into the bedroom ??? to clean up and to go down
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    and collect money.
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    And she woke up and she said: "Earl, don't go downtown! If you go you won't come back."
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    That night around 11 o'clock Earl Little was found in an isolated area outside Lansing.
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    His body almost cut in to by the wheels of a streetcar.
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    The police reported Earl Littles death an accident.
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    There was a cloud over that whole issue, because at that time there was perceive that rather
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    than an accident with a streetcar that Rev. Little had really been pushed under the wheels of
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    the streetcar. As a matter of fact I remember hearing just that language, that he was probably pushed.
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    under the wheels of that street car.
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    My fathers death caused great, great shock in the family, because he was the power. He was the strenght.
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    We were an organized and structured family. When we got out of school, me and my brothers
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    and sisters we'd come right home and go to work.
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    In the garden, clean the chicken shed and get ready for the night.
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    And get up in the morning and all of this. We'd pump the water and bring in the house.
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    This was ??? dad was alive. Because to not do this brought the consequences of a whipping.
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    So we were disciplined.
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    And than after my father got killed and my mothers inability to run as fast as I could run
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    or Malcolm enabled us to get away with a lot of things we wouldn't even have tried get away with.
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    So we got looser and looser.
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    Louise Little struggled to raise her seven children through the years of gread depression.
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    She was reduced to where shehad no income. She tried get jobs ???
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    She was a proud lady. She had a lot of pride.
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    She sold. She ?? people. She did alot of things not to be dependent sorely on welfare.
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    She didn't like them telling her but she could ???
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    And this is one of the main things that devestated her more than anything else.
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    As time whent by you could see she was wearing down.
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    For seven years as Malcolm grew into adolescents his mother slowly withdrew from her family.
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    Two days vefore christmas 1938, Louise Little was diagonosed as paranoid and was sent to
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    Kalamazoo State Hospital.
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    When I came home from school one day and she wasn't there. I can remember feeling empty
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    'cause my mother would never left us. ???
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    And I felt the pain of her being gone everyday and it was only gonna be a couple of weeks.
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    She was gonna get better and come right back home. And it turned into years.
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    Louise Little would remain in Kalamazoo for the next 26 years.
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    The 13 year old Malcolm watched as the court split up his family.
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    Assigning the younger children to foster homes in Lansing and sending him to a white community
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    ten miles away.
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    In the past the greatest weapon the white man has had has been his ability to devide and
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    conquer.
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    When I take my hand and slap you, you don't even feel it. It might sting you because this digits are seperated.
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    But all I have to do to put you back in your place is bring those digits together.
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    He was a man who in the eight grade in Michigan, a school where I think he was the only black
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    in his class and one of the very few in the school have been an outstanding straight A student.
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    You know who had been incited ??? president of his class.
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    And all the others were white in the eight grade and obviously he had to be exceptional to
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    be those things.
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    And then you had the Malcolm who had left school and who had gone to Roxbury, Massachusetts
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    where he had gotten his first exposure to what might loosely ??? be told hustling.
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    I called myself a little Hustler up in Roxbury in those days.
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    And this particular day ??? Malcolm X had come into Buscity???, had on his zoot suit with the wide
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    ??? had with the long 3/4 lenght coat ?? with the chain that went down to your ankles.
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    The last time I recall, Cab Calloway used that outfit for his stage uniform.
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    When Malcolm left Lansing he had nothing but an old square suit on. White man suit as I call it.
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    When he came back from Boston, oh Lord, Malcolm had a zoot suit on him and a wide brim hat with
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    a chain from his hat down to his lapel. He was the top of the town. Everybody was talking
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    about Malcolm.
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    When he was dancing on the floor, and he was floating around those pants ??? like he was a floating balloon.
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    And that coat was like a wing. The way he'd be dancing ??? flying around with that big ???.
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    And this used to really shake up the girls.
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    In Boston they called him "New York Red" in New York they called him "Detroid Red".
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    ?????????
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    And he had pictures of him and Billy Holiday and all these people of that time out there.
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    Who were just being made known to the rest of the black world.
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    Malcolm works the kitchen crew on the New Haven Railroad between Boston, New York
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    and Washington DC.
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    In 1942 he moved to Harlem and at age 17 began travelling in a world of ??? after hour clubs and small time hustlers.
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    He had reached a point at where he said: "You'll never make it on this janitory jobs and selling
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    sandwiches on these trains and shining shoes and stuff like that. You never will get anywhere."
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    He had the reputation of being a hustler.
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    That he was a street person but he was a hustler.
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    He was a con man.????
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    When the white folks ??? came out at night and they wanted black women, he could arrange for
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    them to get them. If they wanted bootleg-whiskey he knew where to get it. If they wanted drugs he knew where to get it.
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    He made it possilbe. He knew what they wanted and he knew where to get it and he would be
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    in the middle where he could make a profit off of it. And this is the way he started doing it.
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    Looking back at that time, Malcolm said: "Only three things worried him.
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    Jail, a job and the army.
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    To avoid derving in WW2 he told his draft board that he wanted to organize black soldiers to
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    kill whites.
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    He was judged unfit for the military.
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    Malcolms gambling and drugs and Harlems night life were expensive.
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    He had already been arrested twice for petty crimes.
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    When he moved back to Austin back in 1945 he organized a gang to burglurise homes of prominent families.
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    The other gang members included his friend Malcolm Jarvis, his white girlfriend B. and
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    two other white women.
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    This girl knew that these people were down to Florida that time of the year. There was nobody
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    home, so we broke into the house and we'd get some of their valuables and Malcolm would take
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    most of the stuff and pawn it and get money for his gambling habit.
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    After two weeks of doing this that's when the case broke ??? when he made the mistake of going to
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    the pawn shop to retrieve a watch with over a thousand dollars that came out of one of
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    the houses. That's when he was arrested by three police men.
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    Malcolm Little, Malcolm Jarvis and the three women were charged with breaking and entering.
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    The fact that two black men were with white women becaome an issue in the court.
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    Malcolm was definitely involved with two white women and this is what made the case so
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    powerful. So outrages.
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    The women testified that Malcolm had forced them to participate in the burglaries.
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    The two men received the maximum sentence. 8-10 years in state prison.
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    When they sentenced us, I went out of my mind. I reached up and grabbed the bars of the cage and
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    I shook them, almost shook them right up off the floor, and I hollered at the judge. And I said to him,
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    "You might as well kill me as to give me 10 years in jail."
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    Well, I was they call a mad negro. I was one.
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    And I knew what I saw was real. I knew there wasn't anything funny about it.
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    I knew that when they laughed all together they were laughing: "Look what we did. We doing it to the Negro."
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    Then they had the unintimitadet gall
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    to ask the girls, before they took them out of there, to press charges against us for rape.
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    The girls wouldn't do it.
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    Malcolm Little was 20 years old, facing 8-10 years in state prison.
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    He had wandered far from the Garvey pride and independence his parents had preached.
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    He was now prisoner number 22843.
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    To have once been a criminal is no disgrace.
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    To remain a criminal is the disgrace.
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    I formerly was a criminal. I formerly was in prison.
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    I'm not ashamed of that. You never can use that over my head, and he is using the wrong stick.
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    I don't feel that stick.
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    They charged Jesus with sedition.
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    Didn't they do that?
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    They said he was against Cesar.
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    They said he was discriminating because he told his desciples, :
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    "Go not the way of the gentiles, but rather go to the lost sheep.
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    Got to the people who don't know who they are. Who are lost from the knowledge of themselves.
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    And who are strangers in a land that is not theirs.
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    Go to those people! Go to the slaves! Go to the second class citizens!
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    Go to the ones who are suffering the wrath of Cesars brutality!
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    And if Jesus were here in america today he wouldn't be going to the white man.
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    The white man is the oppressor! He would be going to the oppressed. He would be going to
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    the humble. He would be going to the ???. He would be going to the rejected and the despised.
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    He would be going to the so called american negro.
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    Prison 1946
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    Behind prison walls Malcolm hustled bets, fed his drug habit and argued against the exiscante of god.
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    The men in his cell block called him "Satan".
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    But at the same time encouraged by an older black inmate, Malcolm began reading and taking
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    english courses.
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    Malcolm described vividly prison life.
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    That he was in effect lonely and limited ???
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    but had plans for....He was going to do a lot of reading.
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    And he certainly did a lot of writing, because I think there were times when he probably
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    wrote me every week.
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    During the second year in prison his brothers and sisters wrote to him about what they
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    called "The natural religion for the black man".
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    A religion that taught that black people were the original people.
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    That god was black and was called Allah.
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    They told Malcolm that they were now a part of the Nation of Islam.
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    Followers of the honorable Elijah Muhammed, the messenger of Allah.
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    I think Islam is one of the greatest religion of all time for all people of america.
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    The so called american negro have to be completely re-educated.
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    And Islam gives him that qualification that he can feel proud and does not feel ashamed to be
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    called a black man.
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    I came into the muslim movement in 1947. And then started to bring my brothers and sisters in.
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    We already had been indoctrinated with americas ??? philosophy.
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    So they didn't have anything to do wiht convincing us about we were black and should be proud,
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    we were already that when we came in.
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    So I wrote to Malcolm and told him about...I said to him: "If you will believe in Allah,
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    that he would get out of prison.
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    And that's all I wrote because I know that he had very low tolerance for religion and I didn'T
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    intend to use that tolerance.
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    Malcolm's brothers and sisters wrote the young prisoner that black people in america were
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    part of a lost tribe. Soon to be delivered out of bondage. And that whites, according to
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    Elijah Muhammed - were a race of devils whose domination on earth was about to end.
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    At first he liked every bit of it except one thing he couldn't understand.
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    And that was the part that we were teaching about the white man being the devil.
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    Malcolm wrote to Elijah Muhammed. And Elijah Muhammed answered.
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    And when he answered he would recite the part of ??? scripture.
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    And then he gave him the key. He said the key the bible is this book, that everything that takes
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    place in this bible is on this earth.
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    So you don't have to die to go to hell, you can catch ??? hell while you are living.
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    And the white man is the one that is putting the hell on you.
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    Well, that's a very convincing teaching, especiall when you use the white mans history to
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    coraborate this.
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    Malcolm began reading history, philosophy and religion. The writing of D.E.B Debois, Shakespeare, Sokrates, The Fables of ???, The lives
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    of Gandhi and Ned Turner.
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    And he finds all this history of how white christians lynched black christians.
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    White christians were the once who were involved in the slave trade. Those were christians.
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    So Malcolm began to see this and then he began to study it himself and prove that if there is such
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    a thing as a real devil on this earth it has to be the white man.
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    Elijah Muhammed told Malcolm to submit to Allah.
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    But for Malcolm submission would always be difficult.
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    It took a week before he could force himself to bow in prayer.
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    Later, to help spread the teachings of Elijah Muhammed, Malcolm joined the prison debate team.
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    Competing about visiting college teams from harvard and MIT.
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    That's when Malcolms name and fame started to spread amongst the prison population.
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    And, as the population started to grow at the debating classes, most of the fellas used to
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    come over out of curiosity, just to hear him speak.
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    In 1950 Malcolm wrote to the Governor demanding the right to practice the muslim religion in prison.
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    His letters would later end up in FBI files.
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    The Bureau had been keeping a close watch on the Nation of Islam since the late 1930s.
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    Malcolm considered a trouble maker, was denied an early parole.
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    He was not eligible to be led out at that time because he had been a threat to society.
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    They considered him dangerous.
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    Knowledge-wise and otherwise, religious-wise.
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    He would have been like a rotten appel in a box full of a thousand. He was gonna spoil many.
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    On August 7th 1952, after six and a half years in prison Malcolm was released.
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    Within a month he was accepted into the nation of islam.
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    Malcolm Little had become Malcolm X.
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    How did you happen to join the muslim movement?
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    I was in prison. I was a very wayward criminal, backward, illiterate, uneducated and whatever
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    other negative characteristics you could think of, type of person.
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    Until I heard the teachings of the honorable Elijah Muhammed. And because of the impact that it
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    had upon me, in giving me a desire to reform myself and rehabilitate myself for the first time
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    in my life. Also to be able to see the effect that it had upon others. This is what made me accept it.
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    And I noticed that after being exposed to the religious teachings of the honorable
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    Elijah Muhammed immediately it instilled within me such a high degree of racial pride and racial
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    dignity that I wanted to be somebody.
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    And I realized that I couldn't be somebody by begging the white man for what he had.
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    But that I had to get out of here and try to do something for myself or make somethign out
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    of myself.
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    The first time that I recalled seeing Malcolm was at the home of my father, honorable Elijah Muhammed.
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    And I saw a thin ?? man, tall man, young man, ???. He was just meeting you, the first thing
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    you would get from him was a smile.
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    He said: "This is Wallace!"
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    And I smiled at him. I was happy to see him because I had heard of him too.
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    And he said: "The messengers son." And he was so excited about the messenger.
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    Really it wasn't just seeing Wallace, it was seeing the messengers son.
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    When Malcolm came out he was just so full of fire. He had gotten so full of fire, that he got out at the right time at
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    the right place so could expound ???.
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    He came to Detroit, he was surprised to find there was such few people.
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    ??? powerful deity in his mind.
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    And he says: "I'm surprised that you are sitting here and so many empty seats.
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    Everytime you come out here this place should be full.
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    And that excited the honorable Elijah Muhammed.
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    In the early 1950s the Nation of Islam was unknown in most black communities.
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    Total membership was believed to be no more than 400 people.
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    Malcolm was sent on the road to spread the message.
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    Within two years he helped organize temples in Boston, Hartford and Philadelphia.
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    Elijah Muhammed then named Malcolm Minister of the most important temple on the east coast.
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    Harlems temple number 7.
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    Mr. Muhammed knew that Malcolm had experience. That he knew New York.
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    He also knew, that he was that kind of men - complexion, height, speech and courage - all has
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    to be taken into consideration, when you select a man to stand before the people.
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    Plus, this is an international city.
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    You got to have your best in New York. And
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    this is why Mr. Muhammed selected him.
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    In 1955, when Elijah Muhammed visited the New York temple it was to inspect the work of the
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    ambitioned and outspoken minister, who had transformed tiny storefronts along the east coast
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    into a congregation of thousands.
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    Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammeds massage made a whole lot of people feel whole again.
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    Human being again.
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    Some of them came out and found a new meaning to their manhood and their womanhood.
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    Had Elijah Muhammed tried to introduced an orthodox form of ??? oriented islam,
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    I doubt if he would've attracted 500 people.
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    But he introduced a form of islam that could communicate with the people he had to deal with.
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    He was the king to those who had no king.
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    He was the messiah to those some people thought unworthy of a messiah.
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    The ??? thing is that Elijah Mudammed is like nothing I have ever taken. Like some medicine.
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    You see. A medicine that has cured me of all my ???. I was a sick man.
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    When I embraced the teachings of honorable Elijah Muhammed, these teachings cured me
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    of decease. I'm a well man now. I feel good.
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    As long as you stay with the doctor you continue to be good - Yes sir.
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    What about you? How do feel about the honorable Elijah Muhamed? - Honorable Elijah Muhammed
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    is trying to teach all of ??? people they are ???. - Go ahead brother. - Elijah Muhammed tries to wake them up.
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    Inside muslim temples no white people were allowed.
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    Members worked to build a self sufficiant community.
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    Thounded on strict rules and absolute obedience.
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    The nation set up muslim schools for its children.
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    Teaching mathematics, sciene, history and arabic.
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    "Who is the original man?"
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    "The original man is the ??? black man"
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    "The makers of all?? and the king of planet earth"
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    Muslim women studied nutrition, child bearing and guidlines on how to care about their husband.
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    Muslim man studied parental responsibility, history and religion.
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    The elite core, called "The fruit of Islam" was trained in hand to hand combat and was
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    expected to protect the temples and to punish any members who spoke out against the messanger.
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    I was surprised when I went to some of the muslim families. The faith that they had in the
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    Elijah Muhammed and in Malcolm.
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    I asked one father: "Suppose your son came home one day and told you that he renounced the muslim
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    religion."
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    He said: "I would turn him from my door and I would never allow him in again."
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    So I asked Malcolm. He said: "He meant it and he would do it."
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    I said: "Not worry about what would happen to his son?"
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    "No, he wouldn't worry about what would happen to him. His allegiance is to Elijah Muhammed.
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    To help expand the Nation of Islam Malcolm created a newspaper: "Muhammed speaks".
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    And persuaded other black newspapers to carry the messengers weekly column.
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    His strenght was, once he believed in a thing he would give anything he had to it. All of his energy.
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    He'd become a workaholic. He'd work day and night for it.
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    He only required around 4 hours of sleep.
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    And many times he wouldn't even get that.
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    Than you just kind of wonder: "How can anybody keep up that kind of ???". But he did it.
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    Day in and day out.
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    Plus, on top of that he's reading. He's reading papers, keeping up with what the news is.
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    He's just a person that's too ??? to life in such a way.
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    That he doesn't miss too much of it.
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    At age 32, after devoting 5 years to building the Nation, he sought the approval of Elijah Muhammed
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    to merry sister Betty X. A college edubated member of Harlems temple number 7.
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    In the years that followed the demands of his ministry allowed little time for his growing family.
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    He sometime, if I could catch up, he would have to read to the children. They would always want
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    the story read again. So that they would really just wait that he was on the last page and say: "Read it again."
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    He started giving the books different endings.
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    He had a beautiful sense of humor. Especially if he was kidding me about pork.
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    ????
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    You're a decent human being, smart historian. I give you 99 as a human being and you stop eating
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    pork I gonna give you a hundred.
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    A beautiful sense of humor plus the fact that when you got to know him he was kinda shy.
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    Malcolm was now in the nation of islams inner circle.
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    Elijah Muhammeds most visible represantitive.
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    He had the messengers confidence and the loyalty of thousands of muslims.
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    In a sense Malcolm had found a father. Elijah Muhammed had found another son.
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    God's Angry Men tangle with police.
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    Riot threat as cops beat moslem.
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    On an april night in 1957 a muslim brother was beaten by New York City police.
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    His skull fractured, Johnson Hanton lay in a backroom of a Harlem police station.
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    When word spread that Hanton was dying Malcolm ordered the muslims into the streets.
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    Other Harlem residents joined them.
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    The community had endured a long history of police brutality.
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    Many considered the police an occupying force.
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    18th precinct was notorious for their prejudice.
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    ??????
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    That was the first time that anyone had marched on to 28th precinct in protest to something that
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    they felt wasn't right.
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    I don't know what would have happened in Harlelm that night because the atmosphere was
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    not... I think the word to use is charged. Well, this atmosphere was explosive.
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    Malcolm demande medical treatment for Hinton.
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    After a long negotiation police agreed to send the prisoner to Harlem hospital.
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    But even then the muslims diffused to disperse.
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    This seargant came out and tried to chase ??? the muslims who were standing across the street.
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    And Malcolm came out and told him: "You can't do that. They're not gonna move for you. I'll send them away."
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    He went out to the front of the station on the first step and just waved his hand and the people walked away.
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    A police commissioner on the scene remarked: "That's too much power for one man to have."
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    Malcolm would later take New York city to court and win the largest police brutality settlement
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    in the cities history.
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    They realized that anytime a person could wave his hand and have a large number of people
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    automatically move away without any conversation, that by the same token that same
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    man could wave his hand and cause those people to create some kind of disturbance if he wanted to.
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    I believe from that point on the police department and the political people in New York City realized
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    that they had a significant force in the city to deal with.
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    The hate that hate produced.
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    Good evening I'm Mike Wallace.
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    Last week on news beat our 6:30 news program on January 13, we presented a five part series
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    which we called the hate that hate produced.
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    The study of the rise of black racism.
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    Of a call for black supremacy among a small but growing segment of the american negro population.
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    We have come to here??? and to see the greatest and wisest and most ...
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    This 1959 documentary was the first television portrayal of the internal activities of the
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    nation of Islam.
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    Malcolm saw the television program as an opportunity. Elijah Muhammed was against it.
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    Mr. Muhammed told malcolm no. It wasn't gonna do any good.
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    All it would do is hurt us. ??? we were trying to do.
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    Malcolm wasn't satisfied. He didn't insist but he continued to ask Mr. Muhammed, could he do it.
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    Mr. Muhammed reluctantly agreed.
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    "The Trial," Nation of Islam Play. -
    I charge the white man with being the greates liar on earth.
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    "The Trial," Nation of Islam Play. -
    I charge the white man, ladies and gentlemen of
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    the jury with being the greatest murder on earth.
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    I charge the white man of being the greatest adultere on earth, so therefor...
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    Here was this auditorium overflowing. Thousands of people about ??? an organization
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    I knew nothing about. I found it difficult to critic when I saw it.
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    And of course when we put it on the air, New Yorkers - cause that's all that saw it - were stunned.
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    There was this organisation, "The Black Muslims", about which white New Yorkers simply knew nothing.
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    Minister Malcolm X, as he addresses a non-muslim audience.
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    How could so few white people rule so many black people? This is the thing you should wanna know.
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    How could so few...The white man today will tell you that thousands of years ago, the black man
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    in africa was living in palaces.
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    The black man in africa was wearing silk.
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    The black man in africa was cooking and seasoning his food.
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    The black man in africa had mastered arts and the sciences.
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    He knew the course of the stars in the universe before the man up in Europe knew that the earth
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    wasn't flat.
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    Is that right or wrong?
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    I was amazed at his ??? to communicate. And at the naked honesty with which he expressed his
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    feelings about black people or the white people.
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    He scared me. I'm sure he intended to. But certainly??? after I saw him in The hat that hate produced
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    I knew that I would never forget this man.
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    When I first saw Malcolm on the television, he scared me also. ???
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    turn off that television. That man is saying stuff you aint supposed to hear.
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    So of course we did. But always, you know when the sun comes into the window and you jump up
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    to get it, to close the blinds or pull down the shades, but before you do that the sun comes in?
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    Well, before each time we turned the televition off a little sun came in.
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    While the documentary helped bring in new converts, the racial views of the Naition of Islam
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    shocked white america and many in the black community.
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    Preaching of racial hatred and racial advantage and the bigotry involved is a bad thing
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    wheter it's colored or white. For years the NAAPD has been opposed to white extremists preaching
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    hatred of nagro people and we are equally opposed of negro extremists preaching against
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    white people simple for the sake of whiteness.
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    Most in the civil rights movement believed that integration was the way to solve americas racial problems.
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    But Malcolm preached that black people were able to solve their own problems without the help of whites.
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    At a time when black americans began to identify with freedom movements in africa and latin america,
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    Malcolm developed alliances with revolutionary leaders from around the world.
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    He encouraged to see themselves not as a minority but as a part of a world majority.
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    The riots ??? of african nations ??? with the spread with the nation of islam.
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    And the civil rights movement. Gave black america a burst of pride.over and above anything we had had.
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    since the decline of the movement of Marcus Garvin.
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    will ??? wipe away our tears. That's the benifit of our unity.
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    They are passing the basket through the crowd and I think anybody standing here should put
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    one dollar in that basket. Don't you think you should? Sure, this are freedom dollars, brothers.
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    We're not asking you to give us some money to make us rich, we put up business. The honorable
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    Elijah Muhammed had set up more business than any black man in america.
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    The Nation Of Islam with its interlocking corporations was now reputed to be the largest
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    black owned business empire in the united states.
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    The Nation of Islam, during the early 60s was perhaps enjoying its best days.
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    We were opening restaurants and grocery stores and seen the Muhammed speaks paper compete
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    with other black papers.
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    We've seen Malcolm on television kind of frequently. We were proud of him. In our opinion
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    he was doing an excellent job of representing the honorable Elijah Muhammed and the Nation of Islam.
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    We were seeing the Fruit of Islam not just exercising in some small facilities but seeing them
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    great numbers, hundreds of them, on the streets of big cities like Chicago, New York and Los Angeles.
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    My view on the Fruit of Islam was that these were the absolute baddest, cleanest brothers
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    that I had seen in my life.
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    There was some bad blood, you don't understand? I mean you did not mess with FOI. When they came
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    out in the street people would say: "Yes sir!".
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    The growing presence of the Fruit of Islam attracted police attention. There were increasing
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    numbers of confrontations and arrests.
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    Malcolm warned that members of the FOI would always obey the law, but would also defend
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    themselves if attacked.
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    In cities across america police agencies were determined to contain the black muslims.
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    It was only a matter of time until the two forces would again collide.
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    On a spring night in 1962 another confrontation.
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    It began as a stop and search of muslim men delivering dry cleaning.
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    It ended with a full police assault on the muslim temple.
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    This time 8 men were shot. 1 Police officer and 7 muslims.
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    Temple secretary Ronald Stokes was dead at the scene.
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    I arrived at the mosque in Los Angeles after the shootin took place.
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    There was great sadness amongst people.
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    Malcolm was walking back and forth shaking his head: "They're gonna pay for it."
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    If anyone would break into our temples we would defend it with our lives. The temple was sacred.
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    And those brothers, they acted on what they were taught. And I'm sure that anyone seeing police
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    break into a church would be outraged.
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    This didn't cause us a great surprise to us, the fact that they would resist our police officers and
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    cause trouble because we have been watching this group for a long time and Chief Parker
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    warned some time ago that we might have trouble with them.
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    Muslims riot. Kultist killed, policeman shot.
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    The Los Angeles times reported the insident as a muslim riot and a wild gun fight.
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    Four Wounded, 26 taken into custody; two officers beaten.
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    Muslims shoot, beat police in wild gunfight.
    But it was never proven that any of the guns fired
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    Muslims shoot, beat police in wild gunfight.
    belonged to the muslims.
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    Malcolm called for churches and civil rights organisations to form a united fund with the
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    muslims against police brutality.
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    Let us remember that we are not brutalised because we are baptist.
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    We are not brutalised because we're methodists,
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    We are not brutalised because we're muslims,
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    we are not brutalised because we're catholic.
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    We are brutalised because we are black people in america.
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    I'm telling you they came out of those cars and we have enough witnesses to hang them.
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    With their guns smoking. Chief Parker knows this, Mayor ??? knows this and every police official in the city knows that.
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    They didn't fire no warning shots in the air. They fired warning shots point blank at innocent,
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    unarmed, defenseless negroes.
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    Cause I say, two of the brothers were shot in the back.
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    Another was shot in the shoulder.
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    Two of them was shot - excuse the expression - through the penis.
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    Let me tell you something. You say, we hate white people? We don't hate anybody.
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    We love our own people so much they think we hate the ones who are inflicting injustice against them.
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    Coroner's INquest 1962
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    Patrolman Donald Wease, the officer who killed Ronald Stokes testified that he knew Stokes
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    was unarmed but that Stokes had raised his hand in a menacing way.
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    The all white coroners jury deliberated 22 minutes and found the death a justifiable homicide.
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    14 muslims were then ordered to stand trial on assault charges.
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    11 would be found guilty and sentenced to prison.
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    We were people that sayin ???: "Never be the aggressor but if someone attacks you, we do
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    not teach you to turn the other cheek."
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    There were muslims who were not from the east coast, but from other parts of the country, that
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    would actually ?? to go out there and kill those police officers even though they may have
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    been killed in the process of doing it. But that's how strong the attitude of muslims was
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    against those brothers just being shot like that.
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    Muhammad speakes: Court sets murdere free!"
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    The conflict of the Los Angeles mosque brought to the surface the growing differences between
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    Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammed.
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    The messenger insisted Allah would evange Stokes death, but Malcolm demanded justice
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    in the courts.
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    Would it have been possible for them to get a fair trial ther would be no necessity for a trial at all.
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    These are the victims of police bullets and you don't take the victims to court as a criminal.
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    You take the one who shot the victim to court. And it is the police who should be on trial here in Los Angeles.
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    Malcolm began to talk less and less about god is going to get rid of the caucasian.
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    And he began to talk about how we were gonna be able to bring him to justice.
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    And make them guilty and that they are not guilty according to the law of the land. ???
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    That was not our argument at all. Our argument was that we were devine people and that
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    we would be protected and finally delivered. Put into the seat of authority by Allah.
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    That was our teaching at that time.
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    To avoid further confrontations with city authorities, Elijah Muhammed summoned
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    Malcolm to a meeting at the messengers home.
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    Elijah Muhammed told him very definitely: "If you had reacted the way you should have reacted,
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    have had more faith in Allah, Ronald Stokes would be alive."
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    That was it. ???
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    And Malcolm said ????
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    He just listened.
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    Mr. Muhammed told him: "That's one man that we lost. I never did tell you that we were going to
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    lose anyone. But that's the way it is when you build an alligience???
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    He said: "They were wrong. But if I send my followers out there to do battle with those people
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    in an alley??, undercover or on top of the cover, they will get slaughtered and I'm not gonna do that.
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    And Malcolm didn't like that.
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    Malcolm had always said: "Muslims don't back down." In Harlem he had now to explain
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    what happened in Los Angeles.
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    Ronald Stokes was not the least ??? among the followers of the honorable Elijah Muhammed.
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    He was one of the highest.
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    He was the secretary of our Los Angeles mosque.
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    And as we explained ??? on me, many of you thought that we should go right on out then,
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    and make war on the white man.
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    You wanted to do it yourself didn't you?
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    Didn't you?
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    You wanted some action then, didn't you?
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    Cause you don't like the idea of white people shooting black people down, do you?
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    And you're ready to do something about it? Aren't you?
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    We know you are and the white man should be thankful that god has given the honorable
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    Elijah Muhammed the control over his followers that he has.
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    Told him to play it ??? cool, calm and collected.
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    And leave it in the hands of god.
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    In the months following the Los Angeles insident, Malcolms faiths in the messenger were further
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    tested by rumors about Elijah Muhammed private life.
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    Once a months he would go to Chicago to take money to Elijah Mohammed.
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    And he would always go to the side door.
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    And on this particular day, when he got to the side door there were three young ladies and they were
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    knocking and banging on the door: "Open the doodr, open the door! We need money for food,
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    our children don't have this or the other."
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    He immediately felt that, number one he didn't belong there.
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    Malcolm had long dismissed stories that Elijah Muhammed had fathered eight children with
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    six of his secretaries. Now he approached the messengers son Wallace to confirm what he had
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    seen.
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    So I told him: "Yes, I know about that. You can see things but you don't wanna see it, so you just
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    block it out of your mind. I'm aware of secretaries having some kind of reletiaonship with my
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    father. ??? with their children. I've seen him take that children and somewhere in my consciousness
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    I was sure I was ??? that that was his family, but I never accepted it to deal with it in my mind.
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    Never did I accept it to deal with it in my mind.
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    Officials in the nation accused Wallace Muhammed of starting rumors and
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    conspiring against his father.
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    The charge that I gave Malcolm information on my fathers domestic situation is true but only after
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    Malcolm had already told me that he witnessed that sitiuation.
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    It gives me great pleasure and an honor and ??? at this time to introduce to you and present to you
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    the messenger of Allah, your admired and beloved ??? teacher, the most honorable and humble
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    Elijah Muhammed.
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    Malcolm had submitted himself to Elijah Muhammed as his spiritual leader.
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    He never tried to see anything else.
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    And the things that he tried to put into practice himself, he thought were also being practiced
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    by his leader.
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    And when he found out differently, it just took all of the wind out of his sails.
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    In public the two men continued to embrace. In private suspicion had replaced faith.
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    The relationship was further complicated by Elijah Muhammeds failing health.
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    Malcolms popularity vastly improved.
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    Number one, Mr. Muhammed was thinking he had bronchitis. So Mr. Muhammed went to ??? public meetings
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    maybe once, twice a year. That's it. And the rest of the time Malcolm was going everywhere.
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    It was Malcolm who sparked the growth of the Nation all over the country.
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    He was in demand. Nobody was asking for Elijah Muhammed to speak, they were asking for
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    Malcolm to speak. And naturally Malcolm got more involved with the civil rights struggle.
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    And his argument became more an argument that you would expect from someone who was in the
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    civil rights struggle, then you would from someone who was following the honorable Elijah Muhammed.
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    The 60s showed us the white man in an image that the Nation of Islam had cast him in.
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    In the image of a brutal person, you know. Turning the dogs out on the demonstrators.
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    Using the fire hoses. All this helped the Nation of Islam charge against the white race.
Title:
Malcolm X: Make It Plain (Full PBS Documentary)
Description:

The 1994 PBS documentary on the life of Malcolm X

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Video Language:
English
Team:
Film & TV
Duration:
02:18:38

German subtitles

Incomplete

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