The contributions of female explorers - Courtney Stephens

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During the Victorian Age, women were unlikely to become great explorers, but a few intelligent, gritty and brave women made major contributions to the study of previously little-understood territory. Courtney Stephens examines three women -- Marianne North, Mary Kingsley and Alexandra David-Néel -- who wouldn't take no for an answer (and shows why we should be grateful that they didn't).

Lesson by Courtney Stephens, animation by Lizzi Akana.

Nowadays, we take curiosity for granted.

We believe that if we put in the hard work,

we might one day stand before the pyramids,

discover a new species of flower,

or even go to the moon.

But, in the 18th and 19th century,

female eyes gazed out windows

at a world they were unlikely to ever explore.

Life for women in the time of Queen Victoria

was largely relegated to house chores and gossip.

And, although they devoured books on exotic travel,

most would never would leave the places

in which they were born.

However, there were a few Victorian women, who,

through privilege,

endurance,

and not taking "no" for an answer,

did set sail for wilder shores.

In 1860, Marianne North,

an amateur gardener and painter,

crossed the ocean to America

with letters of introduction,

an easel,

and a love of flowers.

She went on to travel to Jamaica,

Peru,

Japan,

India,

Australia.

In fact, she went to every continent except Antarctica

in pursuit of new flowers to paint.

"I was overwhelmed with the amount

of subjects to be painted," she wrote.

"The hills were marvelously blue,

piled one over the other beyond them.

I never saw such abundance of pure color."

With no planes or automobiles

and rarely a paved street,

North rode donkeys,

scaled cliffs,

and crossed swamps

to reach the plants she wanted.

And all this in the customary dress of her day,

floor-length gowns.

As photography had not yet been perfected,

Marianne's paintings gave botanists back in Europe

their first glimpses of some of the world's most unusual plants,

like the giant pitcher plant of Borneo,

the African torch lily,

and the many other species named for her

as she was the first European to catalog them in the wild.

Meanwhile, back in London,

Miss Mary Kingsley was the sheltered daughter

of a traveling doctor

who loved hearing her father's tales

of native customs in Africa.

Midway through writing a book on the subject,

her father fell ill and died.

So, Kingsley decided she would finish the book for him.

Peers of her father advised her not to go,

showing her maps of tropical diseases,

but she went anyhow,

landing in modern-day Sierra Leone in 1896

with two large suitcases and a phrase book.

Traveling into the jungle,

she was able to confirm the existence

of a then-mythical creature,

the gorilla.

She recalls fighting with crocodiles,

being caught in a tornado,

and tickling a hippopotamus with her umbrella

so that he'd leave the side of her canoe.

Falling into a spiky pit,

she was saved from harm by her thick petticoat.

"A good snake properly cooked

is one of the best meals one gets out here," she wrote.

Think Indiana Jones was resourceful?

Kingsley could out-survive him any day!

But when it comes to breaking rules,

perhaps no female traveler was

as daring as Alexandra David-Neel.

Alexandra, who had studied Eastern religions

at home in France,

wanted desperately to prove herself

to Parisian scholars of the day,

all of whom were men.

She decided the only way to be taken seriously

was to visit the fabled city of Lhasa

in the mountains of Tibet.

"People will have to say,

'This woman lived among the things she's talking about.

She touched them and she saw them alive,'" she wrote.

When she arrived at the border from India,

she was forbidden to cross.

So, she disguised herself as a Tibetan man.

Dressed in a yak fur coat

and a necklace of carved skulls,

she hiked through the barren Himilayas

all the way to Lhasa,

where she was subsequently arrested.

She learned that the harder the journey,

the better the story,

and went on to write many books on Tibetan religion,

which not only made a splash back in Paris

but remain important today.

These brave women, and others like them,

went all over the world to prove

that the desire to see for oneself

not only changes the course of human knowledge,

it changes the very idea of what is possible.

They used the power of curiosity

to try and understand the viewpoints

and peculiarities of other places,

perhaps because they, themselves,

were seen as so unusual in their own societies.

But their journeys revealed to them

something more than the ways of foreign lands,

they revealed something only they, themselves, could find:

a sense of their own self.