Poverty isn't a lack of character; it's a lack of cash

I'd like to start with a simple question.

Why do the poor make
so many poor decisions?

I know it's a harsh question,

but take a look at the data.

... ... save less, smoke more,
exercise less, drink more

and eat less healthfully.

Why?

Well, the standard explanation

was once summed up by the British
Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.

And she called poverty
"a personality defect."

(Laughter)

A lack of character, basically.

Now, I'm sure not many of you
would be so blunt.

But the idea that there's something wrong
with the poor themselves

is not restricted to Mrs. Thatcher.

So of you may believe that the poor
should be held responsible

for their own mistakes.

And others may argue that we should
help them to make better decisions.

But the underlying assumption is the same:

there's something wrong with them.

If we could just change them,

if we could just teach them
how to live their lives,

if they would only listen.

And to be honest,

this was what I thought for a long time.

It was only a few years ago
that I discovered

that everything I thought I knew
about poverty was wrong.

It all started when I accidentally
stumbled on a paper

by a few American psychologists.

They had traveled 8,000 miles
all the way to India

for a fascinating study.

And it was an experiment
with sugar cane farms.

You should know that these farmers
collect about 60 percent

of their annual income all at once --

right after the harvest.

This means that they're relatively
poor one part of the year

and rich the other.

The researchers asked them to do
an IQ test before and after the harvest.

What they subsequently discovered
completely blew my mind.

The farmers scored much worse
on the test before the harvest.

The effects of living in poverty,

it turns out,

correspond to losing 40 points of IQ.

Now, to give you an idea,

that's comparable
to losing a night's sleep,

or the effects of alcoholism.

A few months later,

I heard that [Alder Shafir,]

a professor at Princeton University
and one of the authors of this study,

was coming over to Poland,

where I live.

So we met up in Amersterdam

to talk about his revolutionary
theory of poverty.

And I can sum it up in just two words:

scarcity mentality.

It turns out that people
behave differently

when they perceive a thing to be scarce.

And what that thing is
doesn't much matter --

whether it's not enough time,
money or food.

You all know this feeling

when you've got too much to do,

or you've put off breaking for lunch
and your blood sugar takes a dive.

This narrows your focus
to your immediate lack --

to the sandwich you've got to have now,

the meeting that's starting
in five minutes,

or the bills that have
to be paid tomorrow.

So the long-term perspective
goes out the window.

You could compare it to a new computer
that's running 10 heavy programs at once.

It gets slower and slower,

making errors.

Eventually it freezes,

not because it's a bad computer,

but because it has too many
things to do at once.

And the poor have the same problem.

They're not making dumb decisions
because they are dumb,

but because they're living in a context
in which anyone would make dumb decisions.

So suddenly I understood

why so many of our anti-poverty
programs don't work.

Investments in education for example

are often completely ineffective.

Poverty is not a lack of knowledge.

A recent analysis of 201 studies

on the effectiveness
of money management training

came to the conclusion that is has
almost know effect at all.

Don't get me wrong,

this is not to say that the poor
don't learn anything --

they can come out wiser for sure,

but it's not enough.

Or as Professor Shafir told me,

"It's like teaching someone to swim

and then throwing them in a stormy sea."

I still remember sitting there,

perplexed.

And it struck me that we could
have figured this all out decades ago.

I mean these psychologists
didn't need any complicated brain scans,

they only had to measure the farmers' IQ,

and IQ tests were invented
more that 100 year ago.

Actually, I realized I had read about
the psychology of poverty before.

George Orwell,

one of the greatest writers
who ever lived,

experienced poverty firsthand
in the 1920s.

"The essence of poverty,"

he wrote back then,

is that it "annihilates the future."

And he marveled at quote,

"How people take it for granted

they have the right to preach at you

and pray over you

as soon as your income falls
below a certain level."

Now, those words are every bit
as resonant today.

The big question is of course,

what can be done?

Modern economists have a few
solutions up their sleeves.

We could help the poor
with their paperwork,

or send them a test message
to remind them to pay their bills.

This type of solution is hugely
popular with modern politicians.

Mostly because,

well,

they cost next to nothing.

These solutions are,

I think,

a symbol of this era

in which we so often treat the symptoms,

but ignore the underlying cause.

So I wonder,

why don't we just change the context
in which the poor live?

Or, going back to our computer analogy,

why keep tinkering around
with the software

when we can easily solve the problem
by installing some extra memory instead?

At that point,

Professor Shafir responded
with a blank look.

And after a few seconds,

he said,

"Uh, I get it,

you mean you want to just
hand out more money to the poor

to eradicate poverty."

"Uh, sure, that'd be great."

"But I'm afraid the brand
of left-wing politics

you've got in Amsterdam ...

it doesn't exist in the States."

But is this really
an old-fashioned, leftist idea?

I remembered reading about old plan --

something that has been proposed
by some of history's leading thinkers.

The philosopher Thomas More
hinted at it in his book, "Utopia,"

more than 500 years ago.

And its proponents have [spent]
the spectrum from the left to the right,

from the civil rights campaigner
Martin Luther King, Jr.,

to the economist Milton Friedman.

And it's an incredibly simple idea:

basic income guarantee.

What it is?

Well, that's easy.

It's a monthly grant,

enough to pay for your basic needs:

food, shelter, education.

It's completely unconditional,

so no one's going to tell you
what you have to do for it,

and no one's going to tell you
what you have to do with it.

The basic income is not a favor,

but a right.

There's absolutely no stigma attached.

So as I learned about the true
nature of poverty,

I couldn't stop wondering --

is this the idea
we've all been waiting for?

Could it really be that simple?

And in the three years that followed,

I read everything I could find
about basic income.

I researched the dozens of experiments

that have been conducted
all over the globe,

and it didn't take long

before I stumbled upon a story
of a town that had done it --

had actually eradicated poverty --

but then,

nearly everyone forgot about it.

This story starts in Dauphin, Canada.

In 1974, everybody in this small town
was guaranteed a basic income,

insuring that no one fell
below the poverty line.

And at the start of the experiment,

an army of researchers
descended on the town.

For four years all went well.

But then a new government
was voted into power,

and the new Canadian cabinet saw
little point to the expensive experiment.

So when it became clear there was
no money left to analyze the results,

the researchers decided to back
their files away in some 2,000 boxes.

25 years went by,

and then Evelyn F....,

a Canadian professor,

found the records.

And for three years she subjected the data
to all manner of statistical analysis,

and no matter what she tried,

the results were the same every time.

The experiment had been
a resounding success.

[Evelyn Frije] discovered

that the people in Dauphin
had not only become richer,

but also smarter and healthier.

The school performance of kids
improved substantially.

The hospitalization rate decreased
by as much as 8.5 percent.

Domestic violence incidents were down,

as we mental health complaints.

And people didn't quit their jobs.

The only ones who worked a little less
were new mothers and students --

who stayed in school longer.

Similar results have since been found

in countless other experiments
around the globe,

from the US to India.

So,

here's what I've learned.

When it comes to poverty,

we the rich should stop
pretending we know best.

We should stop sending
shoes and teddy bears to the poor,

to people we have never met.

And we should get rid of the vast
industry of paternalistic beaureaucrats

when we could simply
hand over their salaries

to the poor they're supposed to help.

(Applause)

Because, I mean, the great
thing about money

is that people can use it
to buy things they need

instead of things that self-appointed
experts think they need.

Just imagine how many brilliant scientists
and entrepreneurs and writers,

like George Orwell,

are now withering away in scarcity.

Imagine how much energy
and talent we would unleash

if we got rid of poverty once and for all.

I believe that a basic income would
work like venture capital for the people.

And we can't afford not to do it,

because poverty is hugely expensive.

Just look at the cost of child poverty
in the US for example.

It's estimated at 500
billion dollars each year,

in terms of higher health care spending,

higher dropout rates,

and more crime.

Now this is an incredible waste
of human potential.

But let's talk about
the elephant in the room.

How could we ever afford
a basic income guarantee?

Well, it's actually a lot cheaper
than you may think.

What they did in Dauphin is they
financed it with a negative income tax.

This means that your income
is [stacked up]

as soon as you fall
below the poverty line.

And in that scenario,

according to our economist's
best estimates,

for a net cost of 175 billion --

a quarter of US military spending,

one percent of GDP --

you could lift all impoverished Americans
above the poverty line.

You could actually eradicate poverty.

Now that should be our goal.

The time for small thoughts
and little nudges is past.

I really believe the time has come
for radical new ideas,

and basic income is so much more
than just another policy.

It is also a complete rethink
of what work actually is.

And in that sense,

it will not only free the poor ...

but also the rest of us.

Nowadays, millions of people feel

that their jobs have little
meaning or significance.

A recent poll among 230,000 employees,

in 143 countries,

found that only 30 percent of workers
actually like their job.

And another poll found that as much
as 37 percent of British workers

have a job that they think
doesn't even need to exist.

It's like Brad Pitt says in "Fight Club,"

"Too often we're working jobs we hate
so we can buy shit we don't need."

(Laughter)

Now don't get me wrong --

I'm not talking about the teachers
and garbagemen

and the care workers here.

If they stopped working,

we'd be in trouble.

I'm talking about all those well-paid
professionals with excellent resumes

who earn their money doing ...

strategic transactor peer-to-peer meetings

while brainstorming the value add
on all disruptive co-creation

in the network society.

(Laughter)

(Applause)

Or something like that.

Just imagine again how much
talent we're wasting,

simply because we tell our kids
they'll have to "earn a living."

Or think of what a math whiz
working at Facebook lamented

a few years ago:

"The best minds of my generation

are thinking about how
to make people click ads."

I'm an historian.

And if history teaches us anything,

it is that things could be different.

There is nothing inevitable

about the way we structured our society
and economy right now.

Ideas can and do change the world.

And I think that especially
in the past few years,

it has become abundantly clear

that we cannot stick to the status quo --

that we need new ideas.

I know that many of you
may feel pessimistic

about a future of rising inequality,

xenophobia,

and climate change.

But it's not enough
to know what we're against.

We also need be for something.

Martin Luther King did not say,
"I have a nightmare."

(Laughter)

He had a dream.

(Applause)

So here's my dream.

I believe in a future

where the value of your work is not
determined by the size of your paycheck,

but by the amount of happiness you spread

and the amount of meaning you give.

I believe in a future

where the point of education

is not to prepare you
for another useless job,

but for a life well lived.

I believe in a future

where an existence
without poverty is not a privilege

but a right we all deserve.

So here we are.

Here we are.

We've got the research,

we've got the evidence

and we've got the means.

Now, more than 500 years after
Thomas More wrote about basic income,

and 100 years after George Orwell
discovered the true nature of poverty,

we all need to change our worldview,

because poverty
is not a lack of character.

Poverty is a lack of cash.

Thank you.

(Applause)