The Web as random acts of kindness
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0:00 - 0:02My name is Jonathan Zittrain,
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0:02 - 0:05and in my recent work I've been a bit of a pessimist.
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0:05 - 0:09So I thought this morning I would try to be the optimist,
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0:09 - 0:11and give reason to hope
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0:11 - 0:13for the future of the Internet
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0:13 - 0:16by drawing upon its present.
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0:16 - 0:20Now, it may seem like there is less hope today than there was before.
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0:20 - 0:22People are less kind. There is less trust around.
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0:22 - 0:26I don't know. As a simple example,
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0:26 - 0:28we could run a test here.
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0:28 - 0:35How many people have ever hitchhiked?
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0:35 - 0:38I know. How many people have hitchhiked
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0:38 - 0:43within the past 10 years?
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0:43 - 0:46Right. So what has changed?
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0:46 - 0:49It's not better public transportation.
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0:49 - 0:52So that's one reason to think that we might be
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0:52 - 0:55declensionists, going in the wrong direction.
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0:55 - 0:58But I want to give you three examples
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0:58 - 1:01to try to say that the trend line
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1:01 - 1:03is in fact in the other direction,
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1:03 - 1:06and it's the Internet helping it along.
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1:06 - 1:09So example number one: the Internet itself.
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1:09 - 1:13These are three of the founders of the Internet.
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1:13 - 1:15They were actually high school classmates together
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1:15 - 1:19at the same high school in suburban Los Angles in the 1960s.
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1:19 - 1:22You might have had a French club or a Debate club.
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1:22 - 1:24They had a "Let's build a global network" club,
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1:24 - 1:27and it worked out very well.
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1:27 - 1:30They are pictured here for their 25th anniversary
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1:30 - 1:33Newsweek retrospective on the Internet.
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1:33 - 1:35And as you can tell,
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1:35 - 1:38they are basically goof balls.
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1:38 - 1:41They had one great limitation
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1:41 - 1:43and one great freedom
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1:43 - 1:46as they tried to conceive of a global network.
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1:46 - 1:50The limitation was that they didn't have any money.
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1:50 - 1:53No particular amount of capital to invest,
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1:53 - 1:55of the sort that for a physical network
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1:55 - 1:57you might need for trucks and people
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1:57 - 2:00and a hub to move packages around overnight.
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2:00 - 2:02They had none of that.
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2:02 - 2:04But they had an amazing freedom,
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2:04 - 2:08which was they didn't have to make any money from it.
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2:08 - 2:12The Internet has no business plan, never did.
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2:12 - 2:14No CEO,
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2:14 - 2:18no firm responsible, singly, for building it.
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2:18 - 2:20Instead, it's folks getting together
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2:20 - 2:23to do something for fun,
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2:23 - 2:25rather than because they were told to,
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2:25 - 2:29or because they were expecting to make a mint off of it.
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2:29 - 2:32That ethos led to a network architecture,
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2:32 - 2:34a structure that was unlike
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2:34 - 2:38other digital networks then or since.
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2:38 - 2:40So unusual, in fact,
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2:40 - 2:44that it was said that it's not clear the Internet could work.
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2:44 - 2:47As late as 1992, IBM was known to say
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2:47 - 2:50you couldn't possibly build a corporate network
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2:50 - 2:53using Internet Protocol.
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2:53 - 2:55And even some Internet engineers today say
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2:55 - 2:59the whole thing is a pilot project and the jury is still out.
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2:59 - 3:00(Laughter)
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3:00 - 3:04That's why the mascot of Internet engineering,
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3:04 - 3:07if it had one, is said to be the bumblebee.
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3:07 - 3:10Because the fur-to-wingspan ratio of the bumblebee
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3:10 - 3:12is far too large for it to be able to fly.
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3:12 - 3:17And yet, mysteriously, somehow the bee flies.
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3:17 - 3:20I'm pleased to say that, thanks to massive government funding,
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3:20 - 3:23about three years ago we finally figured out
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3:23 - 3:25how bees fly.
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3:25 - 3:27(Laughter)
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3:27 - 3:29It's very complicated, but it turns out they
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3:29 - 3:32flap their wings very quickly.
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3:32 - 3:35(Laughter)
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3:35 - 3:39So what is this bizarre architecture configuration
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3:39 - 3:42that makes the network sing and be so unusual?
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3:42 - 3:44Well, to move data around
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3:44 - 3:47from one place to another -- again, it's not like a package courier.
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3:47 - 3:50It's more like a mosh pit.
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3:50 - 3:51(Laughter)
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3:51 - 3:53Imagine, you being part of a network
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3:53 - 3:56where, you're maybe at a sporting event,
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3:56 - 3:58and you're sitting in rows like this,
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3:58 - 4:00and somebody asks for a beer,
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4:00 - 4:03and it gets handed at the aisle.
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4:03 - 4:05And your neighborly duty
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4:05 - 4:07is to pass the beer along,
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4:07 - 4:10at risk to your own trousers,
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4:10 - 4:12to get it to the destination.
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4:12 - 4:14No one pays you to do this.
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4:14 - 4:17It's just part of your neighborly duty.
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4:17 - 4:21And, in a way, that's exactly how packets move around the Internet,
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4:21 - 4:23sometimes in as many as 25 or 30 hops,
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4:23 - 4:25with the intervening entities
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4:25 - 4:27that are passing the data around
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4:27 - 4:31having no particular contractual or legal obligation
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4:31 - 4:33to the original sender
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4:33 - 4:36or to the receiver.
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4:36 - 4:40Now, of course, in a mosh pit it's hard to specify a destination.
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4:40 - 4:42You need a lot of trust,
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4:42 - 4:45but it's not like, "I'm trying to get to Pensacola, please."
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4:45 - 4:49So the Internet needs addressing and directions.
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4:49 - 4:53It turns out there is no one overall map of the Internet.
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4:53 - 4:56Instead, again, it is as if we are all sitting together in a theater,
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4:56 - 4:59but we can only see amidst the fog
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4:59 - 5:01the people immediately around us.
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5:01 - 5:04So what do we do to figure out who is where?
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5:04 - 5:06We turn to the person on the right,
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5:06 - 5:09and we tell that person what we see on our left,
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5:09 - 5:11and vice versa.
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5:11 - 5:13And they can lather, rinse, repeat. And before you know it,
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5:13 - 5:16you have a general sense of where everything is.
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5:16 - 5:21This is how Internet addressing and routing actually work.
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5:21 - 5:25This is a system that relies on kindness and trust,
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5:25 - 5:28which also makes it very delicate and vulnerable.
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5:28 - 5:30In rare but striking instances,
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5:30 - 5:33a single lie told by just one entity
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5:33 - 5:35in this honeycomb
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5:35 - 5:37can lead to real trouble.
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5:37 - 5:40So, for example, last year,
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5:40 - 5:42the government of Pakistan
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5:42 - 5:45asked its Internet service providers there
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5:45 - 5:49to prevent citizens of Pakistan from seeing YouTube.
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5:49 - 5:51There was a video there that the government did not like
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5:51 - 5:53and they wanted to make sure it was blocked.
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5:53 - 5:55This is a common occurrence. Governments everywhere
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5:55 - 5:57are often trying to block
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5:57 - 6:00and filter and censor content on the Internet.
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6:00 - 6:02Well this one ISP in Pakistan
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6:02 - 6:05chose to effectuate the block for its subscribers
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6:05 - 6:08in a rather unusual way.
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6:08 - 6:10It advertised --
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6:10 - 6:13the way that you might be asked, if you were part of the Internet,
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6:13 - 6:15to declare what you see near you -- it advertised
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6:15 - 6:20that near it, in fact, it had suddenly awakened to find
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6:20 - 6:22that it was YouTube.
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6:22 - 6:25"That's right," it said, "I am YouTube."
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6:25 - 6:27Which meant that packets of data
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6:27 - 6:29from subscribers going to YouTube
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6:29 - 6:32stopped at the ISP, since they thought they were already there,
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6:32 - 6:34and the ISP threw them away unopened
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6:34 - 6:36because the point was to block it.
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6:36 - 6:38But it didn't stop there.
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6:38 - 6:40You see, that announcement
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6:40 - 6:42went one click out,
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6:42 - 6:45which got reverberated, one click out.
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6:45 - 6:47And it turns out that as you look
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6:47 - 6:49at the postmortem of this event,
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6:49 - 6:51you have at one moment
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6:51 - 6:53perfectly working YouTube.
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6:53 - 6:55Then, at moment number two,
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6:55 - 6:58you have the fake announcement go out.
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6:58 - 7:00And within two minutes,
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7:00 - 7:02it reverberates around
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7:02 - 7:05and YouTube is blocked everywhere in the world.
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7:05 - 7:08If you were sitting in Oxford, England, trying to get to YouTube,
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7:08 - 7:10your packets were going to Pakistan
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7:10 - 7:13and they weren't coming back.
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7:13 - 7:15Now just think about that.
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7:15 - 7:17One of the most popular websites in the world,
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7:17 - 7:19run by the most powerful company in the world,
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7:19 - 7:23and there was nothing that YouTube or Google
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7:23 - 7:26were particularly privileged to do about it.
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7:26 - 7:30And yet, somehow, within about two hours,
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7:30 - 7:32the problem was fixed.
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7:32 - 7:34How did this happen?
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7:34 - 7:37Well, for a big clue, we turn to NANOG.
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7:37 - 7:40The North American Network Operators Group,
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7:40 - 7:42a group of people who,
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7:42 - 7:44on a beautiful day outside,
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7:44 - 7:46enter into a windowless room,
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7:46 - 7:48at their terminals
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7:48 - 7:51reading email and messages
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7:51 - 7:55in fixed proportion font, like this,
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7:55 - 7:57and they talk about networks.
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7:57 - 7:59And some of them are mid-level employees at Internet service providers
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7:59 - 8:01around the world.
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8:01 - 8:03And here is the message where one of them says,
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8:03 - 8:06"Looks like we've got a live one. We have a hijacking of YouTube!
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8:06 - 8:09This is not a drill. It's not just the cluelessness
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8:09 - 8:11of YouTube engineers. I promise.
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8:11 - 8:13Something is up in Pakistan."
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8:13 - 8:17And they came together to help find the problem and fix it.
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8:17 - 8:20So it's kind of like if your house catches on fire.
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8:20 - 8:24The bad news is there is no fire brigade.
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8:24 - 8:27The good news is random people apparate from nowhere,
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8:27 - 8:31put out the fire and leave without expecting payment or praise.
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8:31 - 8:36(Applause)
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8:36 - 8:38I was trying to think of the right model to describe
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8:38 - 8:40this form of random acts of kindness
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8:40 - 8:42by geeky strangers.
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8:42 - 8:47(Laughter)
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8:47 - 8:50You know, it's just like the hail goes out
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8:50 - 8:52and people are ready to help.
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8:52 - 8:56And it turns out this model is everywhere, once you start looking for it.
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8:56 - 8:59Example number two: Wikipedia.
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8:59 - 9:02If a man named Jimbo came up to you in 2001
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9:02 - 9:05and said, "I've got a great idea! We start with seven articles
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9:05 - 9:07that anybody can edit anything, at any time,
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9:07 - 9:10and we'll get a great encyclopedia! Eh?"
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9:10 - 9:14Right. Dumbest idea ever.
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9:14 - 9:15(Laughter)
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9:15 - 9:20In fact, Wikipedia is an idea so profoundly stupid
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9:20 - 9:23that even Jimbo never had it.
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9:23 - 9:25Jimbo's idea was for Nupedia.
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9:25 - 9:27It was going to be totally traditional. He would pay people money
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9:27 - 9:29because he was feeling like a good guy,
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9:29 - 9:31and the money would go to the people
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9:31 - 9:33and they would write the articles.
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9:33 - 9:35The wiki was introduced
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9:35 - 9:37so others could make suggestions on edits --
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9:37 - 9:39as almost an afterthought, a back room.
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9:39 - 9:42And then it turns out the back room grew
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9:42 - 9:44to encompass the entire project.
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9:44 - 9:47And today, Wikipedia is so ubiquitous
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9:47 - 9:51that you can now find it on Chinese restaurant menus.
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9:51 - 9:57(Laughter)
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9:57 - 9:59I am not making this up.
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9:59 - 10:01(Laughter)
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10:01 - 10:04I have a theory I can explain later.
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10:04 - 10:06Suffice it to say for now that I prefer my Wikipedia
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10:06 - 10:08stir-fried with pimentos.
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10:08 - 10:10(Laughter)
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10:10 - 10:13But now, Wikipedia doesn't just spontaneously work.
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10:13 - 10:15How does it really work? It turns out
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10:15 - 10:17there is a back room that is kind of windowless,
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10:17 - 10:19metaphorically speaking.
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10:19 - 10:21And there are a bunch of people who, on a sunny day,
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10:21 - 10:24would rather be inside
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10:24 - 10:26and monitoring this, the administrator's notice board,
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10:26 - 10:29itself a wiki page that anyone can edit.
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10:29 - 10:32And you just bring your problems to the page.
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10:32 - 10:35It's reminiscent of the description of history
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10:35 - 10:38as "one damn thing after another," right?
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10:38 - 10:42Number one: "Tendentious editing by user Andyvphil."
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10:42 - 10:45Apologies, Andyvphil, if you're here today.
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10:45 - 10:47I'm not taking sides.
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10:47 - 10:50"Anon attacking me for reverting."
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10:50 - 10:52Here is my favorite: "A long story."
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10:52 - 10:53(Laughter)
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10:53 - 10:57It turns out there are more people checking this page for problems
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10:57 - 10:59and wanting to solve them
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10:59 - 11:02than there are problems arising on the page.
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11:02 - 11:05And that's what keeps Wikipedia afloat.
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11:05 - 11:08At all times, Wikipedia is approximately
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11:08 - 11:1345 minutes away from utter destruction. Right?
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11:13 - 11:15There are spambots crawling it, trying to turn every article
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11:15 - 11:17into an ad for a Rolex watch.
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11:17 - 11:18(Laughter)
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11:18 - 11:21It's this thin geeky line
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11:21 - 11:23that keeps it going.
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11:23 - 11:25Not because it's a job,
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11:25 - 11:27not because it's a career,
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11:27 - 11:29but because it's a calling.
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11:29 - 11:32It's something they feel impelled to do
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11:32 - 11:34because they care about it.
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11:34 - 11:36They even gather together in such groups
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11:36 - 11:38as the Counter-Vandalism Unit --
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11:38 - 11:41"Civility, Maturity, Responsibility" --
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11:41 - 11:43to just clean up the pages.
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11:43 - 11:46It does make you wonder if there were, for instance,
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11:46 - 11:50a massive, extremely popular Star Trek convention one weekend,
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11:50 - 11:52who would be minding the store?
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11:52 - 11:57(Laughter)
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11:57 - 11:59So what we see --
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11:59 - 12:02(Laughter)
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12:02 - 12:06what we see in this phenomenon
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12:06 - 12:10is something that the crazed, late traffic engineer
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12:10 - 12:12Hans Monderman discovered in the Netherlands,
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12:12 - 12:14and here in South Kensington, that sometimes
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12:14 - 12:19if you remove some of the external rules and signs and everything else,
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12:19 - 12:21you can actually end up
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12:21 - 12:24with a safer environment in which people can function,
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12:24 - 12:27and one in which they are more human with each other.
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12:27 - 12:29They're realizing that they
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12:29 - 12:31have to take responsibility for what they do.
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12:31 - 12:34And Wikipedia has embraced this.
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12:34 - 12:37Some of you may remember Star Wars Kid,
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12:37 - 12:41the poor teenager who filmed himself with a golf ball retriever,
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12:41 - 12:43acting as if it were a light saber.
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12:43 - 12:46The film, without his permission or even knowledge at first,
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12:46 - 12:48found its way onto the Internet.
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12:48 - 12:51Hugely viral video. Extremely popular.
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12:51 - 12:54Totally mortifying to him.
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12:54 - 12:56Now, it being encyclopedic and all,
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12:56 - 12:59Wikipedia had to do an article about Star Wars Kid.
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12:59 - 13:01Every article on Wikipedia has a corresponding discussion page,
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13:01 - 13:03and on the discussion page
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13:03 - 13:06they had extensive argument among the Wikipedians
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13:06 - 13:10as to whether to have his real name
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13:10 - 13:12featured in the article.
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13:12 - 13:14You could see arguments on both sides.
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13:14 - 13:16Here is just a snapshot of some of them.
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13:16 - 13:18They eventually decided --
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13:18 - 13:20not unanimously by any means --
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13:20 - 13:22not to include his real name,
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13:22 - 13:25despite the fact that nearly all media reports did.
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13:25 - 13:28They just didn't think it was the right thing to do.
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13:28 - 13:30It was an act of kindness.
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13:30 - 13:32And to this day, the page for Star Wars Kid
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13:32 - 13:34has a warning right at the top
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13:34 - 13:37that says you are not to put his real name on the page.
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13:37 - 13:39If you do, it will be removed immediately,
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13:39 - 13:43removed by people who may have disagreed with the original decision,
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13:43 - 13:46but respect the outcome
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13:46 - 13:48and work to make it stay
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13:48 - 13:52because they believe in something bigger than their own opinion.
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13:52 - 13:55As a lawyer, I've got to say these guys are inventing the law
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13:55 - 13:59and stare decisis and stuff like that as they go along.
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13:59 - 14:02Now, this isn't just limited to Wikipedia.
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14:02 - 14:04We see it on blogs all over the place.
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14:04 - 14:07I mean, this is a 2005 Business Week cover.
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14:07 - 14:09Wow. Blogs are going to change your business.
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14:09 - 14:12I know they look silly. And sure they look silly.
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14:12 - 14:14They start off on all sorts of goofy projects.
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14:14 - 14:16This is my favorite goofy blog:
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14:16 - 14:19Catsthatlooklikehitler.com.
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14:19 - 14:20(Laughter)
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14:20 - 14:23You send in a picture of your cat
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14:23 - 14:25if it looks like Hitler.
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14:25 - 14:32(Laughter)
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14:32 - 14:34Yeah, I know. Number four, it's like, can you imagine
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14:34 - 14:36coming home to that cat everyday?
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14:36 - 14:37(Laughter)
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14:37 - 14:41But then, you can see the same kind of whimsy
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14:41 - 14:43applied to people.
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14:43 - 14:47So this is a blog devoted to unfortunate portraiture.
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14:47 - 14:50This one says, "Bucolic meadow with split-rail fence.
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14:50 - 14:52Is that an animal carcass behind her?"
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14:52 - 14:53(Laughter)
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14:53 - 14:55You're like, "You know? I think that's an animal carcass
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14:55 - 14:57behind her."
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14:57 - 14:59And it's one after the other.
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14:59 - 15:03But then you hit this one. Image removed at request of owner.
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15:03 - 15:05That's it. Image removed at request of owner.
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15:05 - 15:07It turns out that somebody lampooned here
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15:07 - 15:10wrote to the snarky guy that does the site,
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15:10 - 15:13not with a legal threat, not with an offer of payment,
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15:13 - 15:15but just said, "Hey, would you mind?"
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15:15 - 15:17The person said, "No, that's fine."
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15:17 - 15:21I believe we can build architectures online
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15:21 - 15:24to make such human requests
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15:24 - 15:26that much easier to do,
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15:26 - 15:28to make it possible for all of us to see
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15:28 - 15:30that the data we encounter online
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15:30 - 15:34is just stuff on which to click and paste and copy and forward
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15:34 - 15:37that actually represents human emotion
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15:37 - 15:39and endeavor and impact,
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15:39 - 15:41and to be able to have an ethical moment
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15:41 - 15:44where we decide how we want to treat it.
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15:44 - 15:47I even think it can go into the real world.
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15:47 - 15:50We can end up, as we get in a world with more censors --
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15:50 - 15:53everywhere there is something filming you, maybe putting it online --
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15:53 - 15:55to be able to have a little clip you could wear
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15:55 - 15:57that says, "You know, I'd rather not."
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15:57 - 16:00And then have technology
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16:00 - 16:02that the person taking the photo will know later,
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16:02 - 16:04this person requested to be contacted
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16:04 - 16:06before this goes anywhere big,
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16:06 - 16:08if you don't mind.
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16:08 - 16:10And that person taking the photo can make a decision
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16:10 - 16:14about how and whether to respect it.
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16:14 - 16:16In the real world, we see filtering of this sort
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16:16 - 16:18taking place in Pakistan.
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16:18 - 16:22And we now have means that we can build, like this system,
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16:22 - 16:25so that people can report the filtering as they encounter it.
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16:25 - 16:29And it's no longer just a "I don't know. I couldn't get there. I guess I'll move on,"
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16:29 - 16:31but suddenly a collective consciousness
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16:31 - 16:34about what is blocked and censored
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16:34 - 16:36where online.
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16:36 - 16:40In fact, talk about technology imitating life
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16:40 - 16:43imitating tech, or maybe it's the other way around.
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16:43 - 16:46An NYU researcher here took little cardboard robots
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16:46 - 16:48with smiley faces on them,
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16:48 - 16:51and a motor that just drove them forward
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16:51 - 16:53and a flag sticking out the back
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16:53 - 16:55with a desired destination.
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16:55 - 16:57It said, "Can you help me get there?"
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16:57 - 17:01Released it on the streets of Manhattan.
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17:01 - 17:03(Laughter)
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17:03 - 17:06They'll fund anything these days.
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17:06 - 17:08Here is the chart of over 43 people
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17:08 - 17:11helping to steer the robot that could not steer
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17:11 - 17:13and get it on its way, from one corner
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17:13 - 17:15from one corner of Washington Square Park
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17:15 - 17:17to another.
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17:17 - 17:21That leads to example number three: hitchhiking.
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17:21 - 17:24I'm not so sure hitchhiking is dead.
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17:24 - 17:28Why? There is the Craigslist rideshare board.
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17:28 - 17:31If it were called the Craigslist hitchhiking board,
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17:31 - 17:33tumbleweeds would be blowing through it.
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17:33 - 17:36But it's the rideshare board, and it's basically the same thing.
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17:36 - 17:38Now why are people using it?
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17:38 - 17:41I don't know. Maybe they think that, uh, killers don't plan ahead?
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17:41 - 17:47(Laughter)
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17:47 - 17:49No. I think the actual answer is
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17:49 - 17:51that once you reframe it,
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17:51 - 17:54once you get out of one set of stale expectations
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17:54 - 17:57from a failed project that had its day,
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17:57 - 17:59but now, for whatever reason, is tarnished,
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17:59 - 18:03you can actually rekindle the kind of human kindness and sharing
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18:03 - 18:06that something like this on Craigslist represents.
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18:06 - 18:08And then you can highlight it
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18:08 - 18:10into something like,
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18:10 - 18:13yes, CouchSurfing.org.
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18:13 - 18:16CouchSurfing: one guy's idea
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18:16 - 18:19to, at last, put together people who are going somewhere far away
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18:19 - 18:24and would like to sleep on a stranger's couch for free,
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18:24 - 18:26with people who live far away,
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18:26 - 18:30and would like someone they don't know to sleep on their couch for free.
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18:30 - 18:34It's a brilliant idea.
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18:34 - 18:36It's a bee that, yes, flies.
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18:36 - 18:39Amazing how many successful couch surfings there have been.
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18:39 - 18:43And if you're wondering, no, there have been no known fatalities
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18:43 - 18:45associated with CouchSurfing.
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18:45 - 18:48Although, to be sure, the reputation system, at the moment,
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18:48 - 18:51works that you leave your report after the couch surfing experience,
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18:51 - 18:54so there may be some selection bias there.
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18:54 - 18:58(Laughter)
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18:58 - 19:02So, my urging, my thought,
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19:02 - 19:05is that the Internet isn't just a pile of information.
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19:05 - 19:08It's not a noun. It's a verb.
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19:08 - 19:10And when you go on it,
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19:10 - 19:14if you listen and see carefully and closely enough,
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19:14 - 19:16what you will discover
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19:16 - 19:18is that that information
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19:18 - 19:20is saying something to you.
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19:20 - 19:22What it's saying to you is what we heard yesterday,
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19:22 - 19:25Demosthenes was saying to us.
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19:25 - 19:29It's saying, "Let's march." Thank you very much.
-
19:29 - 19:31(Applause)
- Title:
- The Web as random acts of kindness
- Speaker:
- Jonathan Zittrain
- Description:
-
Feeling like the world is becoming less friendly? Social theorist Jonathan Zittrain begs to difffer. The Internet, he suggests, is made up of millions of disinterested acts of kindness, curiosity and trust.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 19:36
TED edited English subtitles for The Web as random acts of kindness | ||
TED added a translation |