Ingenuity and elegance in ancient African alphabets

From simple alphabets to secret symbolic languages, graphic designer Saki Mafundikwa celebrates the many forms of written communication across the continent of Africa. He highlights the history and legacy that are embodied in written words and symbols, and urges African designers to draw on these graphic forms for fresh inspiration. It's summed up in his favorite Ghanaian glyph, Sankofa, which means "return and get it" -- or "learn from the past."

I moved back home 15 years ago

after a 20-year stay in the United States,

and Africa called me back.

And I founded my country's first

graphic design and new media college.

And I called it the Zimbabwe
Institute of Vigital Arts.

The idea, the dream, was really
for a sort of Bauhaus

sort of school where new
ideas were interrogated

and investigated,

the creation of a new visual language

based on the African creative heritage.

We offer a two-year diploma

to talented students who have
successfully completed

their high school education.

And typography's a very important
part of the curriculum

and we encourage our students
to look inward for influence.

Here's a poster designed
by one of the students

under the theme "Education is a right."

Some logos designed by my students.

Africa has had a long
tradition of writing,

but this is not such a well-known fact,

and I wrote the book "Afrikan
Alphabets" to address that.

The different types of writing in Africa,

first was proto-writing,

as illustrated by Nsibidi,

which is the writing
system of a secret society

of the Ejagham people in southern Nigeria.

So it's a special-interest writing system.

The Akan of people of Ghana
and [Cote d'Ivoire]

developed Adinkra symbols
some 400 years ago,

and these are proverbs,
historical sayings,

objects, animals, plants,

and my favorite Adinkra system

is the first one at the top on the left.

It's called Sankofa.

It means, "Return and get
it." Learn from the past.

This pictograph by the Jokwe
people of Angola

tells the story
of the creation of the world.

At the top is God,
at the bottom is man, mankind,

and on the left is the sun,
on the right is the moon.

All the paths lead to and from God.

These secret societies
of the Yoruba, Kongo

and Palo religions

in Nigeria, Congo and Angola respectively,

developed this intricate writing system

which is alive and well
today in the New World

in Cuba, Brazil and Trinidad and Haiti.

In the rainforests of the Democratic
Republic of Congo,

in the Ituri society,

the men pound out a cloth
out of a special tree,

and the women, who are also
the praise singers,

paint interweaving patterns

that are the same in structure

as the polyphonic structures
that they use in their singing --

a sort of a musical score, if you may.

In South Africa, Ndebele women

use these symbols and other
geometric patterns

to paint their homes in bright colors,

and the Zulu women use the symbols

in the beads that they weave

into bracelets and necklaces.

Ethiopia has had the longest
tradition of writing,

with the Ethiopic script
that was developed

in the fourth century A.D.

and is used to write Amharic,

which is spoken by over 24 million people.

King Ibrahim Njoya of the Bamum
Kingdom of Cameroon

developed Shü-mom at the age of 25.

Shü-mom is a writing system.

It's a syllabary. It's not
exactly an alphabet.

And here we see
three stages of development

that it went through in 30 years.

The Vai people of Liberia had
a long tradition of literacy

before their first contact
with Europeans in the 1800s.

It's a syllabary and reads
from left to right.

Next door, in Sierra Leone, the Mende

also developed a syllabary,

but theirs reads from right to left.

Africa has had a long tradition of design,

a well-defined design sensibility,

but the problem in Africa has been that,

especially today, designers in Africa

struggle with all forms of design

because they are more apt to look outward

for influence and inspiration.

The creative spirit in Africa,
the creative tradition,

is as potent as it has always been,

if only designers could look within.

This Ethiopic cross illustrates

what Dr. Ron Eglash has established:

that Africa has a lot
to contribute to computing

and mathematics through their intuitive
grasp of fractals.

Africans of antiquity
created civilization,

and their monuments,
which still stand today,

are a true testimony of their greatness.

Most probably,
one of humanity's greatest achievements

is the invention of the alphabet,

and that has been attributed
to Mesopotamia

with their invention
of cuneiform in 1600 BC,

followed by hieroglyphics in Egypt,

and that story has been cast
in stone as historical fact.

That is, until 1998,

when one Yale professor
John Coleman Darnell

discovered these inscriptions
in the Thebes desert

on the limestone cliffs in western Egypt,

and these have been dated
at between 1800 and 1900 B.C.,

centuries before Mesopotamia.

Called Wadi el-Hol

because of the place
that they were discovered,

these inscriptions --
research is still going on,

a few of them have been deciphered,

but there is consensus among scholars

that this is really
humanity's first alphabet.

Over here, you see a paleographic chart

that shows what has
been deciphered so far,

starting with the letter
A, "ālep," at the top,

and "bêt," in the middle, and so forth.

It is time that students
of design in Africa

read the works of titans
like Cheikh Anta Diop,

Senegal's Cheikh Anta Diop,

whose seminal work on Egypt is vindicated

by this discovery.

The last word goes
to the great Jamaican leader

Marcus Mosiah Garvey

and the Akan people of Ghana

with their Adinkra symbol Sankofa,

which encourages us to go to the past

so as to inform our present

and build on a future
for us and our children.

It is also time that designers in Africa

stop looking outside.

They've been looking
outward for a long time,

yet what they were looking for

has been right there
within grasp, right within them.

Thank you very much.

(Applause)