We need to track the world's water like we track the weather

We need to build
a weather service for water,

yet until we collectively
demand accountability,

the incentives to fund it will not exist.

The first time I spoke at a conference
was here at TED eight years ago.

Fresh out of grad school,
little did I know

that in those few minutes onstage

I was framing the questions
I was going to be asked

for the next decade.

And, like too many 20-somethings,

I expected to solve the world's problems,

more specifically
the world's water problems,

with my technology.

I had a lot to learn.

It was seductive,

believing that our biggest
water quality problems persist

because they're so hard to identify,

and I presumed that we just needed

simpler, faster,
and more affordable sensors.

I was wrong.

While it's true

that managing tomorrow's water risk

is going to require better data
and more technology,

today we're barely using
the little water data that we have.

Our biggest water problems persist

because of what we don't do,

and the problems we fail to acknowledge.

There's actually little question
about what today's water data

is telling us to do as a species.

We need to conserve more

and we need to pollute less.

But today's data is not going
to help us forecast the emerging risks

facing businesses and markets.

It's rapidly becoming useless for that.

It used to carry more value,

but it's never actually told us
with any real accuracy

how much water we have or what's in it.

Let's consider the past decade
of water usage statistics

from each of the G20 nations.

Now what these numbers do not tell you

is that none of these countries
directly measures how much water they use.

These are all estimates,

and they're based on outdated models

that don't consider the climate crisis,

nor do they consider its impact on water.

In 2015, Chennai,
India's sixth-largest city,

was hit with the worst floods
it had seen in a century.

Today, its water reservoirs
are nearly dry.

It took three years to get here,

three years of sub-average rainfall.

Now, that's faster than most nations
tabulate their national water data,

including the US,

and although there were forecasts
that predicted severe shortages

of water in Chennai,

none of them could actually
help us pinpoint

exactly when or where
this was going to happen.

This is a new type of water problem,

because the rate at which
every aspect of our water cycle changes

is accelerating.

As a recent UN warning
this month revealed,

we are now facing one new
climate emergency every single week.

There are greater uncertainties
ahead for water quality.

It's rare in most countries
for most water bodies

to be tested for more than
a handful of contaminants in a year.

Instead of testing, we use
what's called the dilution model

to manage pollution.

Now imagine I took
an Olympic-sized swimming pool,

I filled it with fresh water,
and I added one drop of mercury.

That would dilute down
to one part per billion mercury,

which is well within what
the World Health Organization

considers safe.

But if there was any unforeseen drop

in how much water was available --

less groundwater,

less stream flow,

less water in the pool --

less dilution would take place

and things would get more toxic.

So this is how most countries
are managing pollution.

They use this model to tell them
how much pollution is safe,

and it has clear weaknesses,

but it worked well enough
when we had abundant water

and consistent weather patterns.

Now that we don't, we're going
to need to invest and develop

new data collection strategies.

But before we do that, we have to start
acting on the data we already have.

This is a jet fuel fire.

As many of you may be aware,

jet fuel emissions play
an enormous role in climate change.

What you might not be aware of
is that the US Department of Defense

is the world's largest
consumer of jet fuel,

and when they consume jet fuel,
they mandate the use

of the firefighting foam pictured here,

which contains a class
of chemicals called PFAS.

Nobody uses more of this foam
than the US Department of Defense,

and every time it's used, PFAS
finds its way into our water systems.

Globally, militaries have been using
this foam since the 1970s.

We know PFAS causes cancer, birth defects,

and it's now so pervasive
in the environment

that we seem to find it in nearly
every living thing we test,

including us.

But so far, the US Department of Defense
has not been held accountable

for PFAS contamination,

nor has it been held liable,

and although there's an effort underway
to phase out these firefighting foams,

they're not embracing safer,
effective alternatives.

They're actually using
other PFAS molecules,

which may for all we know
carry worse health consequences.

So today, government accountability
is eroding to the point of elimination,

and the risk of liability
from water pollution is vanishing.

What types of incentives does this create
for investing in our water future?

Over the past decade, the average
early stage global investment

in early stage water technology companies

has totaled less than
30 million dollars every year.

That's 0.12 percent of global
venture capital for early stage companies.

And public spending is not going up
nearly fast enough,

and a closer look at it reveals
water is not a priority.

In 2014, the US Federal Government
was spending 11 dollars per citizen

on water infrastructure

versus 251 dollars on IT infrastructure.

So when we don't use the data we have,

we don't encourage investment
in new technologies,

we don't encourage more data collection,

and we certainly don't encourage
investment in securing a water future.

So are we doomed?

Part of what I'm still learning

is how to balance the doom
and the urgency with things we can do,

because Greta Thunberg
and the Extinction Rebellion

don't want our hope, they want us to act.

So what can we do?

It's hard to imagine life
without a weather service,

but before modern weather forecasting,

we had no commercial air travel,

it was common for ships
to be lost at sea,

and a single storm could produce
a food shortage.

Once we had radio and telegraph networks,

all that was necessary
to solve these problems

was tracking the movement of storms.

And that laid the foundation
for a global data collection effort,

one that every household
and every business depends upon today.

And this was as much

the result of coordinated
and consistent data collection

as it was the result of producing
a culture that saw greater value

in openly assessing and sharing
everything that it could find out

and discover about the risks we face.

A global weather service for water
would help us forecast water shortages.

It could help us implement rationing
well before reservoirs run dry.

It could help us attack
contamination before it spreads.

It could protect our supply chains,

secure our food supplies,

and, perhaps most importantly,

it would enable
the precise estimation of risk

necessary to ensure against it.

We know we can do this because
we've already done it with weather,

but it's going to require resources.

We need to encourage
greater investment in water.

Investors, venture capitalists,

a portion of your funds and portfolios

should be dedicated to water.

Nothing is more valuable,

and after all, businesses are going
to need to understand water risks

in order to remain competitive
in the world we are entering.

Aside from venture capital,

there are also lots of promising
government programs

that encourage economic development
through tax incentives.

A new option in the US
that my company is using

is called opportunity zones.

They offer favorable tax treatment
for investing capital gains

in designated distressed
and low-income areas.

Now, these are areas

that are also facing
staggering water risk,

so this creates crucial incentives
to work directly with the communities

who need help most.

And if you're not looking
to make this type of investment

but you own land in the US,

did you know that
you can leverage your land

to conserve water quality permanently

with a conservation easement?

You can assign the perpetual right
to a local land trust

to conserve your land

and set specific water quality goals,

and if you meet those goals,

you can be rewarded with
a substantial tax discount every year.

How many areas could
our global community protect

through these and other programs?

They're powerful because they offer
the access to real property

necessary to lay the foundation
for a global weather service for water.

But this can only work

if we use these programs
as they are intended

and not as mere vehicles for tax evasion.

When the conservation easement
was established,

nobody could anticipate how ingrained

in environmental movements
corporate polluters would become,

and we've become accustomed to companies
talking about the climate crisis

while doing nothing about it.

This has undermined the legacy
and the impact of these programs,

but it also makes them
ripe for reclamation.

Why not use conservation easements
as they were intended,

to set and reach
ambitious conservation goals?

Why not create opportunities
in opportunity zones?

Because fundamentally,
water security requires accountability.

Accountability is not corporate polluters
sponsoring environmental groups

and museums.

Those are conflicts of interest.

(Applause)

Accountability is making
the risk of liability too expensive

to continue polluting
and wasting our water.

We can't keep settling for words.
It's time to act.

And where better to start
than with our biggest polluters?

Particularly the US Department of Defense,
which is taxpayer-funded.

Who and what are protecting
when US soldiers, their families,

and the people who live
near US military bases abroad

are all drinking toxic water?

Global security can no longer remain
at odds with protecting our planet

or our collective health.

Our survival depends on it.

Similarly,

agriculture in most countries
depends on taxpayer-funded subsidies

that are paid to farmers to secure
and stabilize food supplies.

These incentives are
a crucial leverage point for us,

because agriculture is responsible
for consuming 70 percent

of all the water we use every year.

Fertilizer and pesticide runoff

are the two biggest sources
of water pollution.

Let's restructure these subsidies
to demand better water efficiency

and less pollution.

(Applause)

Finally, we can't expect progress
if we're unwilling to confront

the conflicts of interest
that suppress science,

that undermine innovation,

and discourage transparency.

It is in the public interest to measure
and to share everything we can learn

and discover about
the risks we face in water.

Reality does not exist
until it's measured.

It doesn't just take
technology to measure it,

it takes our collective will.

Thank you.

(Applause)