How whistle-blowers shape history

How many of us have ever seen something,

thought that we should report it,
but decided not to?

And not that I need
to see a show of hands,

but I'm sure this has happened
to someone in this room before.

In fact, when this question
was asked to a group of employees,

46 percent of them responded
by saying that they had seen something,

and decided not to report it.

So if you raised your hand,
or quietly raised your hand,

don't feel bad, you're not alone.

This message of if you see something
to say something

is really all around us.

Even when driving down the highway,
you see billboards like this,

encouraging us to report crime
without revealing ourselves.

But I still feel like a lot of us
are really uncomfortable

coming forward in the name of the truth.

I'm an accounting professor
and I do fraud research.

And in my class, I encourage my students
to come forward with information

if they see it.

Or in other words, encouraging
my students to become whistle-blowers.

But if I'm being completely
honest with myself,

I am really conflicted with this message
that I'm sending to my students.

And here's why.

Whistle-blowers are under attack.

Headline after headline shows us this.

Many people choose
not to become whistle-blowers

due to the fear of retaliation.

From demotions to death threats,

to job loss --

perpetual job loss.

Choosing to become a whistle-blower
is an uphill battle.

Their loyalty becomes into question.

Their motives, their trustworthiness.

So how can I, as a professor
who really cares about her students,

encourage them to become whistle-blowers,

when I know how the world
truly feels about them?

So, one day I was getting ready
for my annual whistle-blower lecture

with my students.

And I was working on an article
for Forbes, entitled

"Wells Fargo and Millennial
Whistle-blowing.

What Do We Tell Them?"

And that I was working on this piece
and reading about the case,

I became outraged.

And what made me angry
was when I came to the fact and realized

that the employees
that tried to whistle-blow

were actually fired.

And it really made me think

about the message that
I was sharing with my students.

And it made me think, what if my students
had been Wells Fargo employees?

On the one hand, if they whistle-blew
they would have gotten fired.

But on the other hand,

if they didn't report
the frauds that they knew,

the way current regulation is written,

employees are held responsible

if they knew something
and didn't report it.

So criminal prosecution is a real option.

What's a person supposed to do
with those type of odds?

I of all people know
the valuable contributions

that whistle-blowers make.

In fact, most frauds
are discovered by them.

Forty two percent of frauds
are discovered by a whistle-blower

in comparison to other methods,

like measurement review
and external audit.

And when you think
about some of the more classic

or historical fraud cases,

it always is around a whistle-blower.

Think Watergate -- discovered
by a whistle-blower.

Think Enron -- discovered
by a whistle-blower.

And who can forget about Bernard Madoff,
discovered by a whistle-blower?

It takes a tremendous amount of courage
to come forward in the name of the truth.

But when we think
about the term whistle-blower,

we often think of some
very descriptive words:

rat,

snake,

traitor,

tattletale, weasel.

And those are the nice words,
the ones I can say from the stage.

And so when I'm not in class,
I go around the country

and I interview white-collar felons,

whistle-blowers and victims of fraud.

Because really I'm trying to understand
what makes them tick,

and to bring those experiences
back into the classroom.

But it's my interviews with
whistle-blowers that really stick with me.

And they stick with me,

because they make me question
my own courage.

When given the opportunity,
would I actually speak up?

And so, this is a couple stories
that I want to share with you.

This is Mary.

Mary Willingham is the whistle-blower
from the University of North Carolina

at Chapel Hill, academic fraud case.

And Mary was a learning specialist
at the University,

and she worked with students,
primarily student athletes.

And what she noticed,
when she was working with students,

is they were turning in term papers

that seemed well beyond
their reading levels.

She started to ask a couple of questions,

and she found out
that there was a database

where the student athletes
could retrieve papers and turn them in.

And then she found out
that some of her colleagues

were funneling students into fake classes,
just to keep them eligible to play.

Now, when Mary found this out,
she was outraged.

And so what she tried to do
was go to her direct supervisor.

But they didn't do anything.

And then Mary tried to go to some
internal University administrators.

And they didn't do anything.

So, what happens when nobody listens?

You blog.

So Mary decided to develop a blog.

Her blog went viral within 24 hours,

and she was contacted by a reporter.

Now, when she was contacted
by this reporter,

her identity was known.

She was exposed.

And when she was exposed,
she received a demotion,

death threats, over collegiate sports.

Mary didn't do anything wrong,
she didn't participate in the fraud,

she really thought
that she was giving voice

to students that were voiceless.

But her loyalty was questioned.

Her trustworthiness and her motives.

Now, whistle-blowing
doesn't always have to end

in demotions or death threats.

Actually, in 2002, this was
the cover of "Time" magazine,

where we were actually honoring
three brave whistle-blowers,

for their decision to come forward
in the name of the truth.

And when you look at the research,

22 percent of whistle-blowers
actually report retaliation.

So there is a huge population of people
that report and are not retaliated against

and that gives me hope.

So this is Kathe.

Kathe Swanson is a retired city clerk
from the city of Dixon.

And one day, Kathe was doing her job,
just like she always did,

and she stumbled upon
a pretty interesting case.

See, Kathe was at the end of the month,

and she was doing her
treasures report for the city,

and typically, her boss, Rita Crundwell,
gave her a list of accounts and said,

"Kathe, call the bank
and get these specific accounts."

And Kathe did her job.

But this particular day,
Rita was out of town

and Kathe was busy.

She picks up the phone, she calls the bank
and says, "Fax me all of the accounts."

And when she gets the fax,
she sees that there is an account

that has some withdrawals
and deposits in it,

that she did not know about.

It was an account controlled only by Rita.

So Kathe looked at the information,
she reported it to her direct supervisor,

which was then-mayor Burke,

and this led into a huge investigation,
a six-month investigation.

Come to find out, Kathe's boss,
Rita Crundwell, was embezzling money.

Rita was embezzling 53 million dollars
over a 20-year period,

and Kathe just happened
to stumble upon it.

Kathe is a hero.

And actually, I had the opportunity

of interviewing Kathe for my documentary,
"All the Queen's Horses."

And Kathe wasn't seeking fame.

In fact, she really didn't want
to talk to me for a really long time,

but through strategic stalking,
she ended up doing the interview.

(Laughter)

But she was seeking fairness, not fame.

And if it wasn't for Kathe,

who's to say this fraud
would have ever been discovered?

So, remember that Forbes article
I was talking about,

that I was working on before my lecture?

Well, I posted it and something
really fantastic happened.

I started receiving emails
from whistle-blowers all over the world.

And as I was receiving these emails
and responding back to them,

there was a common theme
in the message that I received,

and this is what it was:

they all said this, "I blew the whistle,
people really hate me now.

I got fired, but guess what?

I would do it all over again if I could."

And so as I kept reading this message,
all these messages,

I wanted to think, what could I
share with my students?

And so, I pooled it all together
and this is what I learned.

It's important for us to cultivate hope.

Whistle-blowers are hopeful.

Despite popular belief,

they're not all disgruntled employees
that have a beef with the company.

Their hopefulness really is
what drives them to come forward.

We also have to cultivate commitment.

Whistle-blowers are committed.

And it's that passion
to their organization

that makes them want to come forward.

Whistle-blowers are humble.

Again, they're not seeking fame,
but they are seeking fairness.

And we need to continue
to cultivate bravery.

Whistle-blowers are brave.

Often, they underestimated

the impact whistle-blowing
had on their family,

but what they contain to comment on
is how hard it is to withhold the truth.

With that, I want to leave you
with one additional name:

Peter Buxtun.

Peter Buxtun was a 27-year-old
employee for the US Public Health Service.

And he was hired to interview people

that had sexually transmitted diseases.

And through the course of his work,
he noticed a clinical study

that was going on within the organization.

And it was a study that was looking
at the progression of untreated syphilis.

And so, there were
600 African American males

that were in this study,

they were enticed into the study
through being given

free medical exams, burial insurance.

And so, what happened
through the course of this study,

is penicillin was discovered
to help treat syphilis.

And what Peter noticed was,

the participants in this study
were not given the penicillin

to treat their syphilis.

And the participants didn't know.

So similar to Mary, Peter tried to report
and talk to his internal supervisors,

but no one listened.

And so Peter thought
this was completely unfair,

and he tried to report again,

and finally talked to a reporter --
very similar to Mary.

And in 1972, this was the front page
of The New York Times:

"Syphilis Victims in US Study
Went Untreated for 40 Years."

This is known to us today
as the Tuskegee syphilis experiment.

And Peter was the whistle-blower.

What happened to the 600 men,
you may wonder, the 600 original men?

Twenty eight men dies from syphilis.

One hundred died
from syphilis complications,

forty wives were infected

and 10 children were born
with congenital syphilis.

Who's to say what these numbers would be

if it wasn't for the brave,
courageous act of Peter?

We're all connected to Peter, actually.

If you know anybody
that's in a clinical trial,

the reason why we have
informed consent today

is because of Peter's courageous act.

So let me ask you a question.

That original question,
a variation of the original question.

How many of us have ever used the term

snitch, rat

tattletale,

snake,

weasel,

leak?

Anybody?

Before you get the urge to do that again,

I want you to think a little bit.

It might be the Mary,
the Peter, the Kathys of the world.

You might be the person
that could shape history,

or they could be the person
that shapes yours.

Thank you.

(Applause)