(h) TROM - 2.26 Death

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the truth discovered by science, until now.

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saliva begin to dissolve the food as a teeth grind and cut it.

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food goes from the pharynx to the esophagus

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the peristaltic wave reach the esophageal sphincter and food enters the stomach.

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to pick up the digestion nutrients.

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The un-digestive food reaches the Ileo-cecal valve and enters the large intestine or colon.

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Embryonic and fetal development

I'm Not Surprised

Not Everything Lasts

Have Broken My Heart So Many Times,

I Stopped Keepin Track.

Talk Myself In

I Talk Myself Out

I Get All Worked Up

Then I Let Myself Down.

I Tried So Very Hard Not To Lose It

I Came Up With A Million Excuses

I Thought I Thought Of Every Possibility

And I Now Someday That It'll All Turn Out

You'll Make Me Work So We Can Work To Work It Out

And I Promise You Kid That I'll Give So Much More Than I Get

I Just Haven't Met You Yet

I Might Have To Wait

I'll Never Give Up

I Guess It's Half Time

And The Other Half's Luck

Wherever You Are

Whenever It's Right

You Come Out Of Nowhere And Into My Life

And I Know That We Can Be So Amazing

And Baby Your Love Is Gonna Change Me

And Now I Can See Every Possibility

And Somehow I Know That Will All Turn Out

And You'll Make Me Work So We Can Work To Work It Out

And I Promise You Kid I'll Give So Much More Than I Get

I Just Haven't Met You Yet

They Say All's Fair

And In Love And War

But I Won't Need To Fight It

We'll Get It By It

To Be United

And I Know That We Can Be So Amazing

And Baby Your Love Is Gonna Change Me

And Now I Can See Every single Possibility

And Someday I Know It'll All Turn Out

And I'll Work To Work It Out

Promise You Kid I'll Give More Than I Get

Than I Get Than I Get han I Get

Oh You Know It Will All Turn Out

And You'll Make Me Work So We Can Work To Work It Out

And I Promise You Kid To Give So Much More Than I Get

Yeah I Just Haven't Met You Yet

I Just Haven't Met You Yet

Oh Promise You Kid

To Give So Much More Than I Get

I Said Love Love Love Love Love Love Love...

I Just Haven't Met You Yet

Love Love Love...

I Just Haven't Met You Yet

Now, to better understand, take this child and put him into a glass box,

and give him food and oxygen until the age of 18.

You'll notice how he is transforming miraculously.

Basically, almost everything that you gave him, is transforming into his body.

This is how he looked before. This is how he will look after 18 years.

This is what happens when you grow. Practically you are a transformation.

But what happens when you die?

Death seems and entirely cruel or negative event

bringing loss and and breathment ???

yet from the very start there is a fundamental link between life and death in our bodies

our bodies are built from organized colonies of cells.

In fact what we see when we look at our cells are vast communities of cells

billions of them.

Each one plays a particular role

a heart cell, a muscle cell, a brain cell.

In an incredible act of harmony and organization, they work together

performing the functions of the organs they belong to.

From the very start of our lives, this tireless dedication to duty

often requires our cells to die.

Some cells in the fetus, actually receive signals to self-destruct

here the developing hand grows has an enormous bumble of cells.

Then cells are systematically destroyed

sculpting the finger, and the gaps between

in much the same way a sculptor chips away a block of stone.

From the very beginning of the humans body's journey

death becomes an essential part of life.

Under the microscope we can see how cells are destroyed.

this process continues throughout our lives.

The cells become damaged

or just worn out

During the course of this program around a billion cells in your body will die.

This program shows death keeps us healthy and alive.

In this way we can think of death as part of the creative force of life.

But do our own deaths play a part in the large human story?

Are we like cells in some cosmic machine?

Are death so being a greater unseen purpose?

Well, sadly not.

It's seems that death is the price we pay for having sex.

When we have sex we can create new life,

but we do not just produce copies of ourselves.

Each one of this babies is unique, the result of the particular mix of their parents genes.

Through evolution, winning combinations of genes, get passed on from generation to generation.

This process, which we call nature selection

has speeded up our ability to adapt and evolve.

Without sex and the mixing of genes

we would never have evolved into such complex organisms.

The processes of death in the human body are remarkable.

This is what it would look like if you could see the human body cool down over 24 hours.

Death comes not as a single quick event

but a slow winding down.

It's difficult to say when every cell in the body ceases to have life.

Long before we start breathing, a brain may die;

our personality lost forever.

When someone dies, we miss all the things which make them human.

Their personality, the unique identity, their emotions and warmth.

What is that sense of being, that consciousness which goes?

And is there a place in our brain where it can be found?

In this experiment we would be able to see the brain at work.

A hundred and twenty eight sensors

pick up tiny electrical signals

emitted as my brain cells fire.

This is the pattern produced when I am relaxed.

All this activity is simply the result of doing nothing.

As soon as I open my eyes, the brain leaps into action.

Even the simple task of watching television

involves my brain in millions of actions.

A single second, stretched into a thousands steps

shows swells of activity sweeping all over my head.

First the information travels to the back of my brain

From there the activity moves through the short term memory areas

and then to the front of the brain, the part actually involved in thinking.

The question is

can we find a single part of the brain that gives me my sense of myself...

...that makes me Robert Witston?

Well it seems that the brain is just a bit more complicated than that.

In fact it appears to work something like an orchestra.

There are areas that do different things

There are areas that do different things

as string section, the conductor, the brass players,

but the output, the music if you like

isn't just about the areas that work

but about the order that they are working.

Just as an orchestra can produce an infinite variety of music

depending on which instruments play and when

so too, the brain can produce limitless results

depending on the sequence in which the clusters of brain cells connect.

But the brain has more than a hundred musicians making music

If you counted the connections between cells, just on the surface

it will take you thirty two millions years.

this ??? complexity leads scientists to believe

it's our brain taken as a whole that creates our counscious self,

the self we lose when we die.

This is a heart bypass operation

While the heart is not moving the surgeon can reroute blood vessels,

the part of the heart muscles where clogged arteries are restricting the flow.

The bizarre thing is that if I saw somebody in this condition outside of the operating theater

I'd think they were dead.

He's no pulse, he's not breathing, and heart is not beating at all.

Yet in a short time, this patient would be awake

and chatting with his family and friends.

These days we can't decide that the person is dead

just by seeing if their heart has stopped.

instead we look to the brain and to one vital part

the brain stem.

Buried at the back of the head

the brain stem is a relic of our ancient past.

Millions of years ago this was all the brain our distant ancestors had.

They were primitive creatures

They were primitive creatures

in fact it's still called the reptile brain.

Evolution has buried it on the layers of a more complex brain

but it's still the foundation of life.

It controls our most basic functions

keeping our heart beating, breathing

regulating blood pressure, and the body's temperature.

that's why when the brain stem dies

doctors can be certain, that the patient is clinically dead.

We find it hard to contemplate our own deaths

to imagine that one day we will no longer live in this world.

but there is a way in which our bodies continue

after we die.

The cells in our bodies are made out of atoms which have existed since the start of the universe.

they are constantly being exchanged and recycled.

so what today are our bodies,

were once part of plants, animals, trees

indeed other humans.

and in the future, well...

This journey that each of us takes from birth to death

is just one tiny step

in a much bigger journey

part of an endless repeating cycle, from life to death.

Worms will gain weight, plants will grow,

your body will turn into other elements of nature.

That's the reality.

Think about a man eaten by lions. What happens with his body?

The same with a chicken eaten by you.

It's just like any food.

The human body will go into the structure and the development of lions.

In fact, this form, the human being, dies, because everything is metamorphosing.

What happens after death,

is what we observe and if you feel there is something more than that,

think about the origin of those thoughts,

what motivates them

and if there are any facts that support your claim.

We can create billions of scenarios about what happens after death but it’s pointless.

We need to take responsibility for what we discover.

Humans are part of the Universe,

we represent a transformation in nature.

Our bodies are a collection of atoms that work together to form a specific entity.

These atoms can be arranged in different ways to form everything we currently know:

from stars to grass,

from the universe to micro-organisms;

a human being is a collection of atoms

arranged in a particular way.

We can define the human species as a pattern of arranging atoms.

Thus, our individuality is actually represented by electrical signals in our brain,

signals that can be created, modified and removed.

We can never know what is like to die.

But some people have come very close to death

only to revive at the final moment to tell the tale.

Their near death experiences might offer some insight

into what happens in the dying brain.

I was in a motorcycle accident in which I suffered...

...fractured skull and numerous broken bones in my head

I said "God if you are out there", because I was kind of agnostic

"you can have me now, because I'm finished, I can't go on."

And it was at that point that I felt myself

separating from my body and entering into the near death experience.

I became aware that I was in a tunnel, there is no other way of describe it,

you couldn't see it you could sense it.

and then down in the distance I could see this little spec of light

which gradually got bigger and bigger

which gradually got bigger and bigger

as it would if you were in a tunnel and there is light at the end of it.

We travel that some great speed in distance through the tunnel

and everything that ever was is and will be.

We're contained in this ???

Nearly all who has come close to death

give the same accounts of out of body sensations

and tunnels of light.

Similar experiences are also reported by fighter pilots

when subjected to massive aceleration

they lose consciousness.

Video tapes are on, flight forming ??? have been secured.

Roger, flight deck is manned and ready.

This is the world's largest centrifuge.

It is used to investigate the effects of high G forces on pilots.

Subjects could be spammed so fast that the blood drains from their brain and they blackout.

OK, we ready to begin on my mark.

3, 2 , 1 , mark.

We feel like our investigation of loss of consciousness

is about as close as you can get to investigating the next stage which is death.

As the subject enters G lock,

gravity induced the loss of consciousness, their experiences are recorded.

[Subject] I can't think in a damn thing.

[On Radio] OK sir, are you lost?

[Subject] Sure, I don't know where I am?

The sensations is that we have associated with blackout

nearly always include the tunneling of the vision

down to the central point where you just have light ahead of you.

So why do extreme G forces

and near death experiences produce the effect of seeing tunnels of light?

While the brain is starved for oxygen

neurons which deal with vision fire random.

neurons which deal with vision fire random.

This creates a sensation of bright light.

As there are more neurons devoted to the center of our visual field

and less at the edges,

the light appears to be brightest in the center, creating a tunnel effect.

Had I had the choice I would never have wanted to leave.

This was just so perfect, so wonderful.

Can't describe it was just total

love, happiness, bliss, knowledge

3...2...1...pressure.

Now just try relax. You are 100% alright.

I had about 35% loss of consciousness episodes.

Nearly all of those has been , they are very pleasent and almost give you a sense of euphoria.

The sensation of euphoria, maybe because the brain releases opia like sustances

to relieve the acute distress and the pain.

This produce hallucinations in the parts of the brain that deal with memories and emotions.

this research has certanly allowed me to have

a much greater understanding and reduction in the amount of fear associated

with losing consciousness and then dying.

Now, to show how far from reality most humans are,

let's go through the following scenario.

You wake up tomorrow in a building with four floors,ten rooms.

In the building, many objects, but also food.

At first sight it's impossible to exit the building.

You have a bomb attached to your left hand,

an intelligent one, that will automatically inject a poison into the bloodstream,

that will kill you instantly.

Trying to cut off your hand and stop blood flow from it will trigger it.

Try to remove it from your hand, it activates.

On this bomb there is a timer that shows how much time you have left,

2 more 'days', after which it will activate.

In the building there are one hundred people in the same situation as you.

But no-one can see anyone else’s time.

They don't think about the situation too much.

START.

What are you doing?

You walk through the building to see how it is?

You get to know the people in the building?

You look through the window?

You see the landscapes, and try to get out of the building?

You write music?

Poems?

Will you imagine how the building would look like, if those people would live more than two days?

Would there be enough food for everyone?

Would the building become crowded?

Will you develop theories about the world after the bomb?

What would you do?

More than likely most people would try to defuse the bomb,

find ways not to die.

Well... you are in a similar situation,

shocking isn’t it?

You wake up tomorrow in a building with four floors,

ten rooms.

In the building, many objects,

but also food.

At first sight it's impossible to exit the building.

You have a bomb attached to your left hand,

an intelligent one, that will automatically inject a poison into the bloodstream,

that will kill you instantly.

Trying to cut off your hand and stop blood flow from it will trigger it.

Try to remove it from your hand, it activates.

On this bomb there is a timer that shows how much time you have left,

2 more 'days', after which it will activate.

In the building there are one hundred people in the same situation as you.

But no-one can see anyone else’s time.

They don't think about the situation too much.

START.

What are you doing?

You walk through the building to see how it is?

You get to know the people in the building?

You look through the window?

You see the landscapes, and try to get out of the building?

You write music?

Poems?

Will you imagine how the building would look like, if those people would live more than two days?

Would there be enough food for everyone?

Would the building become crowded?

Will you develop theories about the world after the bomb?

What would you do?

The problem is that you do not realize it,

because of the long time between the present and death.

It's shocking, it's hilarious, it's amazing, and it's real.

It is possible to realize it when you are approaching death,

for example the clock changes to show that you only have a few months left to live.

And, it's very probable that,

if you realize what death actually means,

you will enjoy life more

Marry Allan use to run the royal opera house

now she spend most of her day gardening and trying to write a novel

And I used to get up ??? at 5 o'clock in the morning

leave the house at 5:30, get to my desk at six

Then I'd have 3 hours for anybody else turned up

when I can do my reading and my thinking and my writing

9 o'clock through till 7 I had meetings.

and then at 7 o'clock I had to go out to ??? or a dinner, or some kind of function.

[Journalist]You got a chance to look at the flowers?

Occasionally, fleetingly

very very fleetingly.

[Journalist] But on the whole, what would you mostly taken up?

[Journalist] But on the whole, what would you mostly taken up?

[Marry Allan] Just keeping ??? thing on the road.

[I] Remember in february '97 thinking

I can't carry on doing this much longer, because I'll turn out to be empty.

You know what I do with my life?

I think about art spending, art's politics, a bit of art if I'm lucky.

I got nothing else in my head I got nothing else I can talk about.

[Narrator] In 1999 Marry was diagnosed with breast cancer.

She quit the high flying career that it meant so much to her.

how did the thought of death changed your values?

I think it makes you reassess everything almost instantly and overnight.

I think one of the most important things to me was realizing that

through all these years that I've been at the Arts Council,

and Royal Opera House,

I'd hoped that my friends would wait

and wouldn't mind the fact that I wasn't spending too much time to them, but I always assumed that

time if not infinite it was reasonable amount of it.

And that one of the most important thing we've done is to just spend far more time and energy

and make more of a commitment to personal relationships, so that's my husband

my family, friendhips

And what started to matter less?

Oh, work.

Work, work, suddenly

had the status of nothing about

providing you with the money to live.

[Journalist] Whereas before what it'd been for you?

[Mary Ann] Oh, beforehand I think it had been

a means through which I could achieve all kinds of subsidiary objectives,

like felling good about myself, intelectual stimulus

in fact all kind of things that I couldn't provide to myself through other ways.

We started filming Herbie
a year after he learnt he had a fatal cancer.

[Herbie] The surgeon told Hannelorre
it was very bad.

he said is has the size... the tumor had the size of two soccer balls,

you know it's very big.

And Hannelorre asked him "What do you think? How long he has to live?"

And he said to Hannelorre , I don't know how long I have? Half a year or a year?

Oh my God never, a couple of months and he's finished.

A couple a months ago we created this small garden here

and I get from a good friend from Switzerland

a couple of roses, planted here

because when I die I get cremated

and Hannelorre will put this edges after that

around this roses that you see here.

this is my greatest wish and my will.

Where I want to be buried forever.

[Hannelorre] OK, are you comfortable there Herbie,

[Doctor] Yeah, it's OK so...

Herbie, together with Hannelorre has decided to let us film the final moment of his life.

I know I never see this film in my life time.

[Hannelorre] Now it has spilled out a little bit more here on the top... hasn't it ... over the last week.

[Herbie] Yeah

I like that everybody see that a human being can manage an illness like my illness.

And everybody can see in this film that is a way to make the best for the end of your life.

The hospice worker and I we talk were very close together and we trust each other.

When I asked her, "What is happened when I go to die, when I have to die?"

And he said "Herbie, you don't have to be worried about it"

"you'll die painless and in peace"

And I 'm not worry about when I die, tomorrow, today or in a couple of months.

I know what's coming, and I face it.

[Hannelorre] Hi Herbie look who is here
[Herbie] Hello.

[Herbie] Hello Dr Murphy.
[Doctor] Good evening, how are you?

[Herbie] Nice to see you.
[Doctor] Good to see you always.

[Herbie] Ah, yeah.
[Doctor] I can all way here to make you cheered up.

[Herbie] Ah, yeah.
[Doctor] I can all way here to make you cheered up.

[Herby] Yeah, thank you.
[Doctor] It makes away from ordinary patients.

[Doctor] Any complains?

[Narrator] The tumor in Herbie's body presses against vital organs, such as the liver and kidneys.

[Doctor] That's good Herby, that's lovely; no change.

[Narrator] They keep our cells healthy by regulating the delicate chemical balances in the body.

[Doctor] Now just show me your pulse Herby. It's very important.
[Herby] Yeah.

If these organs fail, the balance is lost,

and the body can no longer sustain life.

[Doctor] Do you have somebody coming to see you, to visit you? Is your brother coming?

[Herbie] My brother's coming yes, tonight.
[Doctor] Tonight?

[Doctor] That can be fun
[Herbie] Maybe the last time I see him

[Doctor] - Oh I don't, I don't think so. I hope not. But um...

[Herbie] Because I feel in myself is close to the end now.

[Doctor] You think that?
[Herbie] I feel it yeah.

[Doctor] And that doesn't worry you?
[Herbie] No, no, no it doesn't worry me. No.

[Herbie] I know it.
[Doctor] I think you are extraordinary, you know you are extraordinary?

[Hannelorre] Sunday's his birthday,
[Herbie] Sunday is my birthday on Sunday.

[Hannelore] - Yes.
[Doctor] I didn't know that, so what it's your age then?

[Herbie] 63
[Doctor] 63

[Herby] Yeah
[Doctor] Not a bad age

[Herbie]Oh I'm absolute delighted.

As I can another springtime, the season's changed now,

the weather can be little better, the sun coming out,

I'm anywhere, I'm a man, I like the nature, you know? and the flowers

the trees when they start to blooming now.

But I never know what is tomorrow.

Then the tumor in my belly is a time bomb.

You know a real time bomb, and I never know what is tomorrow

and I enjoy now everyday.

I believe when I'm dead, I'm dead,

and that's it.

There is not other life, there's nothing.

When you are dying, you are gone, forever.

You can say dust to dust, because dust is what's left, nothing.

A handful ash is left.

[Hannelorre] Monday, it was just a normal day, we had breakfast together and

just like everyday.

Then we went to sleep it was everything normal.

And at Tuesday morning Herbie called me around five o'clock,

and then he said to me, he was very heavy breathing and he was feeling very uncomfortable

and then he say to me, "Hannelorre think I die today."

[10am Tuesday 8th April.]

[Hannelorre] When I talk now to him, you think he can hear me?

[Nurse] the hearing is the last thing to go
[Hannelorre] yeah

[Nurse] even when they cannot speak,
[Hannelorre] Yeah

[Nurse] that's why it's so important to never say anything

[Nurse] that you wouldn't say if they were in the full
[Hannelorre] Yeah

[Nurse] since because they can't... people who have recovered from being at death's toll

[Nurse] have told how they heard every single thing that was said.
[Hannelorre] yeah?

[Nurse] Yeah. It's most important never to... you know?
[Hannelorre] Uhm

[7pm Thursday]

[Hannelorre] Are you OK? (Alles klar? (German))

[Hannelorre speaks German]

[Nurse] ???
[Hannelorre] Uhm.

[Nurse] ???. So marvelous.
[Hannelorre] ???

[Man] Herbie wants something. He is reaching there for that, for the holder.

[Narrator] In the final hours Herbie receives visits from friends,

[Narrator] Brandon and his young daughter Orla come to see him for the last time.

Put those into Herby's hands.

Hold his hand because he is lovely and warm.

[Hannelorre] Hello Orla. How are you?

[Brandon] And if I was loaded with morphine I think I'd pretty warm too.

[Brandon] And if I was loaded with morphine I think I'd pretty warm too.

Herbie hasn't got long for this world I suppose.

[Hannelorre] But he hear you. You can speak to him.

[Brandon] He has been preparing for this for a long time.

[Hannelorre] Sing him the song "From the heather we go all to the mountains"

[Brandon] Yeah why not?
[Hannelorre] Yeah please.

[Brandon] You know the chorus? Will you go lassie go...

[Orla] Yes I do.
[Brandon] OK.

Oh the summer time is comin'

and the leaves are sweetly bloomin'

And the wild mountain thyme

grows around the bloomin' heather

[Brandon, Orla] Will you go lassie go

and we'll all go together

To pluck wild mountain thyme

all around a bloomin' heather.

Will you go lassie go?

[Brandon] Last time I walked in here I did the same I'm not gonna be deprived now.

Herbie, take care.

[Wednesday 9th April]

[Hospice worker] Hello Doctor Murphy it's Peggy the nurse of the hospice.

I'm with Herbie at the moment. I've just arrived.

He is very very rattly at the moment.

???

[Narrator] By morning Horby's breathing become increasingly noisy.

This is a very common condition, it doesn't trouble Herbie

and it's easily helped by medication.

[Peggy]I don't think he has pain,
[Hannelorre] No no it's not pain...

[Hannelorre] It's only this rattling, and this shacking
[Peggy] Shacking yeah

[Hannelorre] just came
[Peggy] just started today this morning?

[Hannelorre] Yeah, yeah just...
[Peggy] Just before I come in.

[Hannelorre] before you came in.
[Peggy] Yeah

[Hannelorre] he was shacking like this
[Peggy] Yeah

[Hannelorre] And this is this normal,
[Peggy] it happens, it does, yeah.

[3:30 pm]

[Hannelorre speaks German]

die in peace.

die in peace.

Yeah. Die in peace.

[Peggy] Mary. Horbie just died ... yeah.

Ok?... Yeah

[Hannelorre speaks German]

Cause of death is this inoperable huge cancer
that he had,

retroperitoneal liposarcoma.

His heart gave away, and his lungs failed,
and his liver failed, and his kidneys failed.

General failure overall,

due to the effect of the cancer over the last one and a half years.

It's extraordinary he has lived so long.

Afterwards, when they laid him down and

he was so peaceful looking, he was so really nice looking and

I couldn't cry, I couldn't cry, it was just

nice for me it was a relieve, Horbie's is now in peace

and everything is over for him.

Not for me, but for him.

I was happy for him.

Oh the summertime is comin',

And the leaves are sweetly bloomin',

And the wild mountain thyme

Grows around the bloomin' heather.

Will you go, lassie, go?

And we'll all go together.

To pluck wild mountain thyme

All around the bloomin' heather.

Will you go, lassie, go?

[Hannelorre] Dear friends, it was Herbie's wish

to read his epilogue before we spread the ashes around the roses.

In 1981 my wife Hannelorre and I decided to go to live in peace in harmony in Ireland.

[Herbie] I can look back on many fulfilling years with her.

And I thank her, deeply, for sharing her life with me.

My wish is that all my friends and neighbours live together in peace,

without jealousy and animosity.

May you all hold me in good memory.

[Brandon] Will you go lazy go.

Just sing of like Herbie with us.

And we'll all go together.

To plant wild mountain thyme

All around the bloomin' heather.

Will you go, lassie, go?

So they say we have eyes to see with.

That makes sense to all normal people.

You have eyes and you see if there's light,

but you don't have eyes too see with.

They think you have ears to hear with.

No, you have ears and you hear.

In some animals ears turn into the direction of the sound.

There's no purpose of life

and that's a hard thing to accept

people ego

think "Fresco is here to help make the world a better place"

well, that's pleasing to me

but I'm not buying that shit.

I know that nature has no purpose.

A guy named Spencer, a scientist

tried to describe what life was

he said life: automatically adjust. if you get very hot, you sweat

and cools the body temperature.

And if it's cold the body generates heat, you shiver

And if it's cold the body generates heat, you shiver

it generates heat by friction.

So he said, that's what a living thing is.

So a guy said to him: "That's exactly what my refrigerator does

when it get hot, it get colder automatically"

So no one ever really gave a good description of a differences between living and non living things

[ Alternative Solutions ]

Death is often the result of a process we call aging.

Aging a complex but natural process

that affects every molecule, every cell , every organ, and ultimatelly your entire body functions

and other chronological aging is inevitable unfortunately.

Unlocking the secrets to biological aging has perhaps been the ultimate scientific quest

for many years.

Most recently, scientific research has focused on the way our cells age

and how aging impact their function, reproduction and ultimately the lifespan of ourselves.

This may help us to better understand the causes

and ultimately the potential solutions for key age-related diseases

Such as just heart disease and cancer.

We've all known on people who look old for their age.

Clearly there are genetic factors involved there

lifestyle factors, nutritional factors; Tha all effect how we age.

but now much as known about these cellular processes that incorporates these various factors,

and lead to people aging slowly

or more quickly

The first way we age is due to DNA damage.

Our DNA is under continuous assault.

from ionizing radiation, from toxins in the environment

and even as a result of just the normal processes of the metabolism.

And up to a million DNA damaging assaults occur every single day.

And this can result in genetic typos or mistakes in the DNA replication.

Now these mutations can accumulate over time eventually causing cells to malfunction

and even die prematurely.

Our body's though have prepare mechanisms that take care of this DNA damage.

however defects in DNA repair seem to be directly related to the aging process.

This critical balance between protecting the DNA from damage

as well as repairing DNA is an ongoing area of active research.

Another process that lead to aging as well as disease,

is the activation of genetic regulators

which are also known as transcription factors.

These impact a multitude of metabolism processes in our bodies,

including the dynamic balance between DNA damaging repair

also between energy production and decline,

and control cells lifespan.

Over time the activity of this genetic regulators seems to decline

and cumulative cell damage can occur

This cumulative of damage contributes to age related cellular deterioration

and also contributes to many diseases of aging including cancer,

kidney failure and even dementia.

The third way that we age is related to cellular structures called mitochondria.

which are the ???enter-cellular power plant that transform carbohydrates

fats and proteins from the food that you eat into energy that your body can use.

But free radicals are also generated in this process

which can lead to serious damage to your mitochondria membane

as well as to DNA.

This ???oxydated damage accumulates over time

leading to decreases in both the number of mitochodnria in our cells

as well as their function

and can contribute to the development of many ???aging-related diseases

including heart disease, arthritis and Alzheimer's disease.

As we age our proteins and other structural molecules

develop damaging crossing to one another through a process called Glycation.

Glucose molecules attach to proteins

forming what are called Advanced Glycation End Products

also known as AGE proteins.

The accumulation of this crossing damage proteins

are somehow like ??? building up in your arteries.

And they are tied to some of the most ???habilitating effects of aging.

In fact scientist are theorizing that this age proteins

may play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis,

as well as certain complications of diabetes and chronic kidney failure.

Is anti-aging medicine available right now?

There are no really effective anti-aging medicine for pharmaceutical development right now.

The only thing that really exists

are things that may be of some benefit to people who are unusually susceptible to particular aspects of aging.

People who for example might becoming down with type 2 diabetes in their thirty.

Or who might get heart diseases in their thirties.

That's unusually young and if you are genetically susceptible so that's may happen to you

then there are things that you can do that might stave that off

and bring you closer to having an average age alongside of that problem,

and therefore an average lifespan

but for people who are already by default got an average lifespan,

that they are not gonna die until the age of 80 or wherever happened, unless they get hit by a truck.

Then, there is nothing that can ??? extent the life.

How relevant are my genes in determining my longevity?

Τhere is some misunderstandings in the popular press about

the extend to which one's genetics affects one's longevity.

and this is very because the

comparisons that scientists make to put number on the importance of genes to longevity.

Another way they would have explained. ???

So if we compare different human beings

then they typical number that people get is about 25% of

the difference between different people longevity is explained by their genes

but in reality, virtually all of our longevity is determined by genes

because it also explains the difference between

ultimatelly the reason they don't live that long is because they

explains the difference between our lifespan and the lifespan of mice our fruit flies or whatever

Ultimately the reason the don't live so long is because

they have different genes, that would force them to have a different body that ages less well

and therefore age is more rapidly.

Why has the average human lifespan increased over the last 100 years?

At the moment we have in the industrialized world

an average lifespan that something around twice it was

was a hundred or a hundred and twenty years ago.

Which is a pretty respectable increase.

And that's happened in two stages.

In the first stage from let's say 100 years until 50 years ago,

most of the increase in every's lifespan was due to very

much fewer people dying in early life

especially in infancy.

So of course if you measure every's lifespan what are you doing,

(is that) you are including people who died at age 0.

and there were an awful lot of people dieing in age 0 a hundred or a hundred and fifty years ago,

and hardly any now in the industrialized world.

But in the second stage, let's say in the past fifty years

that problem has already been solved, so we couldn't have any additional gain

just ??? in our life expectancy.

But life expectancy has carry on going up

and therefore extend so by

slowing down the rate of which people die at older ages.

Now the reason for that is a good deal less clear

than the reason for the decline in infant mortality that happened first

Of course the infant mortality just declined

because we started to understand things like hygiene and antibiotics and vaccines.

What happens in the most recent period,

we really don't absolutely know what's going on

but are various factors that could be involved like for example

the factors that people don't smoke quite so much.

And there are very interesting factors to do with prenatal life,

in otherways to do with how well the baby was actually fed

through the blood stream of the mother before birth.

It seems to be a good deal of correlation to that.

But this are still open questions.

Why should we defy aging?

Aging kills people, and by large kills people really really horribly.

Furthermore it kills an unbelievable number of people, roughly a hundred thousands of people a day worldwide

overall in the world roughly 150,000 people die each day

and about 2/3 of them die of age-related causes.

Of course is that young people more or less never die off.

In the industrialized world is more that 90% of people that die of age-related causes.

And as I say, most of them really die very horribly, 80 is very bad for you.

now that means, that is really bizarre that one should ask the question why should we defy aging.

Because we all know that we should defy cancer and asterosclerosis and

Alzheimer's and diabetes and so on

and there's no argument about it, people appreciate this things as bad ideas, bad things.

And it's a medical and social duty and humanitarian duty to put serious athlete

into developing effective ways to defeat these problems.

Now aging is simply the sum of all of those things,

plus a few things we don't call diseases

like for example the decline of the immune function, the loss of muscle mass, the gain of fat mass,

but still the same applies,

it's just the sum of all of this aspects of aging that we really don't like.

Will eternal youth be a reality 50 years from now?

It's unclear whether we will completely have

brought aging under control in fifty years,

but I think that if we get good funding

especially for the work that needs to be done on mice in the next 10 years,

then there is a very good change that we would be there.

And if we can describe that as a term of use I suppose

the only problem is with the word "eternal" because

it certain implies that we won't be even be hit by trucks and so on,

but certainly we will be able once we reach that point

to send off the decline and health and vigor and vitality that

currently accompanies aging.

Will people eventually stop dying from old age?

We will always have the possibility of dying from old age even when this therapies exist,

just as today we have the possibility of dying of polio or tuberculosis.

But we will not have the necessity of dying of old age

because these therapies would be able to postpone

the accumulating molecular and cellular damage of aging

indefinitelly, just in the same way that

classic cars do not actually die at all. They don't have a mortality rate.

The only time a classic car dies, so to speak, if it's owner stop looking after it.

What role does government play in the study of aging?

The role of government in working on combating aging has so far being very slight.

And I think within there is a surprise, ???

because at the moment there is of course still a grade of ambivalence in society with regard to whether

defeating aging or combating aging would be a good thing.

People on the one hand know how horrible aging is but on the other hand

they have had to live with it. There are so many millennia

they have had to live with it. There are so many millennia

through the whole civilization that we've come to have a degree of irrationallity about aging and so

it's not obvious that there are really any votes

in combating aging at the moment, in spending tax and more money on it.

And for that reason is pretty tricky to get government to put serious money into it.

What types of organizations support anti-aging studies?

At the moment there are not nearly enough organizations out there supporting work to actually combat aging

The Foundation that I run the Methuselah Foundation,

in which I'm the chairman and the chief science office there,

it's probably the main one that

really focusing on the development of future therapies that will really combat aging.

There are of course plenty of studies going on around the world

which are more indirectly focus on the eventual

hopeful development of anti-aging therapies

Essentially all work bio-gerontology within the study of understanding aging,

it's with an eventual hope that our understanding will lead us to be able to develop future therapies.

But that's a much most indirectly approach than the approach that the Methuselah Foundation is taking.

Then of course there are people who sell existing products that

they don't work very well at all yet

and who are interesting in improving the efficacy of those products by finding better ways to do things.

So there are some companies for example trying to find analogs of ???

that work ??? and some people thinks those things might be effective against human aging.

Remove as many factors that can endanger the lives of human beings,

focusing on individual health, and then, dealing with aging.

In a system like the monetary system,

a solution for aging can't help the species,

because it will have a price and only people with power will have access to it.

Because our society is based on profit,

this solution will become a business.

Almost all the research done in this field is limited by the system itself,

which is based on budgets.

It's sad, but true.

A progressive society, based on the evolution of the human race,

would focus on education.

A society where people would recognize themselves as equals,

where people would understand that they rely on planetary resources.

Such a society could nurture intelligence,

where people would focus on solving the aging problem,

or educating each other on the most important aspect of their existence.

It's amazing how, for a species considered to be intelligent,

it's members don't address their most fatal problem,

death.

Humans not only ignore death,

which is probably the most important aspect of their lives,

but the majority of them don’t even realize it is a problem.

Why are we considered an intelligent species

if we are still, so ignorant?