Why museums are returning cultural treasures
-
0:02 - 0:04A confession:
-
0:04 - 0:07I am an archaeologist
and a museum curator, -
0:07 - 0:09but a paradoxical one.
-
0:10 - 0:12For my museum, I collect things,
-
0:12 - 0:16but I also return things
back to where they came from. -
0:17 - 0:21I love museums because
they're social and educational, -
0:21 - 0:25but I'm most drawn to them
because of the magic of objects: -
0:26 - 0:28a one-million-year-old hand axe,
-
0:28 - 0:31a totem pole, an impressionist painting
-
0:31 - 0:34all take us beyond our own imaginations.
-
0:35 - 0:42In museums, we pause to muse,
to gaze upon our human empire of things -
0:42 - 0:44in meditation and wonder.
-
0:45 - 0:48I understand why US museums alone
-
0:48 - 0:52host more than 850 million
visits each year. -
0:53 - 0:57Yet, in recent years, museums
have become a battleground. -
0:58 - 1:00Communities around the world
don't want to see their culture -
1:00 - 1:04in distant institutions
which they have no control over. -
1:05 - 1:07They want to see their cultural treasures
-
1:07 - 1:11repatriated, returned
to their places of origin. -
1:12 - 1:14Greece seeks the return
of the Parthenon Marbles, -
1:14 - 1:19a collection of classical sculptures
held by the British Museum. -
1:19 - 1:22Egypt demands antiquities from Germany.
-
1:23 - 1:26New Zealand's Maori want to see returned
-
1:26 - 1:30ancestral tattooed heads
from museums everywhere. -
1:31 - 1:36Yet these claims pale in comparison
to those made by Native Americans. -
1:37 - 1:41Already, US museums have returned
more than one million artifacts -
1:41 - 1:45and 50,000 sets
of Native American skeletons. -
1:47 - 1:51To illustrate what's at stake,
let's start with the War Gods. -
1:51 - 1:53This is a wood carving
-
1:53 - 1:57made by members
of the Zuni tribe in New Mexico. -
1:57 - 2:01In the 1880s, anthropologists
began to collect them -
2:01 - 2:03as evidence of American Indian religion.
-
2:04 - 2:07They came to be seen as beautiful,
-
2:07 - 2:12the precursor to the stark sculptures
of Picasso and Paul Klee, -
2:12 - 2:16helping to usher in
the modern art movement. -
2:17 - 2:21From one viewpoint, the museum
did exactly as it's supposed to -
2:21 - 2:22with the War God.
-
2:22 - 2:25It helped introduce
a little-known art form -
2:25 - 2:27for the world to appreciate.
-
2:28 - 2:30But from another point of view,
-
2:30 - 2:34the museum had committed
a terrible crime of cultural violence. -
2:36 - 2:40For Zunis, the War God
is not a piece of art, -
2:40 - 2:42it is not even a thing.
-
2:42 - 2:43It is a being.
-
2:46 - 2:48For Zunis, every year,
-
2:48 - 2:50priests ritually carve new War Gods,
-
2:50 - 2:52the Ahayu:da,
-
2:52 - 2:55breathing life into them
in a long ceremony. -
2:55 - 2:57They are placed on sacred shrines
-
2:57 - 3:01where they live to protect the Zuni people
-
3:01 - 3:03and keep the universe in balance.
-
3:04 - 3:06No one can own or sell a War God.
-
3:06 - 3:08They belong only to the earth.
-
3:09 - 3:13And so Zunis want them back from museums
-
3:13 - 3:15so they can go to their shrine homes
-
3:17 - 3:19to fulfill their spiritual purpose.
-
3:20 - 3:23What is a curator to do?
-
3:23 - 3:27I believe that the War Gods
should be returned. -
3:29 - 3:30This might be a startling answer.
-
3:30 - 3:33After all, my conclusion
contradicts the refrain -
3:33 - 3:35of the world's most famous archaeologist:
-
3:36 - 3:38"That belongs in a museum!"
-
3:38 - 3:41(Laughter)
-
3:41 - 3:45is what Indiana Jones said,
not just to drive movie plots, -
3:45 - 3:50but to drive home the unquestionable good
of museums for society. -
3:51 - 3:54I did not come to my view easily.
-
3:54 - 3:56I grew up in Tucson, Arizona,
-
3:56 - 3:59and fell in love
with the Sonoran Desert's past. -
4:00 - 4:04I was amazed that beneath
the city's bland strip malls -
4:04 - 4:08was 12,000 years of history
just waiting to be discovered. -
4:09 - 4:12When I was 16 years old,
I started taking archaeology classes -
4:12 - 4:14and going out on digs.
-
4:15 - 4:18A high school teacher of mine
even helped me set up my own laboratory -
4:18 - 4:20to study animal bones.
-
4:21 - 4:22But in college,
-
4:23 - 4:27I came to learn that my future career
had a dark history. -
4:28 - 4:31Starting in the 1860s,
-
4:31 - 4:35Native American skeletons
became a tool for science, -
4:35 - 4:37collected in the thousands
-
4:37 - 4:41to prove new theories
of social and racial hierarchies. -
4:43 - 4:47Native American human remains
were plundered from graves, -
4:47 - 4:50even taken fresh from battlefields.
-
4:52 - 4:55When archaeologists
came across white graves, -
4:55 - 4:57the skeleton was often quickly reburied,
-
4:57 - 5:02while Native bones were deposited
as specimens on museum shelves. -
5:03 - 5:07In the wake of war, stolen land,
boarding schools, -
5:07 - 5:09laws banning religion,
-
5:09 - 5:11anthropologists collected sacred objects
-
5:11 - 5:15in the belief that Native peoples
were on the cusp of extinction. -
5:16 - 5:21You can call it racism or colonialism,
but the labels don't matter -
5:21 - 5:23as much as the fact
that over the last century, -
5:23 - 5:27Native American rights and culture
were taken from them. -
5:28 - 5:31In 1990, after years of Native protests,
-
5:31 - 5:34the US government,
through the US Congress, -
5:34 - 5:38finally passed a law that allowed
Native Americans to reclaim -
5:38 - 5:42cultural items, sacred objects
and human remains from museums. -
5:43 - 5:45Many archaeologists were panicked.
-
5:47 - 5:48For scientists,
-
5:48 - 5:54it can be hard to fully grasp
how a piece of wood can be a living god -
5:54 - 5:56or how spirits surround bones.
-
5:56 - 6:00And they knew that modern science,
especially with DNA, -
6:00 - 6:04can provide luminous insights
into the past. -
6:05 - 6:08As the anthropologist
Frank Norwick declared, -
6:08 - 6:12"We are doing important work
that benefits all of mankind. -
6:12 - 6:15We are not returning anything to anyone."
-
6:17 - 6:20As a college student,
all of this was an enigma -
6:20 - 6:23that was hard to decipher.
-
6:23 - 6:26Why did Native Americans
want their heritage back -
6:26 - 6:29from the very places preserving it?
-
6:30 - 6:33And how could scientists
spend their entire lives -
6:33 - 6:35studying dead Indians
-
6:35 - 6:38but seem to care so little
about living ones? -
6:40 - 6:43I graduated but wasn't sure
what to do next, -
6:43 - 6:45so I traveled.
-
6:47 - 6:49One day, in South Africa,
-
6:49 - 6:52I visited Nelson Mandela's
former prison cell on Robben Island. -
6:53 - 6:54I had an epiphany.
-
6:56 - 7:00Here was a man who helped
a country bridge vast divides -
7:00 - 7:03to seek, however imperfectly,
reconciliation. -
7:04 - 7:07I'm no Mandela, but I ask myself:
-
7:07 - 7:11Could I, too, plant seeds of hope
in the ruins of the past? -
7:12 - 7:14In 2007, I was hired as a curator
-
7:14 - 7:17at the Denver Museum
of Nature and Science. -
7:17 - 7:20Our team agreed that unlike
many other institutions, -
7:20 - 7:25we needed to proactively confront
the legacy of museum collecting. -
7:26 - 7:29We started with
the skeletons in our closet, -
7:29 - 7:30100 of them.
-
7:31 - 7:34After months and then years,
we met with dozens of tribes -
7:34 - 7:36to figure out how to get
these remains home. -
7:37 - 7:38And this is hard work.
-
7:38 - 7:42It involves negotiating
who will receive the remains, -
7:42 - 7:44how to respectfully transfer them,
-
7:44 - 7:46where will they go.
-
7:47 - 7:50Native American leaders
become undertakers, -
7:50 - 7:55planning funerals for dead relatives
they had never wanted unearthed. -
7:57 - 8:00A decade later, the Denver Museum
and our Native partners -
8:00 - 8:04have reburied nearly all
of the human remains in the collection. -
8:04 - 8:07We have returned
hundreds of sacred objects. -
8:08 - 8:11But I've come to see
that these battles are endless. -
8:12 - 8:16Repatriation is now a permanent feature
of the museum world. -
8:17 - 8:20Hundreds of tribes are waiting their turn.
-
8:21 - 8:24There are always
more museums with more stuff. -
8:25 - 8:28Every catalogued War God
in an American public museum -
8:28 - 8:32has now been returned -- 106, so far --
-
8:32 - 8:35but there are more
beyond the reach of US law, -
8:35 - 8:38in private collections
and outside our borders. -
8:39 - 8:44In 2014, I had the chance to travel
with a respected religious leader -
8:44 - 8:48from the Zuni tribe
named Octavius Seowtewa -
8:48 - 8:51to visit five museums
in Europe with War Gods. -
8:52 - 8:54At the Ethnological Museum of Berlin,
-
8:54 - 8:58we saw a War God
with a history of dubious care. -
8:58 - 9:02An overly enthusiastic curator
had added chicken feathers to it. -
9:03 - 9:05Its necklace had once been stolen.
-
9:06 - 9:08At the Musée du quai Branly in Paris,
-
9:08 - 9:12an official told us that the War God there
is now state property -
9:12 - 9:15with no provisions for repatriation.
-
9:15 - 9:17He insisted that the War God
no longer served Zunis -
9:17 - 9:19but museum visitors.
-
9:19 - 9:22He said, "We give all
of the objects to the world." -
9:23 - 9:25At the British Museum,
-
9:25 - 9:29we were warned that the Zuni case
would establish a dangerous precedent -
9:29 - 9:30for bigger disputes,
-
9:30 - 9:34such as the Parthenon Marbles,
claimed by Greece. -
9:35 - 9:37After visiting the five museums,
-
9:37 - 9:41Octavius returned home
to his people empty-handed. -
9:42 - 9:44He later told me,
-
9:44 - 9:47"It hurts my heart to see
the Ahayu:da so far away. -
9:47 - 9:49They all belong together.
-
9:49 - 9:53It's like a family member
that's missing from a family dinner. -
9:54 - 9:58When one is gone,
their strength is broken." -
9:59 - 10:02I wish that my colleagues
in Europe and beyond -
10:02 - 10:05could see that the War Gods
do not represent the end of museums -
10:05 - 10:07but the chance for a new beginning.
-
10:09 - 10:11When you walk the halls of a museum,
-
10:11 - 10:14you're likely just seeing
about one percent -
10:14 - 10:15of the total collections.
-
10:16 - 10:18The rest is in storage.
-
10:18 - 10:21Even after returning
500 cultural items and skeletons, -
10:21 - 10:27my museum still retains 99.999 percent
of its total collections. -
10:28 - 10:30Though we no longer have War Gods,
-
10:30 - 10:32we have Zuni traditional pottery,
-
10:32 - 10:35jewelry, tools, clothing and arts.
-
10:36 - 10:39And even more precious than these objects
-
10:39 - 10:43are the relationships that we formed
with Native Americans -
10:43 - 10:45through the process of repatriation.
-
10:47 - 10:51Now, we can ask Zunis
to share their culture with us. -
10:53 - 10:56Not long ago, I had the chance
to visit the returned War Gods. -
10:57 - 11:03A shrine sits up high atop a mesa
overlooking beautiful Zuni homeland. -
11:04 - 11:09The shrine is enclosed
by a roofless stone building -
11:09 - 11:11threaded at the top with barbed wire
-
11:11 - 11:13to ensure that they're not stolen again.
-
11:15 - 11:17And there they are, inside,
-
11:17 - 11:18the Ahayu:da,
-
11:18 - 11:24106 War Gods amid offerings
of turquoise, cornmeal, shell, -
11:24 - 11:25even T-shirts ...
-
11:26 - 11:28a modern gift to ancient beings.
-
11:29 - 11:31And standing there,
-
11:31 - 11:34I got a glimpse at the War Gods'
true purpose in the world. -
11:36 - 11:37And it occurred to me then
-
11:37 - 11:41that we do not get to choose
the histories that we inherit. -
11:42 - 11:45Museum curators today
did not pillage ancient graves -
11:45 - 11:47or steal spiritual objects,
-
11:47 - 11:51but we can accept responsibility
for correcting past mistakes. -
11:52 - 11:54We can help restore dignity,
-
11:54 - 11:58hope and humanity to Native Americans,
-
11:58 - 12:02the very people who were once
the voiceless objects of our curiosity. -
12:02 - 12:07And this doesn't even require us
to fully understand others' beliefs, -
12:08 - 12:10only that we respect them.
-
12:11 - 12:13Museums are temples to things past.
-
12:14 - 12:18Now they must also become
places for living cultures. -
12:20 - 12:23As I turned to walk away from the shrine,
-
12:23 - 12:25I drank in the warm summer air,
-
12:25 - 12:28and I watched an eagle
turn lazy circles high above. -
12:29 - 12:31I thought of the Zunis,
-
12:31 - 12:35whose offerings ensure
that their culture is not dead and gone -
12:35 - 12:37but alive and well,
-
12:38 - 12:41and I could think of no better place
for the War Gods to be. -
12:42 - 12:43Thank you.
-
12:43 - 12:48(Applause)
- Title:
- Why museums are returning cultural treasures
- Speaker:
- Chip Colwell
- Description:
-
Archaeologist and curator Chip Colwell collects artifacts for his museum, but he also returns them to where they came from. In a thought-provoking talk, he shares how some museums are confronting their legacies of stealing spiritual objects and pillaging ancient graves -- and how they're bridging divides with communities who are demanding the return of their cultural treasures.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 13:01
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Why museums are returning cultural treasures | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Why museums are returning cultural treasures | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Why museums are returning cultural treasures | ||
Brian Greene approved English subtitles for Why museums are returning cultural treasures | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Why museums are returning cultural treasures | ||
Krystian Aparta accepted English subtitles for Why museums are returning cultural treasures | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for Why museums are returning cultural treasures | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for Why museums are returning cultural treasures |