The hidden worlds within natural history museums - Joshua Drew

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When you think of natural history museums, you might picture exhibits filled with ancient lifeless things, like dinosaurs or meteorites. But behind that educational exterior, there are hidden laboratories where scientific breakthroughs are made. Joshua Drew gives a breakdown of some of the hidden worlds within these museums.

Lesson by Joshua Drew, animation by Provincia Studio.

When you think of natural history museums,

you probably picture exhibits
filled with ancient lifeless things,

like dinosaurs

meteroites,

and gemstones.

But behind that educational exterior,

which only includes
about 1% of a museum's collection,

there are hidden laboratories
where scientific breakthroughs are made.

Beyond the unmarked doors,

and on the floors
the elevators won't take you to,

you'd find windows into amazing worlds.

This maze of halls and laboratories
is a scientific sanctuary

that houses a seemingly
endless variety of specimens.

Here, researchers work to unravel
mysteries of evolution,

cosmic origins,

and the history of our planet.

One museum alone
may have millions of specimens.

The American Museum of Natural History
in New York City

has over 32,000,000 in its collection.

Let's take a look at just one of them.

Scientists have logged exactly
where and when it was found

and used various dating techniques
to pinpoint when it originated.

Repeat that a million times over,
and these plants,

animals,

minerals,

fossils,

and artifacts present windows
into times and places around the world

and across billions of years of history.

When a research problem emerges,

scientists peer through these windows
and test hypotheses about the past.

For example, in the 1950s,
populations of predatory birds,

like peregrine falcons,

owls,

and eagles started to mysteriously crash,

to the point where a number of species,
including the bald eagle,

were declared endangered.

Fortunately, scientists in
The Field Museum in Chicago

had been collecting the eggs
of these predatory birds for decades.

They discovered that the egg shells
used to be thicker

and had started to thin around the time

when an insecticide called DDT
started being sprayed on crops.

DDT worked very well to kill insects,

but when birds came and ate
those heaps of dead bugs,

the DDT accumulated in their bodies.

It worked its way up the food chain

and was absorbed by apex predator birds
in such high concentrations

that it thinned their eggs

so that they couldn't support
the nesting bird's weight.

There were omelettes everywhere

until scientists from
The Field Museum in Chicago,

and other institutions,

helped solve the mystery and save the day.

America thanks you, Field Museum.

Natural history museums
windows into the past

have solved many other
scientific mysteries.

Museum scientists have used
their collections

to sequence the Neanderthal genome,

discover genes that gave mammoths red fur,

and even pinpoint where
ancient giant sharks gave birth.

There are about 900
natural history museums in the world,

and every year they make
new discoveries and insights

into the Earth's past, present and future.

Museum collections even help us
understand how modern threats,

such as global climate change,

are impacting our world.

For instance,
naturalists have been collecting samples

for over 100 years from Walden Pond,

famously immortalized
by Henry David Thoreau.

Thanks to those naturalists,
who count Thoreau among their number,

we know that the plants around Walden Pond

are blooming over three weeks earlier
than they did 150 years ago.

Because these changes
have taken place gradually,

one person may not have noticed them
over the span of a few decades,

but thanks to museum collections,

we have an uninterrupted record
showing how our world is changing.

So the next time you're exploring
a natural history museum,

remember that what you're seeing
is just one gem

of a colossal scientific treasure trove.

Behind those walls and under your feet
are windows into forgotten worlds.

And who knows?

One day some future scientist may
peer through one and see you.