-
-
PROFESSOR: You have learned
a lot in Calculus 2.
-
Whether you took Calculus
recently or long time ago,
-
Chapter 9 is about vectors
in r3 and eventually
-
[? a plane ?] and
operations with such vectors
-
and the implications
of the vectors
-
in the equations of a
line in space or plane
-
in space-- stuff like that.
-
Now, 9.1 to 9.5 was considered
to be covered completely
-
in Calc 2 here at Tech.
-
However, lots of students
come from South Plains College
-
and [? Rio ?] College,
lots of colleges
-
where by the nature of
the course Calculus 2,
-
vectors in r3 are not covered.
-
Therefore, I'd like to make an
attempt to review 9.1 and 9.5
-
quickly with the knowledge
you have now as grown-ups
-
in the area of vectors in r2.
-
So again, what are vectors?
-
They are oriented segments.
-
Not only that they
are oriented segments,
-
but we make the distinction
between a vector that is fixed
-
in the sense that his origin
is fixed-- we cannot move him--
-
and a free vector who is
not married to the origin.
-
He can shift by parallelism
anywhere in space.
-
And we call that a free vector.
-
The distinction between those
vectors would be vr of v bar.
-
As you remember, v bar was
the free guy, free vector,
-
which is the-- actually,
it's an equivalence class
-
of all vectors that can be
obtained from the generic v
-
bounded.
-
So I'm going to have to
point by translation.
-
So you have this kind
of-- same magnitude
-
for all vectors, same
magnitude, same orientation,
-
and parallel directions,
parallel lines.
-
What have we done
to such a vector?
-
As you remember very
well, we decomposed him,
-
being on the standard canonical
basis, which for most of you
-
engineers and engineering
majors is denoted as ijk where
-
ijk is an orthonormal
frame with respect
-
to the Cartesian coordinates.
-
So i, j, and k will
be their unit vectors
-
on the x, y, z axes of
coordinates, Cartesian axes
-
of coordinates.
-
So remember always that ijk
are orthogonal to one another.
-
Since this is review, I'd
like to attract your attention
-
to the fact that k is plus j.
-
Think about it-- what
happens you bring i over j.
-
And you get k
because you move up.
-
Because it's like you
are turning [INAUDIBLE]
-
connection and the screw
or whatever from the faucet
-
is pointing upwards.
-
It's like the right hand rule.
-
If you would do the other way
around, if you do j cross i,
-
what are you going to have?
-
Minus k-- so the properties
of the cross product being
-
antisymmetric are
supposed to be,
-
no, pay attention to the signs
in all the exams that you have.
-
What do we know about
their respective products
-
for vectors in
space or in plain?
-
If you have two vectors
in their standard basis,
-
you want i plus
u2j plus u3k where
-
ui is a real number and
e1i plus v2j plus v3k where
-
vi are [INAUDIBLE] real numbers
the dot product or the scalar
-
product-- now, I saw that in
all your engineering and physics
-
classes, you will
use this notation.
-
Mathematicians
sometimes say, no, I'm
-
going to use angular
brackets because it's
-
a scalar product in r3
or the scalar product
-
and the dot product
is the same thing,
-
being that's the
standard one here.
-
You want v1 plus u2v2 plus u3v3.
-
So what do you to
remember what you do?
-
First component
plus first component
-
times second component
times second component
-
plus third component
times third component, OK?
-
If you are in
computer science, I
-
saw that you use this notation.
-
I was very happy to see that.
-
the summation notation.
-
But you don't have to
use that in our class.
-
Now, above the [? fresh ?]
product of two vectors,
-
you have the definition
ijk the first row.
-
So what you get is
going to be a vector.
-
Here, what you get is
a scalar as a result.
-
Here's what you get as
a vector, as the result
-
of the first
product is a vector.
-
So you have u1,
u2, u3, v1, v2, v3.
-
These are all friends of yours.
-
I'm just reminding you
the lucrative definitions.
-
Now, some people
said, yes, but I'd
-
like to see the lucrative
definitions that
-
have to do with trig as well.
-
OK, let's see.
-
For those of you who asked me
to remind you what they were,
-
I will remind you
what they were.
-
For u.v, you get the same
thing as writing magnitude u
-
magnitude v and cosine
of the angle between them
-
no matter in which
direction you take it
-
because the cosine is the same.
-
Cosine of pi is equal to
cosine of negative phi
-
or theta [INAUDIBLE].
-
How about the other one?
-
Here's where one of
you had a little bit
-
of a misunderstanding.
-
And I saw that happen in
two finals, unfortunately.
-
This is not the scalar
vector that I'm right here.
-
It's a vector.
-
So what's missing?
-
This is the scalar part.
-
And then you have times e
where e is the unit vector
-
of the direction of the
vector, the direction of u.v.
-
Why I cannot use another notion?
-
Because u is already taken.
-
But e in itself
should suggest to you
-
that you have a unit vector,
[? length of ?] one vector, OK?
-
All right, what is the--
let's review a little
-
bit the absolute value.
-
Well, the absolute
value is a scalar.
-
So that scalar will be
magnitude of your magnitude
-
of [INAUDIBLE]
sine of the angle.
-
And do you guys remember
the geometric interpretation
-
of that?
-
STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
-
PROFESSOR: The area
of the parallelogram
-
based on the two vectors--
very good [INAUDIBLE].
-
U plus b is the area
of the parallelogram
-
that you would draw based
on those two vectors.
-
All right, good.
-
Now, say goodbye, vectors.
-
We've seen-- you've seen
them through 9.4, 9.5.
-
What was important
to remember was
-
that these vectors
were the building
-
blocks, the foundations,
of the equations
-
of the lines in space.
-
That's your work [INAUDIBLE].
-
So what did we work with?
-
Lines in space-- lines in space
can be given in many ways.
-
But now that you
remember them, I'm
-
going to give you the symmetric
equation of a line in space.
-
-
OK, [INAUDIBLE] this
can see [INAUDIBLE]
-
included on the final.
-
You are expected to know it.
-
-
So that is the
symmetric equation,
-
meaning the equation of a what?
-
Of a line in space passing
through or containing
-
the point of p, not of
coordinates x0, y0, [? z0, ?]
-
and of direction [INAUDIBLE]
in the sense of a vector.
-
Now, if I were to
draw such a line,
-
I'm going to have
the line over here.
-
Going to have a vector for
the point p0 on the line.
-
I can put this free
vector because he's free.
-
He says, I'm a free guy.
-
I can slide any way I want.
-
So I'm going to have
li plus mj plus mk.
-
-
This is the blue vector.
-
Now, you don't have blue
markers or blue pens,
-
but you can still do a
good job taking notes.
-
Now somebody asked
me just a week ago,
-
saying that I've started
doing review already
-
and I don't understand
what the difference is
-
between the symmetric
equation of a line in space
-
and the parametric equations
of a line in space.
-
This is no essential difference.
-
So what do we do?
-
We denote this whole
animal by t, a real number.
-
-
And then we erase the board.
-
And then we write
the three equations
-
that govern-- I'm going
to put if and only
-
if xyz satisfy the following.
-
So I'm going to have, what?
-
X equals lt plus x0, y equals
mt plus y0, n equals nt plus z0.
-
Well, of course, we
understand-- we know the meaning
-
that lmn are like what
[INAUDIBLE] physics direction
-
cosines were
telling me about it.
-
And then x0, y0,
z0 is a fixed point
-
that belongs to that line.
-
Now, since you know a
little bit more than
-
you knew in Calculus
2 when you saw
-
that for the first time, what
is the typical notation that we
-
use all through Calc 3,
all through the chapters?
-
The position vector-- the
position vector of the point
-
on the line that is
related to, what?
-
So practically you
have the origin here.
-
[? Op0 ?] represent the
vector x0i plus y0j plus e0k.
-
So now you have a little bit
of a different understanding
-
of what's going on.
-
And then after, let's say, t
equals 1 hour, what do you do?
-
You are adding the
blue vector here.
-
-
Let's say at t equals
1, you are here.
-
You are here at p1.
-
So to get to p1, you have to
add two vectors, right guys?
-
This is the addition between the
blue vector and the red vector.
-
So what you get is your result.
-
So if I am smart enough to
understand my concepts are all
-
connected, the
position in this case
-
will be r of t, which is--
I hate angular brackets,
-
but just because
you like them, I'm
-
going to use them--
x of ty tz of tm
-
to be consistent with the book.
-
This is the same as
xi plux yj plus zk.
-
And what is this by
the actual notations
-
from the parametric equation?
-
This is nothing
but a certain lmn
-
vector that is the vector
li plus mj plus nk written
-
with angular brackets
because I know
-
you like that times the time
t plus the fixed vector x0,
-
y0, z0.
-
You can say, yeah, I
thought it was a point.
-
It is a point and a vector.
-
You identified the point p0 with
the position of the point p0
-
starting with respect
to the origin.
-
So whether you're
talking about mister p0
-
being a point in
space-- x0, y0, z0.
-
Or you're talking about
the [INAUDIBLE] position
-
vector that [INAUDIBLE]
is practically
-
the same after identification.
-
So you have something very nice.
-
And if I asked you with
the mind and the knowledge
-
you have now what that
does is mean-- r prime of t
-
equals what?
-
It's the velocity vector.
-
And what is that as a vector?
-
Do the differentiation.
-
What do we get in terms
of velocity vector?
-
Prime with respect
to t-- what do I get?
-
STUDENT: Lmn.
-
PROFESSOR: Lmn as a vector.
-
But of course, as I
hate angular notations,
-
I will rewrite it--
li plus mj plus nk.
-
So this is your velocity.
-
What can you say about
this type of motion?
-
This is a--
-
STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
constant velocity.
-
PROFESSOR: Yeah, you
have a constant velocity
-
for this motion.
-
If somebody would ask you
you have-- 10 years from now,
-
you have a boy who
said, dad-- or a girl.
-
let's not be biased.
-
So he learns, math, good at
math or physics, and says,
-
what is the difference
between velocity and speed?
-
Well, most parents will
say it's the same thing.
-
Well, you're not most parents.
-
You are educated parents.
-
So this is-- don't tell
your kid about vectors,
-
but you can show them you
have an oriented segment.
-
So make your child run around
around in circles and say,
-
this is the velocity that's
always tangent to the circle
-
that you are running on.
-
That's a velocity.
-
And if they ask,
well, they will catch
-
the notions of acceleration
and force faster than you
-
because they see
all these cartoons.
-
And my son was telling me
the other thing-- he's 10
-
and I asked him, what
the heck is that?
-
It looked like an
electromagnetic field
-
surrounding some hero.
-
And he said, mom, that's
the force field of course.
-
And I was thinking, force field?
-
This is what I taught
the other day when
-
I was talking about [? crux. ?]
Double integral of f.n
-
[INAUDIBLE] f was
the force field.
-
So he was, like, talking
about something very normal
-
that you see every day.
-
So do not underestimate your
nephews, nieces, children.
-
They will catch
up on these things
-
faster than you, which is good.
-
Now, the speed in this
case will be, what?
-
What is the speed
of this-- the speed
-
of this motion, linear motion?
-
STUDENT: Square
root of l squared.
-
PROFESSOR: Square root of l
squared plus m squared plus n
-
squared, which again is
different from velocity.
-
Velocity is a vector,
speed is a scalar.
-
Velocity is a vector,
speed is a scalar.
-
In general, doesn't
have to be constant,
-
but this is the
blessing because lmn
-
are given constants.
[INAUDIBLE] in this case,
-
you are on cruise control.
-
You are moving on
a line directly
-
in your motion on
cruise control driving
-
to Amarillo at 60 miles
an hour because you
-
are afraid of the cops.
-
And you are doing
the right thing
-
because don't mess with Texas.
-
I have friends who came here
to visit-- Texas, New Mexico,
-
go to Santa Fe, go
to Carlsbad Caverns.
-
Many of them got caught.
-
Many of them got tickets.
-
So it's really serious.
-
OK, that's go further
and see what we
-
remember about planes in space.
-
Because planes in
space are magic?
-
No.
-
Planes in space
are very important.
-
Planes in space are
two dimensional objects
-
embedded three dimensional
[? area ?] spaces.
-
This is what we're
talking about.
-
But even if you lived
in a four dimensional
-
space, five dimensional
space, n dimensional space,
-
in the space of
your imagination,
-
if you have this two
dimensional object,
-
it would still be
called a plane.
-
All right, so how about planes?
-
What is their equation?
-
In your case ax plus by plus cz
plus d is the general equation.
-
We now have a plane in r3.
-
You should not forget about it.
-
It's going to haunt
you in the final
-
and in other exams in your
life through at least two
-
or three different exercises.
-
Now I'm going to ask you
to do a simple exercise.
-
What is the equation of the
plane normal to the given line?
-
And this is the given line.
-
Look at it, how
beautiful [INAUDIBLE].
-
And passing through-- that
passes through the point
-
another point-- x1, y1,
z1-- that I give you.
-
How do you solve solution?
-
How do you solve this quickly?
-
You should just remember
what you learned
-
and write that as
soon as possible.
-
Because, OK, this
may be a little piece
-
of a bigger problem in my exam.
-
STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
-
[? PROFESSOR: Who is ?] a?
-
If this is normal to the line--
-
STUDENT: A is 1.
-
PROFESSOR: You
pick up abc exactly
-
from the lmn of the line.
-
Remember this was an essential
piece of information.
-
So the relationship between
a line and its normal plane
-
is that the direction
of that line lmn
-
gives the coefficients abc
of the plane, all right?
-
Don't forget that because you're
going to stumble right into it
-
in the exams [? lx ?] in the
coming up-- in the one that's
-
coming up.
-
And c, is this good?
-
No, I cannot say d
and then look for d.
-
I could-- I could [INAUDIBLE].
-
Whatever you want.
-
But then it's more work for me.
-
Look, I don't know-- suppose
I don't know who d is.
-
I have to make the
plane satisfy--
-
make the point
x1, y1, z1 satisfy
-
the equation of the plane.
-
And that is more work.
-
I can do that if I forget.
-
If I forget the theory,
I can always do that.
-
Subtract the two lines, subtract
the second out of the first.
-
I get something
magic that I should
-
have known from my
previous knowledge,
-
from a previous life-- no.
-
L times x minus x1 plus m
times y minus y1 plus z times
-
z minus 1.
-
And I notice that most of
you-- you prove me on exams,
-
you prove me on homework--
know that if you have
-
the coefficients and you
also have the point that
-
is containing the plane,
you can go ahead and write
-
this equation from the start.
-
So you know very well
that x1, y1, z1 satisfies
-
your [INAUDIBLE] the plane Then
you can go ahead and write it.
-
Save time on that
exam Don't waste time.
-
It's like a star test
that's a four hour test.
-
No, ours is only two
hours and a half.
-
But still, the pressure
is about the same.
-
So we have to remember
these notions.
-
We cannot survive without them.
-
Let's move on.
-
And one of you asked me.
-
Do I need to know by
heart the formula that
-
give-- a formula that will give
the distance between a point
-
in space and a line in space?
-
No, that is not assumed.
-
You can build up to that one.
-
It's not so immediate.
-
It takes about 15 minutes.
-
That's not a problem.
-
What you are
supposed to remember,
-
though, is that the formula
for distance between a given
-
point in plane and a
point in space and a given
-
plane in space-- that was a long
time ago that you knew that,
-
but I said you should
never for get it
-
because it's similar
to the formula
-
for the distance between a point
in plane and a line in plane.
-
I'm not testing you, but I
will-- I hope-- maybe I do.
-
I hope that you remember how
to write this as a fraction.
-
I'm already giving you hits.
-
What is--
-
STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
-
PROFESSOR: Absolute value
because it's a distance.
-
STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
-
PROFESSOR: Of what?
-
STUDENT: Ax.
-
-
PROFESSOR: Ax0
plus by0 plus cz0--
-
STUDENT: Plus b.
-
PROFESSOR: Plus b, O. Good.
-
STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
-
PROFESSOR: Square root of--
-
STUDENT: A squared.
-
PROFESSOR: A squared plus
b squared plus c squared.
-
Right, so it's a generalization
of the formula of the--
-
in plane if you have a
point and a line that
-
doesn't contain the point, you
have a similar type of formula.
-
Good, let's remember
the basics of conics.
-
Because I'm afraid that
you forgot them from Calc 2
-
and from analytic or
trigonometry class.
-
What were the standard conics
that were used in this class
-
and I would like
you to never forget?
-
Well, when you are
in an exam, you
-
may be asked the [INAUDIBLE]
inside of an ellipse.
-
But if you don't know
the standard equation
-
of an ellipse, that's bad.
-
So you should.
-
What is that?
-
Ab are semi-axis.
-
STUDENT: X squared
over a squared.
-
PROFESSOR: X squared over
a squared plus y squared
-
over b squared equals 1.
-
Excellent, and what
if I have-- I'm
-
going to draw a
rectangle with these kind
-
of semi axes a and b.
-
And I'm going to draw the
diagonals-- the diagonals.
-
And I'm going to draw
a [INAUDIBLE] something
-
that is touching, kissing
at this point tangent to it.
-
And it's asymptotic to
the blue asymptotes.
-
What is this animal?
-
STUDENT: Hyperbola.
-
PROFESSOR: The
standard hyperbola?
-
Tell me what-- it
has these branches.
-
The equation is what?
-
STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
-
PROFESSOR: X squared over
a squared minus y squared
-
over b squared equals 1.
-
If I were to draw
its brother-- oh--
-
that brother would
be the conjugate, OK?
-
And you would have to swap
the sides of plus minus.
-
And you'll get the conjugate.
-
Quadrics-- OK, the parabola, I
don't remind you the parabola
-
because you see it everywhere.
-
I'm going to review it when
I work with some quadrics.
-
So the [INAUDIBLE]
quadrics-- and I really
-
would like you to, if you feel
the need to remind yourself
-
when quadrics are, go to the
so-called gallery of quadrics.
-
Type these magic words
as keywords in Google.
-
And it's going to send
you to a beautiful website
-
from University of Minnesota
that has a gallery of quadrics
-
where not only do you see
the most important quadrics
-
in standard forms, but you also
see the cross sections that you
-
have when you curve those
quardics with horizontal planes
-
or other planes parallel to
the planes of coordinates.
-
So I don't know in which
order to present them to you.
-
But how about I present
them to you in the order
-
that they were mostly
frequently used
-
rather than starting with--
so ellipsoid and respectively
-
a sphere.
-
Depends if you like football--
American football or soccer.
-
Well, let's see what
the equations were.
-
X squared over a
squared plus y squared
-
over b squared plus z
squared over c squared
-
equals 1 for the ellipsoids.
-
If abc are equal and
equal to r, what is that?
-
That's a sphere of center
origin-- standard sphere--
-
in radius .
-
R These are your friends.
-
Don't forget about them.
-
When you draw the
ellipsoid, remember
-
that the first line,
the dotted one,
-
is an ellipse on the
other behind the board.
-
And that is obtained
as x squared
-
over a squared plus y squared
over b squared equals 1.
-
So it's going to be an
intersection with z equals 0
-
And similarly, you can take
the plain that's x equals 0.
-
And you get this ellipse,
the plane that is y equals 0.
-
And you get this ellipse.
-
So those are all
friends of yours.
-
Remember that all
the cross sections
-
you have cutting with planes,
the football, you have, what?
-
Ellipses.
-
That is easy and
beautiful and it's not
-
something you need a
lot of thinking about.
-
But let's move on some other
guys that I'm afraid you forgot
-
and you should not
forget in any case.
-
And the hyperboloids--
hyperboloids,
-
the most standard ones,
the classification
-
that we had in the classroom
was based on putting everybody
-
to the left hand side.
-
How many pluses, how many
minuses you have had?
-
If you have plus, plus, plus,
minus or minus, minus, minus,
-
plus, you have an uneven
number of pluses and minus.
-
That was the
two-sheeted hyperbola.
-
If you had an even number
of pluses and minuses,
-
that's the one sheet hyperbola.
-
So let us remember
how that went.
-
Assuming that I
love this one, this
-
is the first one--
the first kind which
-
is the one-sheeted hyperboloid.
-
What is the symmetry axis?
-
The surface of
revolution-- What axis?
-
Of axis 0x.
-
So I'm going to go
ahead and draw that.
-
I'm going to draw
as well as I can.
-
I cannot draw very well today.
-
Although I had three cups
of coffee, doesn't matter.
-
I'm still shaking when
it comes to drawing.
-
So in order to get the cross
section, the first cross
-
section, the red one,
what do you guys do?
-
STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
-
PROFESSOR: It's a-- what?
-
It's an ellipse
because you said z
-
equal to 0 just as you said now.
-
So I get the ellipse
of semi axis a and b.
-
This is the x-axis.
-
This is a.
-
This is b.
-
Well, it looks
like horrible in b.
-
And that's the
[INAUDIBLE] we have.
-
But now you say,
but wait a minute.
-
I would like to draw the cross
section that corresponds to x
-
equals 0.
-
And that should be in
the plane of the board.
-
So if you set x to be 0, then
you have the standard hyperbola
-
based on semi axes b and c.
-
Now, b, you believe me.
-
But c, you don't believe me
at all because you cannot see.
-
So if I were to be proactive--
which right now I'm
-
not very proactive,
but I'll try--
-
I'm going to have
to draw-- look,
-
I'm not done even if I
didn't have enough coffee.
-
So the rectangle--
you see b and c here?
-
OK, you see the asymptote?
-
It was not a bad guess
of the asymptote.
-
This branch of the cross
section looks like, really,
-
a good branch for the asymptote.
-
Good, and the other
one in a similar way,
-
you can find the
other cross section,
-
which is also a hyperbola.
-
So your old friend which
is one-sheeted hyperboloid,
-
hyperboloid-- it sounds
like a monster-- what
-
was special about him?
-
You have some extra credit.
-
STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
-
PROFESSOR: It's a
[? ruled ?] surface generated
-
by two families of lines.
-
And thanks again for the model.
-
I will keep it for
the rest of my life.
-
You got five bonus
points because of that.
-
I'm just-- well,
this is something
-
I will always remember.
-
Number two, how do I write
that two-sheeted hyperboloid
-
if I wanted me to have
the same axis of symmetry?
-
It should be a
surface of revolution
-
consisting of two parts, two.
-
They are disconnected, right?
-
You have two sheets,
two somethings,
-
two connected components.
-
-
It's not hard at all.
-
What do I need to do?
-
-
The same thing as here-- just
change the minus to a plus.
-
All righty, x squared over
a squared plus y squared
-
over b squared minus z squared
over c squared plus 1 equals 0.
-
Great, so I can go ahead and
reminds you what that was.
-
You didn't like
it when you first,
-
but maybe now you
like it better.
-
This is always yz.
-
And I'm going to
draw the two sheets.
-
And I'm going to
ask you eventually,
-
because I am mean, how
far apart they are.
-
It's the surface of revolution.
-
These two guys
should be symmetric.
-
-
Well, so when I were-- if
I were to take z equals 0,
-
I would get no solution
because this is impossible.
-
I have a sum of
squares equal 0, right?
-
It's impossible
to get 0 this way.
-
When would I get 0 on
the axis of rotation?
-
Well, axis of rotation
means forget about x and y.
-
X is 0, y is 0.
-
Z would be how much?
-
STUDENT: C.
-
PROFESSOR: Plus minus c.
-
Plus minus-- very good.
-
C, practically c, if c is
positive, and minus c here.
-
So I know how far apart they
are, these two-- [INAUDIBLE]
-
this is not [? x ?] [INAUDIBLE]
minimum and the maximum
-
over here.
-
Now, one last question.
-
Well-- OK, no.
-
More questions-- when I were
to intersect with, let's
-
say, a z that is bigger
than c, a z plane that
-
is bigger than c over here,
what am I going to get?
-
No--
-
STUDENT: An ellipse.
-
PROFESSOR: An
elipse-- excellent.
-
An ellipse here, an
ellipse there everything
-
is symmetrical.
-
And finally, what
if I take x to be 0?
-
I'm in the plane of the board.
-
I hide the x.
-
I get this.
-
What is this?
-
A hyperbola in the plane
of the board, which is yz.
-
Y is going this
way, z is going up.
-
X doesn't exist anymore.
-
So what kind of
hyperbola is this?
-
Do you like it?
-
So--
-
STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
-
PROFESSOR: Right, mean smart.
-
go ahead and multiply by
negative-- who said that?
-
Zander, you got two extra
points, extra [INAUDIBLE].
-
Minus y squared over
b squared equals 1.
-
What did he notice?
-
What did he-- he gets my mind.
-
I'm trying to say you have
no hyperbola like that.
-
So Zander said, I
know what which ones.
-
She wants these two branches
to be the hyperbola.
-
But that's a
conjugate hyperbola.
-
That is a conjugate
hyperbola because you
-
don't have y and z with minus
between the squares and a y.
-
So this is the conjugate
hyperbola-- hyperbola--
-
that I'm going to draw.
-
In what color?
-
That's the question.
-
It's really essential what
color I'm going to use.
-
So I'm going to use--
I'm going to use green.
-
And this is the hyperbola
we are talking about.
-
It's a conjugate one drawn
in the plane of the board.
-
OK, all right.
-
So if I wanted to
drop those asymptotes,
-
they will look very ugly.
-
And I cannot do better,
but that's [INAUDIBLE].
-
So we have reviewed the
most awful quadrics.
-
A friend of yours that
by now all of you love
-
is mister paraboloid.
-
You have used that in
all sorts of examples.
-
I'm going to remind you
what the standard one was
-
that we used before.
-
So [INAUDIBLE] paraboloids,
elliptic paraboloid.
-
-
Circular paraboloid is
just the particular case.
-
-
The elliptic paraboloid
that you're used to
-
is the following-- z equals
x squared over a squared
-
plus y squared over b squared.
-
They may be positive
if you want.
-
They don't-- in general,
they are not equal.
-
The circular paraboloid--
well, you simply
-
assume that a and b are equal.
-
And then you put-- you want
a c squared or an r squared.
-
Let's put an r squared on top.
-
It really doesn't matter
what you're putting there.
-
Can I draw?
-
Hopefully, hopefully,
hopefully I can draw.
-
It looks like a
valley whose minimum
-
is at the origin
I'm going to draw
-
so that the intersection
with the horizontal plane
-
will be visible to you.
-
And I take this
z greater than 0.
-
And then I'm going to
have some sort of ellipse.
-
-
Under that, there is nothing.
-
Under the origin,
there is nothing
-
because z is going to be
positive at x equals 0,
-
y equals 0, and passing
through the origin-- very
-
nice and [? sassy ?] Quadric.
-
There is one that occurred in
many examples like a nightmare.
-
And it was based on that one.
-
And I'm going to
draw-- no, no, no.
-
I'm going to write
it and you draw it
-
with the eyes of
your imagination
-
and see what that is.
-
Because you are, again, going
to bump into it into the exam.
-
We had all sorts
of patches of that.
-
Look at the areas of the patch.
-
And you cannot get rid of that.
-
It's haunting your dreams.
-
What is this?
-
STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
-
PROFESSOR: Upside
down paraboloid--
-
what is the vertex?
-
Where is the vertex at?
-
STUDENT: 0, 0, 1.
-
PROFESSOR: 0, 0, 1-- very good.
-
What's special about it?
-
So assume that I
would draw the-- I
-
would draw it to compute
the normal to the surface.
-
How would I do that?
-
STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
-
PROFESSOR: Uh, yeah.
-
Well, it's a little
bit more complicated.
-
I would have to shift
everybody to once side,
-
the side that I have a certain
increase in form [? than to ?]
-
the gradient
[? to stuff ?] like that.
-
So don't forget about this type
of project is an essential one.
-
-
Am I missing anybody important?
-
Yes.
-
We live in tests.
-
We cannot say goodbye to the
last section of the chapter
-
nine, which is 9.7, without
meeting again our friend
-
the saddle, right?
-
The saddle is-- this
is elliptic paraboloid.
-
And the last very
important quadric
-
that I wanted to talk
about today is the--
-
-
STUDENT: What about a cone?
-
PROFESSOR: Huh?
-
STUDENT: How about a cone?
-
PROFESSOR: Oh, a
cone is too easy.
-
But yeah, let's talk
about the cone as well.
-
Give me an example
of the standard cone.
-
Thank you, [INAUDIBLE].
-
X squared-- well--
-
STUDENT: T squared
equals x squared.
-
PROFESSOR: I'm going
to draw it first
-
so that you know what I want.
-
Unless I draw it, how
would you know what
-
to invent or to come up with?
-
It's not an ice cream
cone-- it's a double cone.
-
So I can have a positive
z and a negative z-- two
-
different sheets that are
symmetric with one another.
-
-
So how do I write that?
-
STUDENT: T squared.
-
PROFESSOR: Yes, equals?
-
STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
-
-
PROFESSOR: Well, would you like
it to be like most of those
-
that we see in the examples
in the book, right?
-
But it doesn't have
to be like that.
-
Of course, if it's
like that, of course
-
you realize z-- set the z.
-
Set the plane and altitude.
-
Then you're going to have
circle, circle, circle,
-
circle-- circle after
circle of different radii
-
as cross sections.
-
Z could also be negative.
-
Except for the case of the
origin, where you have 0, 0, 0.
-
-
Now, if you were to set
x equals 0, of course
-
you would get y
equals plus minus
-
z, which are exactly these
lines, the red lines that I'm
-
drawing in this picture.
-
-
So practically, this is, what?
-
Called a what?
-
A circular cone.
-
If I wanted to make
it more interesting,
-
I would put a squared
and b squared.
-
And it would be
an elliptic cone.
-
And we stayed away from
that as much as we could.
-
We brought it up now because
Zander asked about it.
-
So how about the number four,
number five, whatever it
-
is-- number four?
-
The [INAUDIBLE] what
was the typical equation
-
of the hyperbolic paraboloid
that I had in mind?
-
STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
-
-
PROFESSOR: Z equals x squared
minus y squared, very good.
-
So I will try again and draw it.
-
It's not so easy to draw.
-
-
If I were to choose x
to be 0 and draw exactly
-
in the plane of the board,
z equals minus y squared
-
would be some
coordinate line, right?
-
This is what we
call such a thing.
-
If we fix the x to be x0,
we get a coordinate line.
-
If we fix the y to be y0, we
get another coordinate line.
-
There are two families of lines.
-
Why is z equals minus y
squared drawn in this board,
-
on the board, in this plane?
-
It's a parabola that
opens upside down.
-
OK, so you have something like
this which you are drawing,
-
right?
-
And then what if y would be 0?
-
Then you get z equals x0.
-
So it's going to a
parabola that opens up.
-
Then I have to locate myself
and draw it on that wall.
-
But I can't.
-
Because if I do that, I'm
going to get in trouble.
-
So I better draw it like
this in perspective.
-
And you guys should
imagine what we have.
-
So if we were to cut
down with a knife,
-
we would get-- we will
still get these parabolas
-
that all point down.
-
And in those directions, these
are just the highest parts
-
of the saddle.
-
And let's say this would be
the lowest part of the saddle.
-
Where-- where is the
part of the rider?
-
A guy's butt is here.
-
And his leg is following the
shape of the saddle going down.
-
That's the cowboy boot, OK?
-
And he is-- hold on.
-
I don't know how-- what's the
attitude of the [INAUDIBLE]?
-
Well, it doesn't look
like a cowboy hat.
-
But anyway, I'm sorry.
-
He looks a little
bit Vietnamese.
-
That was not the intention.
-
STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
-
PROFESSOR: Then
let him be Mexican.
-
Half of the population
in this town are Mexican.
-
So this is his leg
that goes down.
-
-
OK, very good.
-
Look-- he even has a--
what do you call that?
-
That's so beautiful.
-
In the Mexican culture, they
make those embroidered by hand
-
with many colors belts.
-
But there are some
special belts.
-
OK-- depends on the area
of Mexico You visit.
-
I liked several of them.
-
They're so beautiful.
-
But my favorite
one is, of course,
-
the Rivera Maya, which is where
you go to the Chichen Itza,
-
to the mystic areas, to the
sea, and eat the good food
-
and go to Cozumel and forget
about school for a week.
-
That is paradise for me.
-
But [INAUDIBLE]
is not bad either.
-
If I were to choose where
to live and I had money,
-
I would live in Cozumel
for the rest of my life.
-
OK, so this is the
saddle that is oriented
-
so that you have a parabola
going in this direction,
-
going up, a parabola going
down in this direction.
-
What is magic about
a saddle point?
-
Do you remember?
-
STUDENT: It was [INAUDIBLE]
-
PROFESSOR: It's-- one direction
is like a max and one direction
-
is like a min.
-
So when you compute that
discriminant, you get negative.
-
You get like the product
between the curvatures.
-
One curvature in one
direction would be positive.
-
The other one would be negative.
-
So it's like getting the product
plus minus equals y, [? yes. ?]
-
But again, we will talk
about this sometimes later.
-
You don't even
have to know that.
-
Shall we say goodbye to This?
-
I guess it's time.
-
And chapter nine is now
fresh in your memory.
-
You would be really
to start chapter 10.
-
-
What I want to do, I want
to-- without being recorded.
-