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TTU Math2450 Calculus3 Secs 9.1-9.6

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    PROFESSOR: You have learned
    a lot in Calculus 2.
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    Whether you took Calculus
    recently or long time ago,
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    Chapter 9 is about vectors
    in r3 and eventually
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    [? a plane ?] and
    operations with such vectors
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    and the implications
    of the vectors
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    in the equations of a
    line in space or plane
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    in space-- stuff like that.
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    Now, 9.1 to 9.5 was considered
    to be covered completely
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    in Calc 2 here at Tech.
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    However, lots of students
    come from South Plains College
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    and [? Rio ?] College,
    lots of colleges
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    where by the nature of
    the course Calculus 2,
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    vectors in r3 are not covered.
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    Therefore, I'd like to make an
    attempt to review 9.1 and 9.5
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    quickly with the knowledge
    you have now as grown-ups
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    in the area of vectors in r2.
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    So again, what are vectors?
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    They are oriented segments.
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    Not only that they
    are oriented segments,
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    but we make the distinction
    between a vector that is fixed
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    in the sense that his origin
    is fixed-- we cannot move him--
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    and a free vector who is
    not married to the origin.
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    He can shift by parallelism
    anywhere in space.
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    And we call that a free vector.
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    The distinction between those
    vectors would be vr of v bar.
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    As you remember, v bar was
    the free guy, free vector,
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    which is the-- actually,
    it's an equivalence class
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    of all vectors that can be
    obtained from the generic v
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    bounded.
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    So I'm going to have to
    point by translation.
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    So you have this kind
    of-- same magnitude
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    for all vectors, same
    magnitude, same orientation,
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    and parallel directions,
    parallel lines.
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    What have we done
    to such a vector?
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    As you remember very
    well, we decomposed him,
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    being on the standard canonical
    basis, which for most of you
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    engineers and engineering
    majors is denoted as ijk where
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    ijk is an orthonormal
    frame with respect
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    to the Cartesian coordinates.
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    So i, j, and k will
    be their unit vectors
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    on the x, y, z axes of
    coordinates, Cartesian axes
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    of coordinates.
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    So remember always that ijk
    are orthogonal to one another.
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    Since this is review, I'd
    like to attract your attention
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    to the fact that k is plus j.
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    Think about it-- what
    happens you bring i over j.
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    And you get k
    because you move up.
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    Because it's like you
    are turning [INAUDIBLE]
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    connection and the screw
    or whatever from the faucet
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    is pointing upwards.
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    It's like the right hand rule.
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    If you would do the other way
    around, if you do j cross i,
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    what are you going to have?
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    Minus k-- so the properties
    of the cross product being
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    antisymmetric are
    supposed to be,
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    no, pay attention to the signs
    in all the exams that you have.
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    What do we know about
    their respective products
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    for vectors in
    space or in plain?
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    If you have two vectors
    in their standard basis,
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    you want i plus
    u2j plus u3k where
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    ui is a real number and
    e1i plus v2j plus v3k where
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    vi are [INAUDIBLE] real numbers
    the dot product or the scalar
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    product-- now, I saw that in
    all your engineering and physics
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    classes, you will
    use this notation.
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    Mathematicians
    sometimes say, no, I'm
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    going to use angular
    brackets because it's
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    a scalar product in r3
    or the scalar product
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    and the dot product
    is the same thing,
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    being that's the
    standard one here.
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    You want v1 plus u2v2 plus u3v3.
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    So what do you to
    remember what you do?
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    First component
    plus first component
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    times second component
    times second component
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    plus third component
    times third component, OK?
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    If you are in
    computer science, I
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    saw that you use this notation.
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    I was very happy to see that.
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    the summation notation.
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    But you don't have to
    use that in our class.
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    Now, above the [? fresh ?]
    product of two vectors,
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    you have the definition
    ijk the first row.
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    So what you get is
    going to be a vector.
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    Here, what you get is
    a scalar as a result.
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    Here's what you get as
    a vector, as the result
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    of the first
    product is a vector.
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    So you have u1,
    u2, u3, v1, v2, v3.
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    These are all friends of yours.
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    I'm just reminding you
    the lucrative definitions.
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    Now, some people
    said, yes, but I'd
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    like to see the lucrative
    definitions that
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    have to do with trig as well.
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    OK, let's see.
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    For those of you who asked me
    to remind you what they were,
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    I will remind you
    what they were.
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    For u.v, you get the same
    thing as writing magnitude u
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    magnitude v and cosine
    of the angle between them
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    no matter in which
    direction you take it
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    because the cosine is the same.
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    Cosine of pi is equal to
    cosine of negative phi
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    or theta [INAUDIBLE].
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    How about the other one?
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    Here's where one of
    you had a little bit
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    of a misunderstanding.
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    And I saw that happen in
    two finals, unfortunately.
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    This is not the scalar
    vector that I'm right here.
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    It's a vector.
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    So what's missing?
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    This is the scalar part.
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    And then you have times e
    where e is the unit vector
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    of the direction of the
    vector, the direction of u.v.
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    Why I cannot use another notion?
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    Because u is already taken.
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    But e in itself
    should suggest to you
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    that you have a unit vector,
    [? length of ?] one vector, OK?
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    All right, what is the--
    let's review a little
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    bit the absolute value.
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    Well, the absolute
    value is a scalar.
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    So that scalar will be
    magnitude of your magnitude
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    of [INAUDIBLE]
    sine of the angle.
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    And do you guys remember
    the geometric interpretation
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    of that?
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    STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
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    PROFESSOR: The area
    of the parallelogram
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    based on the two vectors--
    very good [INAUDIBLE].
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    U plus b is the area
    of the parallelogram
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    that you would draw based
    on those two vectors.
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    All right, good.
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    Now, say goodbye, vectors.
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    We've seen-- you've seen
    them through 9.4, 9.5.
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    What was important
    to remember was
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    that these vectors
    were the building
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    blocks, the foundations,
    of the equations
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    of the lines in space.
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    That's your work [INAUDIBLE].
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    So what did we work with?
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    Lines in space-- lines in space
    can be given in many ways.
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    But now that you
    remember them, I'm
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    going to give you the symmetric
    equation of a line in space.
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    OK, [INAUDIBLE] this
    can see [INAUDIBLE]
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    included on the final.
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    You are expected to know it.
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    So that is the
    symmetric equation,
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    meaning the equation of a what?
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    Of a line in space passing
    through or containing
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    the point of p, not of
    coordinates x0, y0, [? z0, ?]
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    and of direction [INAUDIBLE]
    in the sense of a vector.
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    Now, if I were to
    draw such a line,
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    I'm going to have
    the line over here.
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    Going to have a vector for
    the point p0 on the line.
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    I can put this free
    vector because he's free.
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    He says, I'm a free guy.
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    I can slide any way I want.
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    So I'm going to have
    li plus mj plus mk.
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    This is the blue vector.
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    Now, you don't have blue
    markers or blue pens,
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    but you can still do a
    good job taking notes.
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    Now somebody asked
    me just a week ago,
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    saying that I've started
    doing review already
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    and I don't understand
    what the difference is
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    between the symmetric
    equation of a line in space
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    and the parametric equations
    of a line in space.
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    This is no essential difference.
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    So what do we do?
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    We denote this whole
    animal by t, a real number.
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    And then we erase the board.
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    And then we write
    the three equations
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    that govern-- I'm going
    to put if and only
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    if xyz satisfy the following.
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    So I'm going to have, what?
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    X equals lt plus x0, y equals
    mt plus y0, n equals nt plus z0.
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    Well, of course, we
    understand-- we know the meaning
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    that lmn are like what
    [INAUDIBLE] physics direction
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    cosines were
    telling me about it.
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    And then x0, y0,
    z0 is a fixed point
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    that belongs to that line.
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    Now, since you know a
    little bit more than
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    you knew in Calculus
    2 when you saw
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    that for the first time, what
    is the typical notation that we
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    use all through Calc 3,
    all through the chapters?
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    The position vector-- the
    position vector of the point
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    on the line that is
    related to, what?
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    So practically you
    have the origin here.
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    [? Op0 ?] represent the
    vector x0i plus y0j plus e0k.
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    So now you have a little bit
    of a different understanding
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    of what's going on.
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    And then after, let's say, t
    equals 1 hour, what do you do?
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    You are adding the
    blue vector here.
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    Let's say at t equals
    1, you are here.
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    You are here at p1.
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    So to get to p1, you have to
    add two vectors, right guys?
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    This is the addition between the
    blue vector and the red vector.
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    So what you get is your result.
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    So if I am smart enough to
    understand my concepts are all
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    connected, the
    position in this case
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    will be r of t, which is--
    I hate angular brackets,
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    but just because
    you like them, I'm
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    going to use them--
    x of ty tz of tm
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    to be consistent with the book.
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    This is the same as
    xi plux yj plus zk.
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    And what is this by
    the actual notations
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    from the parametric equation?
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    This is nothing
    but a certain lmn
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    vector that is the vector
    li plus mj plus nk written
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    with angular brackets
    because I know
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    you like that times the time
    t plus the fixed vector x0,
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    y0, z0.
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    You can say, yeah, I
    thought it was a point.
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    It is a point and a vector.
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    You identified the point p0 with
    the position of the point p0
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    starting with respect
    to the origin.
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    So whether you're
    talking about mister p0
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    being a point in
    space-- x0, y0, z0.
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    Or you're talking about
    the [INAUDIBLE] position
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    vector that [INAUDIBLE]
    is practically
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    the same after identification.
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    So you have something very nice.
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    And if I asked you with
    the mind and the knowledge
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    you have now what that
    does is mean-- r prime of t
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    equals what?
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    It's the velocity vector.
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    And what is that as a vector?
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    Do the differentiation.
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    What do we get in terms
    of velocity vector?
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    Prime with respect
    to t-- what do I get?
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    STUDENT: Lmn.
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    PROFESSOR: Lmn as a vector.
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    But of course, as I
    hate angular notations,
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    I will rewrite it--
    li plus mj plus nk.
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    So this is your velocity.
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    What can you say about
    this type of motion?
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    This is a--
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    STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
    constant velocity.
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    PROFESSOR: Yeah, you
    have a constant velocity
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    for this motion.
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    If somebody would ask you
    you have-- 10 years from now,
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    you have a boy who
    said, dad-- or a girl.
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    let's not be biased.
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    So he learns, math, good at
    math or physics, and says,
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    what is the difference
    between velocity and speed?
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    Well, most parents will
    say it's the same thing.
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    Well, you're not most parents.
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    You are educated parents.
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    So this is-- don't tell
    your kid about vectors,
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    but you can show them you
    have an oriented segment.
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    So make your child run around
    around in circles and say,
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    this is the velocity that's
    always tangent to the circle
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    that you are running on.
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    That's a velocity.
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    And if they ask,
    well, they will catch
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    the notions of acceleration
    and force faster than you
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    because they see
    all these cartoons.
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    And my son was telling me
    the other thing-- he's 10
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    and I asked him, what
    the heck is that?
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    It looked like an
    electromagnetic field
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    surrounding some hero.
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    And he said, mom, that's
    the force field of course.
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    And I was thinking, force field?
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    This is what I taught
    the other day when
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    I was talking about [? crux. ?]
    Double integral of f.n
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    [INAUDIBLE] f was
    the force field.
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    So he was, like, talking
    about something very normal
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    that you see every day.
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    So do not underestimate your
    nephews, nieces, children.
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    They will catch
    up on these things
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    faster than you, which is good.
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    Now, the speed in this
    case will be, what?
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    What is the speed
    of this-- the speed
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    of this motion, linear motion?
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    STUDENT: Square
    root of l squared.
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    PROFESSOR: Square root of l
    squared plus m squared plus n
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    squared, which again is
    different from velocity.
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    Velocity is a vector,
    speed is a scalar.
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    Velocity is a vector,
    speed is a scalar.
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    In general, doesn't
    have to be constant,
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    but this is the
    blessing because lmn
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    are given constants.
    [INAUDIBLE] in this case,
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    you are on cruise control.
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    You are moving on
    a line directly
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    in your motion on
    cruise control driving
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    to Amarillo at 60 miles
    an hour because you
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    are afraid of the cops.
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    And you are doing
    the right thing
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    because don't mess with Texas.
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    I have friends who came here
    to visit-- Texas, New Mexico,
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    go to Santa Fe, go
    to Carlsbad Caverns.
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    Many of them got caught.
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    Many of them got tickets.
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    So it's really serious.
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    OK, that's go further
    and see what we
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    remember about planes in space.
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    Because planes in
    space are magic?
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    No.
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    Planes in space
    are very important.
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    Planes in space are
    two dimensional objects
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    embedded three dimensional
    [? area ?] spaces.
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    This is what we're
    talking about.
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    But even if you lived
    in a four dimensional
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    space, five dimensional
    space, n dimensional space,
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    in the space of
    your imagination,
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    if you have this two
    dimensional object,
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    it would still be
    called a plane.
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    All right, so how about planes?
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    What is their equation?
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    In your case ax plus by plus cz
    plus d is the general equation.
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    We now have a plane in r3.
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    You should not forget about it.
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    It's going to haunt
    you in the final
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    and in other exams in your
    life through at least two
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    or three different exercises.
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    Now I'm going to ask you
    to do a simple exercise.
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    What is the equation of the
    plane normal to the given line?
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    And this is the given line.
  • 19:09 - 19:11
    Look at it, how
    beautiful [INAUDIBLE].
  • 19:11 - 19:26
    And passing through-- that
    passes through the point
  • 19:26 - 19:32
    another point-- x1, y1,
    z1-- that I give you.
  • 19:32 - 19:35
    How do you solve solution?
  • 19:35 - 19:38
    How do you solve this quickly?
  • 19:38 - 19:41
    You should just remember
    what you learned
  • 19:41 - 19:44
    and write that as
    soon as possible.
  • 19:44 - 19:47
    Because, OK, this
    may be a little piece
  • 19:47 - 19:52
    of a bigger problem in my exam.
  • 19:52 - 19:53
    STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
  • 19:53 - 19:55
    [? PROFESSOR: Who is ?] a?
  • 19:55 - 19:58
    If this is normal to the line--
  • 19:58 - 19:59
    STUDENT: A is 1.
  • 19:59 - 20:04
    PROFESSOR: You
    pick up abc exactly
  • 20:04 - 20:09
    from the lmn of the line.
  • 20:09 - 20:12
    Remember this was an essential
    piece of information.
  • 20:12 - 20:17
    So the relationship between
    a line and its normal plane
  • 20:17 - 20:23
    is that the direction
    of that line lmn
  • 20:23 - 20:28
    gives the coefficients abc
    of the plane, all right?
  • 20:28 - 20:32
    Don't forget that because you're
    going to stumble right into it
  • 20:32 - 20:36
    in the exams [? lx ?] in the
    coming up-- in the one that's
  • 20:36 - 20:37
    coming up.
  • 20:37 - 20:39
    And c, is this good?
  • 20:39 - 20:42
    No, I cannot say d
    and then look for d.
  • 20:42 - 20:45
    I could-- I could [INAUDIBLE].
  • 20:45 - 20:47
    Whatever you want.
  • 20:47 - 20:49
    But then it's more work for me.
  • 20:49 - 20:52
    Look, I don't know-- suppose
    I don't know who d is.
  • 20:52 - 20:56
    I have to make the
    plane satisfy--
  • 20:56 - 20:59
    make the point
    x1, y1, z1 satisfy
  • 20:59 - 21:02
    the equation of the plane.
  • 21:02 - 21:04
    And that is more work.
  • 21:04 - 21:07
    I can do that if I forget.
  • 21:07 - 21:09
    If I forget the theory,
    I can always do that.
  • 21:09 - 21:13
    Subtract the two lines, subtract
    the second out of the first.
  • 21:13 - 21:15
    I get something
    magic that I should
  • 21:15 - 21:20
    have known from my
    previous knowledge,
  • 21:20 - 21:22
    from a previous life-- no.
  • 21:22 - 21:29
    L times x minus x1 plus m
    times y minus y1 plus z times
  • 21:29 - 21:31
    z minus 1.
  • 21:31 - 21:35
    And I notice that most of
    you-- you prove me on exams,
  • 21:35 - 21:38
    you prove me on homework--
    know that if you have
  • 21:38 - 21:44
    the coefficients and you
    also have the point that
  • 21:44 - 21:48
    is containing the plane,
    you can go ahead and write
  • 21:48 - 21:50
    this equation from the start.
  • 21:50 - 21:54
    So you know very well
    that x1, y1, z1 satisfies
  • 21:54 - 21:58
    your [INAUDIBLE] the plane Then
    you can go ahead and write it.
  • 21:58 - 22:02
    Save time on that
    exam Don't waste time.
  • 22:02 - 22:05
    It's like a star test
    that's a four hour test.
  • 22:05 - 22:08
    No, ours is only two
    hours and a half.
  • 22:08 - 22:11
    But still, the pressure
    is about the same.
  • 22:11 - 22:16
    So we have to remember
    these notions.
  • 22:16 - 22:19
    We cannot survive without them.
  • 22:19 - 22:20
    Let's move on.
  • 22:20 - 22:26
    And one of you asked me.
  • 22:26 - 22:31
    Do I need to know by
    heart the formula that
  • 22:31 - 22:35
    give-- a formula that will give
    the distance between a point
  • 22:35 - 22:38
    in space and a line in space?
  • 22:38 - 22:39
    No, that is not assumed.
  • 22:39 - 22:41
    You can build up to that one.
  • 22:41 - 22:42
    It's not so immediate.
  • 22:42 - 22:44
    It takes about 15 minutes.
  • 22:44 - 22:46
    That's not a problem.
  • 22:46 - 22:48
    What you are
    supposed to remember,
  • 22:48 - 22:54
    though, is that the formula
    for distance between a given
  • 22:54 - 23:01
    point in plane and a
    point in space and a given
  • 23:01 - 23:06
    plane in space-- that was a long
    time ago that you knew that,
  • 23:06 - 23:09
    but I said you should
    never for get it
  • 23:09 - 23:14
    because it's similar
    to the formula
  • 23:14 - 23:21
    for the distance between a point
    in plane and a line in plane.
  • 23:21 - 23:26
    I'm not testing you, but I
    will-- I hope-- maybe I do.
  • 23:26 - 23:31
    I hope that you remember how
    to write this as a fraction.
  • 23:31 - 23:34
    I'm already giving you hits.
  • 23:34 - 23:35
    What is--
  • 23:35 - 23:36
    STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
  • 23:36 - 23:38
    PROFESSOR: Absolute value
    because it's a distance.
  • 23:38 - 23:39
    STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
  • 23:39 - 23:40
    PROFESSOR: Of what?
  • 23:40 - 23:41
    STUDENT: Ax.
  • 23:41 - 23:42
  • 23:42 - 23:47
    PROFESSOR: Ax0
    plus by0 plus cz0--
  • 23:47 - 23:48
    STUDENT: Plus b.
  • 23:48 - 23:50
    PROFESSOR: Plus b, O. Good.
  • 23:50 - 23:52
    STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
  • 23:52 - 23:53
    PROFESSOR: Square root of--
  • 23:53 - 23:54
    STUDENT: A squared.
  • 23:54 - 23:57
    PROFESSOR: A squared plus
    b squared plus c squared.
  • 23:57 - 24:01
    Right, so it's a generalization
    of the formula of the--
  • 24:01 - 24:05
    in plane if you have a
    point and a line that
  • 24:05 - 24:11
    doesn't contain the point, you
    have a similar type of formula.
  • 24:11 - 24:17
    Good, let's remember
    the basics of conics.
  • 24:17 - 24:20
    Because I'm afraid that
    you forgot them from Calc 2
  • 24:20 - 24:25
    and from analytic or
    trigonometry class.
  • 24:25 - 24:31
    What were the standard conics
    that were used in this class
  • 24:31 - 24:34
    and I would like
    you to never forget?
  • 24:34 - 24:39
    Well, when you are
    in an exam, you
  • 24:39 - 24:43
    may be asked the [INAUDIBLE]
    inside of an ellipse.
  • 24:43 - 24:45
    But if you don't know
    the standard equation
  • 24:45 - 24:46
    of an ellipse, that's bad.
  • 24:46 - 24:48
    So you should.
  • 24:48 - 24:49
    What is that?
  • 24:49 - 24:52
    Ab are semi-axis.
  • 24:52 - 24:54
    STUDENT: X squared
    over a squared.
  • 24:54 - 24:57
    PROFESSOR: X squared over
    a squared plus y squared
  • 24:57 - 25:01
    over b squared equals 1.
  • 25:01 - 25:06
    Excellent, and what
    if I have-- I'm
  • 25:06 - 25:11
    going to draw a
    rectangle with these kind
  • 25:11 - 25:14
    of semi axes a and b.
  • 25:14 - 25:20
    And I'm going to draw the
    diagonals-- the diagonals.
  • 25:20 - 25:23
    And I'm going to draw
    a [INAUDIBLE] something
  • 25:23 - 25:28
    that is touching, kissing
    at this point tangent to it.
  • 25:28 - 25:32
    And it's asymptotic to
    the blue asymptotes.
  • 25:32 - 25:34
    What is this animal?
  • 25:34 - 25:36
    STUDENT: Hyperbola.
  • 25:36 - 25:39
    PROFESSOR: The
    standard hyperbola?
  • 25:39 - 25:42
    Tell me what-- it
    has these branches.
  • 25:42 - 25:43
    The equation is what?
  • 25:43 - 25:44
    STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
  • 25:44 - 25:47
    PROFESSOR: X squared over
    a squared minus y squared
  • 25:47 - 25:49
    over b squared equals 1.
  • 25:49 - 25:59
    If I were to draw
    its brother-- oh--
  • 25:59 - 26:06
    that brother would
    be the conjugate, OK?
  • 26:06 - 26:11
    And you would have to swap
    the sides of plus minus.
  • 26:11 - 26:14
    And you'll get the conjugate.
  • 26:14 - 26:18
    Quadrics-- OK, the parabola, I
    don't remind you the parabola
  • 26:18 - 26:21
    because you see it everywhere.
  • 26:21 - 26:25
    I'm going to review it when
    I work with some quadrics.
  • 26:25 - 26:31
    So the [INAUDIBLE]
    quadrics-- and I really
  • 26:31 - 26:37
    would like you to, if you feel
    the need to remind yourself
  • 26:37 - 26:43
    when quadrics are, go to the
    so-called gallery of quadrics.
  • 26:43 - 26:49
    Type these magic words
    as keywords in Google.
  • 26:49 - 26:53
    And it's going to send
    you to a beautiful website
  • 26:53 - 26:57
    from University of Minnesota
    that has a gallery of quadrics
  • 26:57 - 27:01
    where not only do you see
    the most important quadrics
  • 27:01 - 27:07
    in standard forms, but you also
    see the cross sections that you
  • 27:07 - 27:12
    have when you curve those
    quardics with horizontal planes
  • 27:12 - 27:15
    or other planes parallel to
    the planes of coordinates.
  • 27:15 - 27:18
    So I don't know in which
    order to present them to you.
  • 27:18 - 27:23
    But how about I present
    them to you in the order
  • 27:23 - 27:28
    that they were mostly
    frequently used
  • 27:28 - 27:37
    rather than starting with--
    so ellipsoid and respectively
  • 27:37 - 27:40
    a sphere.
  • 27:40 - 27:44
    Depends if you like football--
    American football or soccer.
  • 27:44 - 27:49
    Well, let's see what
    the equations were.
  • 27:49 - 27:52
    X squared over a
    squared plus y squared
  • 27:52 - 27:56
    over b squared plus z
    squared over c squared
  • 27:56 - 27:59
    equals 1 for the ellipsoids.
  • 27:59 - 28:06
    If abc are equal and
    equal to r, what is that?
  • 28:06 - 28:12
    That's a sphere of center
    origin-- standard sphere--
  • 28:12 - 28:14
    in radius .
  • 28:14 - 28:19
    R These are your friends.
  • 28:19 - 28:21
    Don't forget about them.
  • 28:21 - 28:28
    When you draw the
    ellipsoid, remember
  • 28:28 - 28:32
    that the first line,
    the dotted one,
  • 28:32 - 28:37
    is an ellipse on the
    other behind the board.
  • 28:37 - 28:39
    And that is obtained
    as x squared
  • 28:39 - 28:41
    over a squared plus y squared
    over b squared equals 1.
  • 28:41 - 28:48
    So it's going to be an
    intersection with z equals 0
  • 28:48 - 28:53
    And similarly, you can take
    the plain that's x equals 0.
  • 28:53 - 28:56
    And you get this ellipse,
    the plane that is y equals 0.
  • 28:56 - 28:58
    And you get this ellipse.
  • 28:58 - 29:01
    So those are all
    friends of yours.
  • 29:01 - 29:03
    Remember that all
    the cross sections
  • 29:03 - 29:10
    you have cutting with planes,
    the football, you have, what?
  • 29:10 - 29:12
    Ellipses.
  • 29:12 - 29:15
    That is easy and
    beautiful and it's not
  • 29:15 - 29:18
    something you need a
    lot of thinking about.
  • 29:18 - 29:23
    But let's move on some other
    guys that I'm afraid you forgot
  • 29:23 - 29:28
    and you should not
    forget in any case.
  • 29:28 - 29:34
    And the hyperboloids--
    hyperboloids,
  • 29:34 - 29:43
    the most standard ones,
    the classification
  • 29:43 - 29:49
    that we had in the classroom
    was based on putting everybody
  • 29:49 - 29:50
    to the left hand side.
  • 29:50 - 29:54
    How many pluses, how many
    minuses you have had?
  • 29:54 - 29:57
    If you have plus, plus, plus,
    minus or minus, minus, minus,
  • 29:57 - 30:01
    plus, you have an uneven
    number of pluses and minus.
  • 30:01 - 30:04
    That was the
    two-sheeted hyperbola.
  • 30:04 - 30:07
    If you had an even number
    of pluses and minuses,
  • 30:07 - 30:10
    that's the one sheet hyperbola.
  • 30:10 - 30:14
    So let us remember
    how that went.
  • 30:14 - 30:21
    Assuming that I
    love this one, this
  • 30:21 - 30:26
    is the first one--
    the first kind which
  • 30:26 - 30:31
    is the one-sheeted hyperboloid.
  • 30:31 - 30:33
    What is the symmetry axis?
  • 30:33 - 30:41
    The surface of
    revolution-- What axis?
  • 30:41 - 30:45
    Of axis 0x.
  • 30:45 - 30:48
    So I'm going to go
    ahead and draw that.
  • 30:48 - 30:51
    I'm going to draw
    as well as I can.
  • 30:51 - 30:53
    I cannot draw very well today.
  • 30:53 - 30:56
    Although I had three cups
    of coffee, doesn't matter.
  • 30:56 - 31:00
    I'm still shaking when
    it comes to drawing.
  • 31:00 - 31:04
    So in order to get the cross
    section, the first cross
  • 31:04 - 31:07
    section, the red one,
    what do you guys do?
  • 31:07 - 31:08
    STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
  • 31:08 - 31:10
    PROFESSOR: It's a-- what?
  • 31:10 - 31:11
    It's an ellipse
    because you said z
  • 31:11 - 31:14
    equal to 0 just as you said now.
  • 31:14 - 31:18
    So I get the ellipse
    of semi axis a and b.
  • 31:18 - 31:19
    This is the x-axis.
  • 31:19 - 31:21
    This is a.
  • 31:21 - 31:22
    This is b.
  • 31:22 - 31:26
    Well, it looks
    like horrible in b.
  • 31:26 - 31:29
    And that's the
    [INAUDIBLE] we have.
  • 31:29 - 31:31
    But now you say,
    but wait a minute.
  • 31:31 - 31:37
    I would like to draw the cross
    section that corresponds to x
  • 31:37 - 31:38
    equals 0.
  • 31:38 - 31:42
    And that should be in
    the plane of the board.
  • 31:42 - 31:51
    So if you set x to be 0, then
    you have the standard hyperbola
  • 31:51 - 31:53
    based on semi axes b and c.
  • 31:53 - 31:56
    Now, b, you believe me.
  • 31:56 - 32:00
    But c, you don't believe me
    at all because you cannot see.
  • 32:00 - 32:05
    So if I were to be proactive--
    which right now I'm
  • 32:05 - 32:08
    not very proactive,
    but I'll try--
  • 32:08 - 32:13
    I'm going to have
    to draw-- look,
  • 32:13 - 32:17
    I'm not done even if I
    didn't have enough coffee.
  • 32:17 - 32:21
    So the rectangle--
    you see b and c here?
  • 32:21 - 32:22
    OK, you see the asymptote?
  • 32:22 - 32:25
    It was not a bad guess
    of the asymptote.
  • 32:25 - 32:29
    This branch of the cross
    section looks like, really,
  • 32:29 - 32:31
    a good branch for the asymptote.
  • 32:31 - 32:33
    Good, and the other
    one in a similar way,
  • 32:33 - 32:35
    you can find the
    other cross section,
  • 32:35 - 32:38
    which is also a hyperbola.
  • 32:38 - 32:43
    So your old friend which
    is one-sheeted hyperboloid,
  • 32:43 - 32:50
    hyperboloid-- it sounds
    like a monster-- what
  • 32:50 - 32:54
    was special about him?
  • 32:54 - 32:55
    You have some extra credit.
  • 32:55 - 32:56
    STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
  • 32:56 - 32:59
    PROFESSOR: It's a
    [? ruled ?] surface generated
  • 32:59 - 33:01
    by two families of lines.
  • 33:01 - 33:03
    And thanks again for the model.
  • 33:03 - 33:06
    I will keep it for
    the rest of my life.
  • 33:06 - 33:08
    You got five bonus
    points because of that.
  • 33:08 - 33:11
    I'm just-- well,
    this is something
  • 33:11 - 33:13
    I will always remember.
  • 33:13 - 33:19
    Number two, how do I write
    that two-sheeted hyperboloid
  • 33:19 - 33:23
    if I wanted me to have
    the same axis of symmetry?
  • 33:23 - 33:25
    It should be a
    surface of revolution
  • 33:25 - 33:30
    consisting of two parts, two.
  • 33:30 - 33:31
    They are disconnected, right?
  • 33:31 - 33:34
    You have two sheets,
    two somethings,
  • 33:34 - 33:36
    two connected components.
  • 33:36 - 33:39
  • 33:39 - 33:40
    It's not hard at all.
  • 33:40 - 33:42
    What do I need to do?
  • 33:42 - 33:45
  • 33:45 - 33:50
    The same thing as here-- just
    change the minus to a plus.
  • 33:50 - 33:53
    All righty, x squared over
    a squared plus y squared
  • 33:53 - 34:00
    over b squared minus z squared
    over c squared plus 1 equals 0.
  • 34:00 - 34:04
    Great, so I can go ahead and
    reminds you what that was.
  • 34:04 - 34:07
    You didn't like
    it when you first,
  • 34:07 - 34:09
    but maybe now you
    like it better.
  • 34:09 - 34:13
    This is always yz.
  • 34:13 - 34:20
    And I'm going to
    draw the two sheets.
  • 34:20 - 34:22
    And I'm going to
    ask you eventually,
  • 34:22 - 34:26
    because I am mean, how
    far apart they are.
  • 34:26 - 34:28
    It's the surface of revolution.
  • 34:28 - 34:30
    These two guys
    should be symmetric.
  • 34:30 - 34:32
  • 34:32 - 34:40
    Well, so when I were-- if
    I were to take z equals 0,
  • 34:40 - 34:44
    I would get no solution
    because this is impossible.
  • 34:44 - 34:49
    I have a sum of
    squares equal 0, right?
  • 34:49 - 34:52
    It's impossible
    to get 0 this way.
  • 34:52 - 34:58
    When would I get 0 on
    the axis of rotation?
  • 34:58 - 35:02
    Well, axis of rotation
    means forget about x and y.
  • 35:02 - 35:03
    X is 0, y is 0.
  • 35:03 - 35:06
    Z would be how much?
  • 35:06 - 35:07
    STUDENT: C.
  • 35:07 - 35:08
    PROFESSOR: Plus minus c.
  • 35:08 - 35:09
    Plus minus-- very good.
  • 35:09 - 35:14
    C, practically c, if c is
    positive, and minus c here.
  • 35:14 - 35:19
    So I know how far apart they
    are, these two-- [INAUDIBLE]
  • 35:19 - 35:22
    this is not [? x ?] [INAUDIBLE]
    minimum and the maximum
  • 35:22 - 35:23
    over here.
  • 35:23 - 35:25
    Now, one last question.
  • 35:25 - 35:28
    Well-- OK, no.
  • 35:28 - 35:35
    More questions-- when I were
    to intersect with, let's
  • 35:35 - 35:41
    say, a z that is bigger
    than c, a z plane that
  • 35:41 - 35:47
    is bigger than c over here,
    what am I going to get?
  • 35:47 - 35:48
    No--
  • 35:48 - 35:48
    STUDENT: An ellipse.
  • 35:48 - 35:50
    PROFESSOR: An
    elipse-- excellent.
  • 35:50 - 35:52
    An ellipse here, an
    ellipse there everything
  • 35:52 - 35:53
    is symmetrical.
  • 35:53 - 35:57
    And finally, what
    if I take x to be 0?
  • 35:57 - 35:59
    I'm in the plane of the board.
  • 35:59 - 36:01
    I hide the x.
  • 36:01 - 36:02
    I get this.
  • 36:02 - 36:05
    What is this?
  • 36:05 - 36:11
    A hyperbola in the plane
    of the board, which is yz.
  • 36:11 - 36:15
    Y is going this
    way, z is going up.
  • 36:15 - 36:17
    X doesn't exist anymore.
  • 36:17 - 36:20
    So what kind of
    hyperbola is this?
  • 36:20 - 36:23
    Do you like it?
  • 36:23 - 36:24
    So--
  • 36:24 - 36:26
    STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
  • 36:26 - 36:29
    PROFESSOR: Right, mean smart.
  • 36:29 - 36:32
    go ahead and multiply by
    negative-- who said that?
  • 36:32 - 36:35
    Zander, you got two extra
    points, extra [INAUDIBLE].
  • 36:35 - 36:38
    Minus y squared over
    b squared equals 1.
  • 36:38 - 36:40
    What did he notice?
  • 36:40 - 36:42
    What did he-- he gets my mind.
  • 36:42 - 36:46
    I'm trying to say you have
    no hyperbola like that.
  • 36:46 - 36:49
    So Zander said, I
    know what which ones.
  • 36:49 - 36:53
    She wants these two branches
    to be the hyperbola.
  • 36:53 - 36:56
    But that's a
    conjugate hyperbola.
  • 36:56 - 36:58
    That is a conjugate
    hyperbola because you
  • 36:58 - 37:04
    don't have y and z with minus
    between the squares and a y.
  • 37:04 - 37:10
    So this is the conjugate
    hyperbola-- hyperbola--
  • 37:10 - 37:14
    that I'm going to draw.
  • 37:14 - 37:15
    In what color?
  • 37:15 - 37:16
    That's the question.
  • 37:16 - 37:19
    It's really essential what
    color I'm going to use.
  • 37:19 - 37:23
    So I'm going to use--
    I'm going to use green.
  • 37:23 - 37:27
    And this is the hyperbola
    we are talking about.
  • 37:27 - 37:32
    It's a conjugate one drawn
    in the plane of the board.
  • 37:32 - 37:34
    OK, all right.
  • 37:34 - 37:36
    So if I wanted to
    drop those asymptotes,
  • 37:36 - 37:38
    they will look very ugly.
  • 37:38 - 37:43
    And I cannot do better,
    but that's [INAUDIBLE].
  • 37:43 - 37:50
    So we have reviewed the
    most awful quadrics.
  • 37:50 - 37:54
    A friend of yours that
    by now all of you love
  • 37:54 - 37:57
    is mister paraboloid.
  • 37:57 - 38:02
    You have used that in
    all sorts of examples.
  • 38:02 - 38:06
    I'm going to remind you
    what the standard one was
  • 38:06 - 38:09
    that we used before.
  • 38:09 - 38:19
    So [INAUDIBLE] paraboloids,
    elliptic paraboloid.
  • 38:19 - 38:23
  • 38:23 - 38:26
    Circular paraboloid is
    just the particular case.
  • 38:26 - 38:29
  • 38:29 - 38:33
    The elliptic paraboloid
    that you're used to
  • 38:33 - 38:37
    is the following-- z equals
    x squared over a squared
  • 38:37 - 38:42
    plus y squared over b squared.
  • 38:42 - 38:45
    They may be positive
    if you want.
  • 38:45 - 38:49
    They don't-- in general,
    they are not equal.
  • 38:49 - 38:54
    The circular paraboloid--
    well, you simply
  • 38:54 - 38:59
    assume that a and b are equal.
  • 38:59 - 39:04
    And then you put-- you want
    a c squared or an r squared.
  • 39:04 - 39:07
    Let's put an r squared on top.
  • 39:07 - 39:10
    It really doesn't matter
    what you're putting there.
  • 39:10 - 39:12
    Can I draw?
  • 39:12 - 39:16
    Hopefully, hopefully,
    hopefully I can draw.
  • 39:16 - 39:19
    It looks like a
    valley whose minimum
  • 39:19 - 39:22
    is at the origin
    I'm going to draw
  • 39:22 - 39:30
    so that the intersection
    with the horizontal plane
  • 39:30 - 39:32
    will be visible to you.
  • 39:32 - 39:37
    And I take this
    z greater than 0.
  • 39:37 - 39:39
    And then I'm going to
    have some sort of ellipse.
  • 39:39 - 39:42
  • 39:42 - 39:45
    Under that, there is nothing.
  • 39:45 - 39:46
    Under the origin,
    there is nothing
  • 39:46 - 39:50
    because z is going to be
    positive at x equals 0,
  • 39:50 - 39:53
    y equals 0, and passing
    through the origin-- very
  • 39:53 - 39:56
    nice and [? sassy ?] Quadric.
  • 39:56 - 40:02
    There is one that occurred in
    many examples like a nightmare.
  • 40:02 - 40:04
    And it was based on that one.
  • 40:04 - 40:06
    And I'm going to
    draw-- no, no, no.
  • 40:06 - 40:08
    I'm going to write
    it and you draw it
  • 40:08 - 40:10
    with the eyes of
    your imagination
  • 40:10 - 40:12
    and see what that is.
  • 40:12 - 40:17
    Because you are, again, going
    to bump into it into the exam.
  • 40:17 - 40:21
    We had all sorts
    of patches of that.
  • 40:21 - 40:22
    Look at the areas of the patch.
  • 40:22 - 40:26
    And you cannot get rid of that.
  • 40:26 - 40:29
    It's haunting your dreams.
  • 40:29 - 40:30
    What is this?
  • 40:30 - 40:31
    STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
  • 40:31 - 40:34
    PROFESSOR: Upside
    down paraboloid--
  • 40:34 - 40:36
    what is the vertex?
  • 40:36 - 40:38
    Where is the vertex at?
  • 40:38 - 40:38
    STUDENT: 0, 0, 1.
  • 40:38 - 40:42
    PROFESSOR: 0, 0, 1-- very good.
  • 40:42 - 40:46
    What's special about it?
  • 40:46 - 40:49
    So assume that I
    would draw the-- I
  • 40:49 - 40:56
    would draw it to compute
    the normal to the surface.
  • 40:56 - 40:58
    How would I do that?
  • 40:58 - 41:00
    STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
  • 41:00 - 41:01
    PROFESSOR: Uh, yeah.
  • 41:01 - 41:02
    Well, it's a little
    bit more complicated.
  • 41:02 - 41:05
    I would have to shift
    everybody to once side,
  • 41:05 - 41:08
    the side that I have a certain
    increase in form [? than to ?]
  • 41:08 - 41:10
    the gradient
    [? to stuff ?] like that.
  • 41:10 - 41:16
    So don't forget about this type
    of project is an essential one.
  • 41:16 - 41:19
  • 41:19 - 41:21
    Am I missing anybody important?
  • 41:21 - 41:23
    Yes.
  • 41:23 - 41:24
    We live in tests.
  • 41:24 - 41:28
    We cannot say goodbye to the
    last section of the chapter
  • 41:28 - 41:33
    nine, which is 9.7, without
    meeting again our friend
  • 41:33 - 41:35
    the saddle, right?
  • 41:35 - 41:39
    The saddle is-- this
    is elliptic paraboloid.
  • 41:39 - 41:42
    And the last very
    important quadric
  • 41:42 - 41:47
    that I wanted to talk
    about today is the--
  • 41:47 - 41:51
  • 41:51 - 41:52
    STUDENT: What about a cone?
  • 41:52 - 41:53
    PROFESSOR: Huh?
  • 41:53 - 41:54
    STUDENT: How about a cone?
  • 41:54 - 41:55
    PROFESSOR: Oh, a
    cone is too easy.
  • 41:55 - 41:59
    But yeah, let's talk
    about the cone as well.
  • 41:59 - 42:02
    Give me an example
    of the standard cone.
  • 42:02 - 42:04
    Thank you, [INAUDIBLE].
  • 42:04 - 42:07
    X squared-- well--
  • 42:07 - 42:08
    STUDENT: T squared
    equals x squared.
  • 42:08 - 42:11
    PROFESSOR: I'm going
    to draw it first
  • 42:11 - 42:14
    so that you know what I want.
  • 42:14 - 42:16
    Unless I draw it, how
    would you know what
  • 42:16 - 42:19
    to invent or to come up with?
  • 42:19 - 42:23
    It's not an ice cream
    cone-- it's a double cone.
  • 42:23 - 42:27
    So I can have a positive
    z and a negative z-- two
  • 42:27 - 42:30
    different sheets that are
    symmetric with one another.
  • 42:30 - 42:34
  • 42:34 - 42:36
    So how do I write that?
  • 42:36 - 42:37
    STUDENT: T squared.
  • 42:37 - 42:38
    PROFESSOR: Yes, equals?
  • 42:38 - 42:39
    STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
  • 42:39 - 42:41
  • 42:41 - 42:46
    PROFESSOR: Well, would you like
    it to be like most of those
  • 42:46 - 42:51
    that we see in the examples
    in the book, right?
  • 42:51 - 42:54
    But it doesn't have
    to be like that.
  • 42:54 - 42:57
    Of course, if it's
    like that, of course
  • 42:57 - 42:59
    you realize z-- set the z.
  • 42:59 - 43:01
    Set the plane and altitude.
  • 43:01 - 43:03
    Then you're going to have
    circle, circle, circle,
  • 43:03 - 43:07
    circle-- circle after
    circle of different radii
  • 43:07 - 43:09
    as cross sections.
  • 43:09 - 43:10
    Z could also be negative.
  • 43:10 - 43:14
    Except for the case of the
    origin, where you have 0, 0, 0.
  • 43:14 - 43:18
  • 43:18 - 43:22
    Now, if you were to set
    x equals 0, of course
  • 43:22 - 43:24
    you would get y
    equals plus minus
  • 43:24 - 43:30
    z, which are exactly these
    lines, the red lines that I'm
  • 43:30 - 43:31
    drawing in this picture.
  • 43:31 - 43:34
  • 43:34 - 43:36
    So practically, this is, what?
  • 43:36 - 43:37
    Called a what?
  • 43:37 - 43:39
    A circular cone.
  • 43:39 - 43:42
    If I wanted to make
    it more interesting,
  • 43:42 - 43:46
    I would put a squared
    and b squared.
  • 43:46 - 43:48
    And it would be
    an elliptic cone.
  • 43:48 - 43:52
    And we stayed away from
    that as much as we could.
  • 43:52 - 43:55
    We brought it up now because
    Zander asked about it.
  • 43:55 - 43:58
    So how about the number four,
    number five, whatever it
  • 43:58 - 43:59
    is-- number four?
  • 43:59 - 44:03
    The [INAUDIBLE] what
    was the typical equation
  • 44:03 - 44:16
    of the hyperbolic paraboloid
    that I had in mind?
  • 44:16 - 44:17
    STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
  • 44:17 - 44:20
  • 44:20 - 44:32
    PROFESSOR: Z equals x squared
    minus y squared, very good.
  • 44:32 - 44:35
    So I will try again and draw it.
  • 44:35 - 44:37
    It's not so easy to draw.
  • 44:37 - 44:40
  • 44:40 - 44:47
    If I were to choose x
    to be 0 and draw exactly
  • 44:47 - 44:51
    in the plane of the board,
    z equals minus y squared
  • 44:51 - 45:00
    would be some
    coordinate line, right?
  • 45:00 - 45:02
    This is what we
    call such a thing.
  • 45:02 - 45:06
    If we fix the x to be x0,
    we get a coordinate line.
  • 45:06 - 45:10
    If we fix the y to be y0, we
    get another coordinate line.
  • 45:10 - 45:12
    There are two families of lines.
  • 45:12 - 45:17
    Why is z equals minus y
    squared drawn in this board,
  • 45:17 - 45:19
    on the board, in this plane?
  • 45:19 - 45:24
    It's a parabola that
    opens upside down.
  • 45:24 - 45:34
    OK, so you have something like
    this which you are drawing,
  • 45:34 - 45:36
    right?
  • 45:36 - 45:40
    And then what if y would be 0?
  • 45:40 - 45:43
    Then you get z equals x0.
  • 45:43 - 45:48
    So it's going to a
    parabola that opens up.
  • 45:48 - 45:54
    Then I have to locate myself
    and draw it on that wall.
  • 45:54 - 45:55
    But I can't.
  • 45:55 - 45:58
    Because if I do that, I'm
    going to get in trouble.
  • 45:58 - 46:02
    So I better draw it like
    this in perspective.
  • 46:02 - 46:05
    And you guys should
    imagine what we have.
  • 46:05 - 46:12
    So if we were to cut
    down with a knife,
  • 46:12 - 46:16
    we would get-- we will
    still get these parabolas
  • 46:16 - 46:18
    that all point down.
  • 46:18 - 46:22
    And in those directions, these
    are just the highest parts
  • 46:22 - 46:24
    of the saddle.
  • 46:24 - 46:27
    And let's say this would be
    the lowest part of the saddle.
  • 46:27 - 46:32
    Where-- where is the
    part of the rider?
  • 46:32 - 46:35
    A guy's butt is here.
  • 46:35 - 46:39
    And his leg is following the
    shape of the saddle going down.
  • 46:39 - 46:43
    That's the cowboy boot, OK?
  • 46:43 - 46:47
    And he is-- hold on.
  • 46:47 - 46:53
    I don't know how-- what's the
    attitude of the [INAUDIBLE]?
  • 46:53 - 46:55
    Well, it doesn't look
    like a cowboy hat.
  • 46:55 - 46:58
    But anyway, I'm sorry.
  • 46:58 - 47:00
    He looks a little
    bit Vietnamese.
  • 47:00 - 47:03
    That was not the intention.
  • 47:03 - 47:06
    STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
  • 47:06 - 47:08
    PROFESSOR: Then
    let him be Mexican.
  • 47:08 - 47:11
    Half of the population
    in this town are Mexican.
  • 47:11 - 47:14
    So this is his leg
    that goes down.
  • 47:14 - 47:19
  • 47:19 - 47:20
    OK, very good.
  • 47:20 - 47:24
    Look-- he even has a--
    what do you call that?
  • 47:24 - 47:25
    That's so beautiful.
  • 47:25 - 47:31
    In the Mexican culture, they
    make those embroidered by hand
  • 47:31 - 47:33
    with many colors belts.
  • 47:33 - 47:36
    But there are some
    special belts.
  • 47:36 - 47:39
    OK-- depends on the area
    of Mexico You visit.
  • 47:39 - 47:41
    I liked several of them.
  • 47:41 - 47:43
    They're so beautiful.
  • 47:43 - 47:46
    But my favorite
    one is, of course,
  • 47:46 - 47:51
    the Rivera Maya, which is where
    you go to the Chichen Itza,
  • 47:51 - 47:55
    to the mystic areas, to the
    sea, and eat the good food
  • 47:55 - 48:00
    and go to Cozumel and forget
    about school for a week.
  • 48:00 - 48:03
    That is paradise for me.
  • 48:03 - 48:05
    But [INAUDIBLE]
    is not bad either.
  • 48:05 - 48:08
    If I were to choose where
    to live and I had money,
  • 48:08 - 48:11
    I would live in Cozumel
    for the rest of my life.
  • 48:11 - 48:16
    OK, so this is the
    saddle that is oriented
  • 48:16 - 48:18
    so that you have a parabola
    going in this direction,
  • 48:18 - 48:23
    going up, a parabola going
    down in this direction.
  • 48:23 - 48:28
    What is magic about
    a saddle point?
  • 48:28 - 48:29
    Do you remember?
  • 48:29 - 48:33
    STUDENT: It was [INAUDIBLE]
  • 48:33 - 48:36
    PROFESSOR: It's-- one direction
    is like a max and one direction
  • 48:36 - 48:37
    is like a min.
  • 48:37 - 48:41
    So when you compute that
    discriminant, you get negative.
  • 48:41 - 48:45
    You get like the product
    between the curvatures.
  • 48:45 - 48:47
    One curvature in one
    direction would be positive.
  • 48:47 - 48:48
    The other one would be negative.
  • 48:48 - 48:53
    So it's like getting the product
    plus minus equals y, [? yes. ?]
  • 48:53 - 48:56
    But again, we will talk
    about this sometimes later.
  • 48:56 - 48:59
    You don't even
    have to know that.
  • 48:59 - 49:02
    Shall we say goodbye to This?
  • 49:02 - 49:04
    I guess it's time.
  • 49:04 - 49:08
    And chapter nine is now
    fresh in your memory.
  • 49:08 - 49:12
    You would be really
    to start chapter 10.
  • 49:12 - 49:15
  • 49:15 - 49:20
    What I want to do, I want
    to-- without being recorded.
  • 49:20 - 49:21
Title:
TTU Math2450 Calculus3 Secs 9.1-9.6
Description:

Review of vectors, dot and cross product.
Parametric equations and equation of the plane.

more » « less
Video Language:
English
Duration:
49:21

English subtitles

Revisions