Future of Food: Farming in the age of climate change

As climate change worsens and the global population rises, we risk food shortages worldwide. Are organic farming and hydroponics the key to farming's future?

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Unpredictable weather patterns are forcing farmers to adopt new methods to maintain a viable business while making food production as efficient as possible.

A small farm in south Dakota has turned to organic farming and invested in their dirt while others have taken climate out of the equation and invested in hydroponics, growing vegetables in large warehouses.

In the last of our What Happens Next, we explore the future of food through farming.

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I’ve kind of accepted my fate,

in a way, of being, sort of,

the guy that’s alarmed about this before
everybody else is.

“One slice of New York cheesecake.”

Why is it, in so many of the
sci-fi movies,

“Breakfast of champions.”

food of the future comes out of a gadget?

“Hydrate level four, please.”

But if you really want to understand
the future of food,

it’s probably not gadgets you should
be paying attention to.

People who make raising food
their business say

the biggest challenges coming involve
how food is grown.

We’re kind of a throwback to a
different era.

This South Dakota farm looks old-school,

but the Ortman family has designed it

around their vision for the future.

Better to embrace change on your own terms

than wait until it embraces you by force.

Several years ago, the Ortmans

began rebuilding their operation
from the dirt up,

after realizing that they were barely
breaking even,

focusing on a conventional
crop of, mainly, corn.

My conclusion, after pushing the
numbers on this,

was that going organic was going to
work better, economically,

because of the organic price premiums.

This wasn’t rooted in some kind of

dream, or wish, or some philosophy.

It really did start with economics.

Switching from conventional farming

to organic was a huge change.

Instead of plowing and spraying
to kill weeds,

the Ortmans make multiple trips
through fields

to carefully scrape them out.

Instead of fertilizing with chemicals,

they spend months preparing

one of the oldest tools in agriculture.

Our operation is really built
around compost.

We’re talking about manure here.

For these farmers, all that effort
is worth it.

Because, for them,

the future of food

has a lot to do

with the future of dirt.

If you boil down food production

into its most basic form,

everything that we eat

comes off of the soil, originally.

And the soil is a living organism.

We tend to take the soil for granted.

That’s the ultimate source of
most of our food.

History holds lessons for societies that
fail to keep soil in mind.

You look at the history of the spread
of western civilization

it’s, in many regards,

a story of people moving on
after degrading the land.

Individual droughts,

or political events,

or war with the neighbors;

those kind of events are

the kind of things that
will actually,

take down civilizations.

But the table is set, if you will,

by the state of the land.

One of the reasons this is so important?

Climate change.

Farmers will feel the impacts in
their fields

long before we feel the impacts
in the grocery stores.

The trends are all towards extremes.

Rain doesn’t come gradually throughout
the year anymore.

It comes in fewer, but larger doses,

that the land is just not able to soak up.

Will says he’s found that
minimally-tilled land,

enriched with organic material
like compost,

tends to soak up more rain

and stay moist through dry spells.

Other growers have found still more
dramatic solutions.

This indoor vegetable farm in New Jersey

has eliminated dirt entirely,

and recreated climate from scratch.

We grow in warehouses,
without sun or soil.

Independent of the seasons,
independent of the weather.

And this is how we can take back
what's becoming

more and more challenging
with climate change.

Another vulnerability could be

the conventional farming model

practiced across the United States.

It tends to favor large operations

that specialize in just a few
crops or animals.

This monoculture agriculture,

which we tend to have had,

is so vulnerable to weather changes,

and climate, and pests.

If a disease were to wipe out the
wheat crop worldwide,

it would have potentially devastating,

catastrophic impacts, globally.
Everywhere.

I’m not saying it’s gonna
happen tomorrow.

I’m just saying that a good farmer

has got to be a good risk manager.

The Ortmans manage their risk by
spreading it out.

They grow a variety of crops, like

corn, rye, black beans, soy
and strawberries.

And they also raise cattle,

and chickens that lay eggs.

It’s exactly like a stock portfolio.

Not very many people have

all of their holdings in one stock.

Small organic farms may be
one part of the solution

to the challenges the future holds.

But in a world whose population

is heading north of 9 billion people,

it’s probably not the only solution.

That’s because the human race

will consume more food
in the next 50 years

than it has in the past 10,000 years
combined.

It’s a complicated problem.

But it is a problem that the human race
can deal with.

We’re gonna need everything from

traditional agriculture to

exotic agriculture.

Everything from industrial agriculture

to locally scaled agriculture.

And we’ve got to remember that
overlying it all

is the consumer.

And the consumer is king and queen.

And they, ultimately, will decide

what they’re going to eat

and, therefore, what the future of
agriculture is going to look like.

Feeding the future will require us to
grow a lot more food.

But it’ll probably also require us to
waste a lot less.

We throw away about 35% of all food
that we produce.

That’s both here, in the United States,
and elsewhere.

That is low-hanging fruit.

That is almost enough,

if we could figure out a way to deal with
that problem,

to feed people over the next
couple of decades.

So, in our little corner of the world,

we’re doing what we can to
enrich our soil,

to diversify.

I hope people can see that

that the land is responding to
what we’re doing.

I hope people can see that
we’re not starving,

that we’re doing okay, financially.

Knock on wood.

And the Ortmans believe their
operation could hold

affordable lessons for
improving resiliency

in the developing-world countries

where farms are small,

and populations are large.

It’s not gonna be a gadget

that will do it.

There’s a constant exchange of ideas

and of experiences.

I don’t want my kids to say,

there were all these warning signs,
when I was a kid,

and my dad just looked the other way,

and now look at what we have to deal with.

This is the ark we’re building
before the rain.