Save the oceans, feed the world!

You may be wondering

why a marine biologist from Oceana

would come here today to talk to you

about world hunger.

I'm here today because

saving the oceans is more than an ecological desire.

It's more than a thing we're doing

because we want to create jobs for fishermen

or preserve fishermen's jobs.

It's more than an economic pursuit.

Saving the oceans can feed the world.

Let me show you how.

As you know, there is already

more than a billion hungry people on this planet.

We're expecting that problem to get worse

as world population grows to nine billion

or 10 billion by midcentury,

and we can expect to have greater pressure

on our food resources.

And this is a big concern,

especially considering where we are now.

Now we know that our arable land per capita

is already on the decline

in both developed and developing countries.

We know that we're headed for climate change,

which is going to change rainfall patterns,

making some areas drier, as you can see in orange,

and others wetter, in blue,

causing droughts in our breadbaskets,

in places like the Midwest and Central Europe,

and floods in others.

It's going to make it harder for the land

to help us solve the hunger problem.

And that's why the oceans need
to be their most abundant,

so that the oceans can provide us

as much food as possible.

And that's something the oceans have been doing

for us for a long time.

As far back as we can go, we've seen an increase

in the amount of food we've been able to harvest

from our oceans.

It just seemed like it was continuing to increase,

until about 1980,

when we started to see a decline.

You've heard of peak oil.

Maybe this is peak fish.

I hope not. I'm going to come back to that.

But you can see about an 18 percent decline

in the amount of fish we've gotten in our world catch

since 1980.

And this is a big problem. It's continuing.

This red line is continuing to go down.

But we know how to turn it around,

and that's what I'm going to talk about today.

We know how to turn that curve back upwards.

This doesn't have to be peak fish.

If we do a few simple things in targeted places,

we can bring our fisheries back and use them

to feed people.

First we want to know where the fish are,

so let's look where the fish are.

It turns out the fish, conveniently,

are located for the most part

in our coastal areas of the countries,

in coastal zones,

and these are areas that national jurisdictions

have control over,

and they can manage their fisheries

in these coastal areas.

Coastal countries tend to have jurisdictions

that go out about 200 nautical miles,

in areas that are called exclusive economic zones,

and this is a good thing that they can control

their fisheries in these areas,

because the high seas,

which are the darker areas on this map,

the high seas, it's a lot harder to control things,

because it has to be done internationally.

You get into international agreements,

and if any of you are tracking
the climate change agreement,

you know this can be a very slow,

frustrating, tedious process.

And so controlling things nationally

is a great thing to be able to do.

How many fish are actually in these coastal areas

compared to the high seas?

Well, you can see here about

seven times as many fish in the coast areas

than there are in the high seas,

so this is a perfect places for us to be focusing,

because we can actually get a lot done.

We can restore a lot of our fisheries

if we focus in these coastal areas.

But how many of these countries
do we have to work in?

There's something like 80 coastal countries.

Do we have to fix fisheries management

in all of those countries?

So we asked ourselves, how many countries

do we need to focus on,

keeping in mind that the European Union

conveniently manages its fisheries

through a common fisheries policy?

So if we got good fisheries management

in the European Union and,
say, nine other countries,

how much of our fisheries would we be covering?

Turns out, European Union plus nine countries

covers about two thirds of the world's fish catch.

If we took it up to 24 countries
plus the European Union,

we would up to 90 percent,

almost all of the world's fish catch.

So we think we can work in
a limited number of places

to make the fisheries come back.

But what do we have to do in these places?

Well, based on our work in the United States

and elsewhere, we know that there are

three key things we have to do

to bring fisheries back, and they are:

we need to set quotas or limits

on how much we take;

we need to reduce bycatch, which is the accidental

catching and killing of fish that we're not targeting,

and it's very wasteful;

and three, we need to protect habitats,

the nursery areas, the spawning areas

that these fish need to grow
and reproduce successfully

so that they can rebuild their populations.

If we do those three things,

we know the fisheries will come back.

How do we know?

We know because we've seen it happening

in a lot of different places.

This is a slide that shows

the herring population in Norway

that was crashing since the 1950s.

It was coming down, and when Norway set limits,

or quotas, on its fishery, what happens?

The fishery comes back.

This is another example, also
happens to be from Norway,

of the Norwegian Arctic cod.

Same deal. The fishery is crashing.

They set limits on discards.

Discards are these fish they weren't targeting

and they get thrown overboard wastefully.

When they set the discard limit,

the fishery came back.

And it's not just in Norway.

We've seen this happening in countries

all around the world, time and time again.

When these countries step in and they

put in sustainable fisheries management policies,

the fisheries, which are always crashing, it seems,

are starting to come back.

So there's a lot of promise here.

What does this mean for the world fish catch?

This means that if we take that fishery catch

that's on the decline

and we could turn it upwards, we could increase it

up to a hundred million metric tonnes per year.

So we didn't have peak fish yet.

We still have an opportunity

to not only bring the fish back

but to actually get more fish

that can feed more people

than we currently are now.

How many more? Right about now,

we can feed about 450 million people

a fish meal a day

based on the current world fish catch,

which of course you know is going down,

so that number will go down over time

if we don't fix it,

but if we put fishery management practices

like the ones I've described in place

in 10 to 25 countries,

we could bring that number up

and feed as many as 700 million people a year

a healthy fish meal.

We should obviously do this just because

it's a good thing to deal with the hunger problem,

but it's also cost-effective.

It turns out fish is the most cost-effective protein

on the planet.

If you look at how much fish protein you get

per dollar invested

compared to all of the other animal proteins,

obviously, fish is a good business decision.

It also doesn't need a lot of land,

something that's in short supply,

compared to other protein sources.

And it doesn't need a lot of fresh water.

It uses a lot less fresh water than,

for example, cattle,

where you have to irrigate a field

so that you can grow the food to graze the cattle.

It also has a very low carbon footprint.

It has a little bit of a carbon footprint

because we do have to get out and catch the fish.

It takes a little bit of fuel,

but as you know, agriculture
can have a carbon footprint,

and fish has a much smaller one,

so it's less polluting.

It's already a big part of our diet,

but it can be a bigger part of our diet,

which is a good thing, because we know

that it's healthy for us.

It can reduce our risk of cancer,

heart disease, and obesity.

In fact, our CEO Andy Sharpless,

who is the originator of this concept, actually,

he likes to say fish is the perfect protein.

Andy also talks about the fact that

our ocean conservation movement really grew

out of the land conservation movement,

and in land conservation,

we have this problem where biodiversity

is at war with food production.

You have to cut down the biodiverse forest

if you want to get the field

to grow the corn to feed people with,

and so there's a constant push-pull there.

There's a constant tough decision

that has to be made between

two very important things:

maintaining biodiversity and feeding people.

But in the oceans, we don't have that war.

In the oceans, biodiversity is not at war

with abundance.

In fact, they're aligned.

When we do things that produce biodiversity,

we actually get more abundance,

and that's important so that we can feed people.

Now, there's a catch.

Didn't anyone get that? (Laughter)

Illegal fishing.

Illegal fishing undermines the type of

sustainable fisheries management I'm talking about.

It can be when you catch fish using gears

that have been prohibited,

when you fish in places where
you're not supposed to fish,

you catch fish that are the wrong
size or the wrong species.

Illegal fishing cheats the consumer

and it also cheats honest fishermen,

and it needs to stop.

The way illegal fish get into our market

is through seafood fraud.

You might have heard about this.

It's when fish are labeled as something they're not.

Think about the last time you had fish.

What were you eating?

Are you sure that's what it was?

Because we tested 1,300 different fish samples

and about a third of them

were not what they were labeled to be.

Snappers, nine out of 10
snappers were not snapper.

Fifty-nine percent of the tuna we tested

was mislabeled.

And red snapper, we tested 120 samples,

and only seven of them were really red snapper,

so good luck finding a red snapper.

Seafood has a really complex supply chain,

and at every step in this supply chain,

there's an opportunity for seafood fraud,

unless we have traceability.

Traceability is a way where the seafood industry

can track the seafood from the boat to the plate

to make sure that the consumer can then find out

where their seafood came from.

This is a really important thing.

It's being done by some in
the industry, but not enough,

so we're pushing a law in Congress

called the Safe Seafood Act,

and I'm very excited today to announce the release

of a chef's petition, where 450 chefs

have signed a petition calling on Congress

to support the Safe Seafood Act.

It has a lot of celebrity chefs you may know

—Anthony Bourdain, Mario Batali,

Barton Seaver, and others—

and they've signed it because they believe

that people have a right to know

about what they're eating.

(Applause)

Fishermen like it too, so there's a good chance

we can get the kind of support we need

to get this bill through,

and it comes at a critical time,

because this is the way we stop seafood fraud,

this is the way we curb illegal fishing,

and this is the way we make sure

that quotas, habitat protection,

and bycatch reductions can do the jobs

they can do.

We know that we can manage
our fisheries sustainably.

We know that we can produce

healthy meals for hundreds of millions of people

that don't use the land, that don't use much water,

have a low carbon footprint,

and are cost-effective.

We know that saving the oceans

can feed the world,

and we need to start now.

(Applause)

Thank you. (Applause)