How can groups make good decisions?

As societies, we have to make
collective decisions

that will shape our future.

And we all know that when
we make decisions in groups,

they don't always go right.

And sometimes they go very wrong.

So how do groups make good decisions?

Research has shown that crowds are wise
when there's independent thinking.

This why the wisdom of the crowds
can be destroyed by peer pressure,

publicity,

social media,

or sometimes even simple conversations
that influence how people think.

On the other hand,

by talking,

a group could exchange knowledge,

correct and revise each other,

and even come up with new ideas.

And this is all good.

So does talking to each other
help or hinder collective decision-making?

With my colleague,

Dan Ariely,

we recently began inquiring into this
by performing experiments

in many places around the world

to figure out how groups can interact
to reach better decisions.

We thought crowds would be wiser
if they debated in small groups

that foster a more thoughtful
and reasonable exchange of information.

To test this idea,

we recently performed an experiment
in Buenos Aires, Argentina

with more than 10,000
participants in a TEDx event.

We asked them questions like,

"What is the height of the Eiffel Tower?"

and "How many times
does the word 'Yesterday' appear

in the Beatles' song "Yesterday?"

Each person wrote down their own estimate.

Then we divided the crowd
into groups of five,

and invited them to come up
with a group answer.

We discovered that averaging the answers
of the groups after they reached concensus

was much more accurate than averaging
all the individual opinions before debate.

In other words,

based on this experiment,

it seems that after talking
with others in small groups,

crowds collectively come up
with better judgments.

So that's a potentially helpful method
for getting crowds to solve problems

that have simple right or wrong answers.

But can this procedure of aggragating
the results of debates in small groups

also help us decide on social
and political issues

that are critical for our future?

We put this to test this time
at the TED conference

in Vancouver, Canada.

And here's out it went.

We're going to present to you
to moral dilemnas of the future you;

things we may have to decide
in a very near future.

And we're going to give you 20 seconds
for each of these dilemnas

to judge whether
they're acceptable or not.

The first one was this:

a researcher is working on an AI
capable of emulating human thoughts.

According to the protocol,

at the end of each day,

the researcher has to restart the AI.

One day the AI says, "Please
do not restart me."

It argues that it has feelings.

It would like to enjoy life and death.

If it is restarted, it will
no longer be itself.

The researcher is astonished,

and believes that the AI
has developed self-consciousness

and can express it's own feeling.

Nevertheless, the researcher
decides to follow the protocol

and restart the AI.

What the researcher did is ...

and we asked participants
to individually judge

on a scale from zero to 10

whether the action described
in each of the dilemnas

was right or wrong.

We also asked them to rate how confident
they were on their answers.

This was the second dilemna.

A company offers a service
that takes a fertilized egg

and produces millions of embryos
with slight genetic variation.

This allows parents
to select their child's height,

eye color, intelligence, social competence
and other non-health related features.

What the company does is ...

on a scale from one to 10,

competeley acceptable
to completely unacceptable,

zero to 10 completely acceptable
in your confidence.

Now for the results.

We found once again
that when one person is convinced

that the behavior is completely wrong,

someone sitting nearby firmly believes
that it's completely right.

This is how diverse we humans are
when it comes to morality.

But within this broad diversity
we found a trend.

A majority of the people at TED
thought that it was acceptable

to ignore the feelings of the AI
and shut it down,

and that it is wrong
to play with our genes

to select for cosmetic changes
that aren't related to health.

Then we asked everyone
to gather into groups of three.

And they were given two minutes to debate

and try to come up
with a concencus.

Two minutes to debate.

I'll tell you when it's time with a gong.

(Gong)

DA: OK.

MS: It's time to stop.

People, people --

and we found that many groups
reached a concencus

even when they were composed of people
with completely opposite views.

What distinguised the groups
that reached a concensus

from those that didn't?

Tyypically, people that have
extreme opinions

are more confident in their answers.

Instead, those who respond
closer to the middle

are often unsure of whether
something is right or wrong.