Why do we blame individuals for economic crises?

It was a cold, sunny March day.

I was walking along the street in Riga.

I remember the winter was slowly
coming to an end.

There was still some snow
around, here and there,

but the pavement
was already clear and dry.

If you've lived in Riga,

you will know that feeling of relief

that the first signs of spring bring,

and you no longer have to trudge
through that slushy mix

of snow and mud on the streets.

So there I am, enjoying my stroll,

as I suddenly notice a stencil
on the pavement in front of me,

a graffiti:

white letters painted
on these dark grey bricks.

It says,

"Where is your responsibility?"

The question stopped me in my tracks.

As I am standing there,
considering its meaning,

and I notice I'm standing outside

the Riga Municipality
Social Welfare Department.

So it appears that the author
of this graffiti, whoever it is,

is asking this question to people
coming to apply for social assistance.

That winter,

I had been doing research on the aftermath
of the financial crisis in Latvia.

When the Global Financial Crisis
erupted in 2008, Latvia got hit hard,

as a small, open economy.

To balance the books,
the Latvian government

chose a strategy of internal devaluation.

Now, in essence,

that meant drastically reducing
public budget spending,

so slashing public sector workers' wages,

shrinking civil service,

cutting unemployment benefits
and other social assistance,

raising taxes.

My mother had been working
as a history teacher her whole life.

The austerity for her meant seeing
her salary cut by 30 percent

all of a sudden.

And there were many in a situation
like hers or worse.

The costs of the crisis were put
on the shoulders of ordinary Latvians.

As a result of the crisis
and the austerity,

the Latvian economy shrank
by 25 percent in a two-year period.

Only Greece suffered
an economic contraction

of a comparable scale.

Yet, while Greeks were out
in the streets for months

staging continuous,
often violent protests in Athens,

all was quiet in Riga.

Prominent economists were fighting
in the columns of The New York Times

about this curious extreme
Latvian experiment

of this austerity regime,

and they were watching on in disbelief
how the Latvian society

was putting up with it.

I was studying in London at the time,

and I remember the Occupy movement there,

and how it was spreading
from city to city,

from Madrid to New York to London,

the 99 percent against the one percent.

You know the story.

Yet when I arrived in Riga,

there were no echoes of the Occupy here.

Latvians were just putting up with it.

They swallowed the toad,

as the local saying goes.

For my doctoral research,

I wanted to study how the state-citizen
relationship was changing in Latvia

in the post-Soviet era,

and I had chosen the unemployment office

as my research site.

And as I arrived there
in that autumn of 2011,

I realized I am actually
witnessing firsthand

how the effects of crises are playing out,

and how those worst affected by it,

people who have lost their jobs,

are reacting to it.

So I started interviewing people

I met at the unemployment office.

They were all registered as job seekers
and hoping for some help from the state.

Yet, as I was soon discovering,

this help was of a particular kind.

There was some cash benefit,

but mostly state assistance came
in the form of various social programs,

and one of the biggest
of these programs was called

"competitiveness raising activities."

It was, in essence, a series of seminars
that all of the unemployed

were encouraged to attend.

So I started attended
these seminars with them.

And a number of paradoxes struck me.

So imagine,

the crisis is still ongoing,

the Latvian economy is contracting,

hardly anyone is hiring,

and there we are,

in this small, brightly lit classroom,

a group of 15 people,

working on lists of our personal
strengths and weaknesses,

our inner demons that we are told
are preventing us from being

more successful in the labor market.

As the largest local bank
is being bailed out

and the costs of this bailout are shifted
onto the shoulders of the population,

we are sitting in a circle

and learning how to breathe deeply

when feeling stressed.

(Breathes)

As home mortgages are being foreclosed

and thousands of people are emigrating,

we are told to dream big
and to follow our dreams.

As a sociologist, I know
that social policies

are an important form of communication

between the state and the citizen.

The message of this program was,

to put in the words
of one of the trainers,

"Just do it."

She was, of course, citing Nike.

So symbolically, the state was sending
a message to people out of work

that you need to be more active,
you need to work harder,

you need to work on yourself,
you need to overcome your inner demons,

you need to be more confident,

that somehow being out of work
was their own personal failure.

The suffering of the crisis

was treated as this
individual experience of stress

to be managed in one's own body

through deep and mindful breathing.

These types of social programs
that emphasize individual responsibility

have become increasingly common
across the world.

They are part of the rise
of what sociologist Loïc Wacquant calls

the "neoliberal Centaur state".

Now, the centaur, as you might recall,

is this mythical creature
in ancient Greek culture,

half human, half beast.

It has this upper part of a human
and the lower part of a horse.

So the Centaur state

is a state that turns its human face

to those at the top of the social ladder

while those at the bottom
are being trampled over,

stampeded.

So top income earners and large businesses

can enjoy tax cuts
and other supportive policies,

while the unemployed, the poor

are made to prove themselves worthy

for the state's help,

are morally disciplined,

are stigmatized as irresponsible
or passive or lazy

or often criminalized.

In Latvia, we have had
such a Centaur state model

firmly in place since the '90s.

Take, for example, the flat income tax
that we had in place up until this year

that has been benefiting
the highest earners

while one quarter of the population
keeps living in poverty.

And the crisis and the austerity has made
these kinds of social inequalities worse.

So while the capital of the banks
and the wealthy has been protected,

those who lost the most

were taught lessons
in individual responsibility.

Now, as I was talking to people

who I met at these seminars,

I was expecting them to be angry.

I was expecting them
to be resisting these lessons

in individual responsibility.

After all, the crisis was not their fault,
yet they were bearing the brunt of it.

But as people were sharing
their stories with me,

I was struck again and again

by the power of the idea

of responsibility.

One of the people I met was Janet.

She had been working for 23 years

teaching sewing and other crafts
at the vocational school in Riga,

and now the crisis hits

and the school is closed
as part of the austerity measures.

The educational system restructuring
was part of a way of saving public money.

And 10,000 teachers across the country
lose their jobs and Janet is one of them.

And I know from what she's been telling me

that losing her job has put her
in a desperate situation.

She is divorced, she has
two teenage children

that she is the sole provider for.

And yet, as we are talking,

she says to me

that the crisis is really an opportunity.

She says, "I turned 50 this year.

I guess life has really
given me this chance

to look around, to stop,

because all these years
I've been working nonstop,

I have no time to pause,

and now I have stopped

and I've been given an opportunity
to look at everything and to decide

what it is that I want

and what it is that I don't want.

All this time, sewing, sewing,
some kind of exhaustion."

So Janet is made redundant after 23 years.

She's not thinking about protesting.

She's not talking about the 99 percent
against the one percent.

She is analyzing herself.

And she was thinking pragmatically
of starting a small business

out of her bedroom

making these little souvenir dolls
to sell to tourists.

I also met Ivars
at the unemployment office.

Ivars was in his late 40s,

he had lost a job at the government agency
overseeing road construction.

To one of our meetings,

Ivars brings a book he's been reading.

It's called "Vaccination Against Stress,
or Psychoenergetic Aikido."

Now, some of you might know
that aikido is a form of martial art,

so psychoenergetic aikido.

And Ivars tells me
that after several months

of reading and thinking and reflecting
while being out of work,

he has understood

that his current difficulties
are really his own doing.

He says to me,

"I created it myself.

I was in a psychological state
that was not good for me.

If a person is afraid to lose their money,

to lose their job,

they start getting more stressed,
more unsettled, more fearful.

That's what they get."

As I ask him to explain,

he compares his thoughts poetically
to wild horses running in all directions,

and he says, "You need to be
a shepherd of your thoughts.

To get things in order
in the material world,

you need to be a shepherd of your thoughts

because it's through your thoughts
that everything else gets orderly."

"Lately," he says,
"I have clearly understood

that the world around me,
what happens to me,

people that enter in my life,
it all depends directly on myself."

So as Latvia is going through
this extreme economic experiment,

Ivars says it's his way of thinking
that has to change.

He's blaming himself for what
he's going through at the moment.

So taking responsibility
is, of course, a good thing, right?

It is especially meaningful

and morally charged
in a post-Soviet society

where reliance on the state
is seen as this unfortunate heritage

of the Soviet past.

But when I listen to Janet and Ivars

and to others, I also thought

how cruel this question is --

"Where is your responsibility?" --

how punishing.

Because, it was working as a way
of blaming and pacifying people

who were hit worst by the crisis.

So while Greeks were out in the streets,
Latvians swallowed the toad,

and many tens of thousands emigrated,

which is another way
of taking responsibility.

So the language,

the language of individual responsibility
has become a form of collective denial.

As long as we have social policies
that treat unemployment

as individual failure,

but we don't have enough funding
for programs that give people real skills

or create workplaces.

We are blind of the
policymakers' responsibility.

As long as we stigmatize the poor
as somehow passive or lazy

but don't give people real means
to get out of poverty

other than emigrating,

we are in denial of
the true causes of poverty.

And in the meantime,

we all suffer,

because social scientists have shown
with detailed statistical data

that there are more people with
both mental and physical health problems

in societies with higher levels
of economic inequality.

So social inequality is apparently bad
for not only those with least resources

but for all of us,

because living in a society
with high inequality

means living in a society
with low social trust and high anxiety.

So there we are.

We are all reading self-help books,

we try to hack our habits,

we try to rewire our brains,

we meditate,

and it helps, of course, in a way.

Self-help books help us feel more upbeat.

Meditation can help us feel
more connected to others spiritually.

What I think we need is as much awareness

of what connects us
to one another socially,

because social inequality hurts us all.

So we need more
compassionate social policies

that are aimed less at moral education

and more at promotion
of social justice and equality.

Thank you.

(Applause)