What relationship should we have to animals? | Annette Lanjouw | TEDxCannes
-
0:21 - 0:25I'm a primatologist and I work
for the conservation of nature. -
0:26 - 0:29Here I was 25,
when I started my career -
0:29 - 0:34in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
I led a 3-year mission -
0:34 - 0:37to study and research
-
0:37 - 0:42a community of chimpanzees
in Virunga National Park. -
0:43 - 0:45It was 1987.
-
0:46 - 0:50Chimpanzees were the goal of my studies
, -
0:50 - 0:51but at the same time
-
0:51 - 0:54they were my main social contact,
-
0:54 - 0:59and so over time, they gradually became
-
0:59 - 1:02very important to me.
I would spend all day -
1:02 - 1:06in the forest with them and I began -
-
1:06 - 1:09I was never threatened
even if they have a reputation -
1:09 - 1:11of being dangerous - and gradually
-
1:11 - 1:14I began to know each individual,
-
1:14 - 1:17each individual's personality
and I would recognize them -
1:17 - 1:22by their gestures, their friendships,
and their position in the group. -
1:22 - 1:25As a scientist, I learned
-
1:25 - 1:31- and you learn - to be impartial,
objective and to avoid at all costs -
1:31 - 1:36to become too emotionally attached
with the subject of your research. -
1:36 - 1:40But the reality is that I am,
and we all are, -
1:40 - 1:43social primates. So we have
-
1:43 - 1:48a natural understanding
and empathy for them. -
1:48 - 1:51This means that
we all have a tendency -
1:51 - 1:57to interpret what we observe.
But sometimes, -
1:57 - 2:02to avoid to anthropomorphize
and lose objectivity, -
2:02 - 2:06we avoid acknowledging the obvious.
-
2:06 - 2:10However, there has been an exception,
with a chimpanzee -
2:10 - 2:13I had named Ozzie.
-
2:15 - 2:17I was walking in the forest every day,
-
2:17 - 2:23I knew all of them
but Ozzie was a male teenager -
2:23 - 2:26who had been injured,
before my arrival in the forest, -
2:26 - 2:30by a poacher trap.
And as you can see, his hand -
2:30 - 2:33- despite the poor quality
of the photo - -
2:33 - 2:35his hand was not working.
His left hand. -
2:35 - 2:40It was swollen,
without hair or dexterity. -
2:40 - 2:43He could use it as a hook,
-
2:43 - 2:47to draw branches to him
and he could also move -
2:47 - 2:51normally in the forest.
But he was a little excluded -
2:51 - 2:56by the other chimpanzees.
He was rarely deloused -
2:56 - 2:58which for a chimpanzee
-
2:58 - 3:01is a sign of low social status.
-
3:02 - 3:06One afternoon,
one sunny afternoon, -
3:06 - 3:09all the chimpanzees were resting,
having a nap. -
3:09 - 3:13I was sitting on the ground,
with my back against a tree -
3:13 - 3:16and they were all scattered
around me and I was watching them. -
3:16 - 3:20But Ozzie was close
in a... in a tree, -
3:20 - 3:23on a branch,
maybe one meter above the ground. -
3:23 - 3:26And he was resting with eyes closed.
-
3:27 - 3:30But at some point,
I realized -
3:30 - 3:34he was looking at me.
And he swung his good arm -
3:34 - 3:40and it was very relaxed,
almost too cool -
3:40 - 3:44almost like the boy
stretching at the cinema -
3:44 - 3:47to put his arm around
to the girl next to him. -
3:47 - 3:51And at some point,
I realized -
3:51 - 3:55he was reaching for my hand,
as if inviting me to touch him. -
3:55 - 3:57He was not afraid of me,
-
3:57 - 4:01he was curious and reaching out.
-
4:01 - 4:06If I had moved my body slightly
and stretched my arm, -
4:06 - 4:08I could have touched his fingers.
-
4:11 - 4:13My first reflex
-
4:13 - 4:17was to see this gesture as a friendly one.
-
4:17 - 4:21My first reflex was to respond
to his gesture. -
4:21 - 4:25I was touched, I was tempted,
I was curious -
4:25 - 4:30but I was not sure:
should I cross the bridge -
4:30 - 4:33with that other species?
Should I go -
4:33 - 4:38to meet this being
that remained somehow -
4:38 - 4:42unfathomable to me even after years
-
4:42 - 4:47of research and observation.
He was also both familiar, -
4:47 - 4:50but he also a stranger
-
4:50 - 4:54I could never truly know.
-
4:54 - 4:56There I was, sitting
-
4:56 - 5:00with my back against the tree and
I did not know what to do. -
5:02 - 5:03And it is this confusion
-
5:03 - 5:09that Ozzie provoked in me
which raised the question -
5:09 - 5:13I'm asking here.
What is the proper relationship -
5:13 - 5:18between the human and the other?
What should be the ideal bridge -
5:18 - 5:26between the human and the animal?
Without a common language -
5:26 - 5:30it is impossible for us
to exchange clearly -
5:30 - 5:33and without confusion to other animals...
-
5:33 - 5:36As it is impossible for them
to express themselves to us. -
5:36 - 5:38I do not mean that
with a common language, -
5:38 - 5:41there wouldn't be any possibility
of confusion or misunderstanding... -
5:41 - 5:45But without verbal language,
it's so easy -
5:45 - 5:46to question
-
5:46 - 5:49what is observed or misinterpreted.
-
5:49 - 5:54So we use Science
as the language that enables us -
5:54 - 5:57to understand and
explain what is observed... -
5:57 - 5:59And the stricter the discipline,
-
5:59 - 6:02the lesser the risk of losing objectivity.
-
6:02 - 6:05This is important, because
we have a tendency -
6:05 - 6:09to explain, interpret what we observe.
-
6:09 - 6:16The fear of anthropomorphism
and efforts to avoid -
6:16 - 6:19any subjective interpretation
-
6:19 - 6:23are valid, but they also serve
-
6:23 - 6:26as a blindfold covering our eyes
-
6:26 - 6:28preventing us from seeing.
-
6:28 - 6:31What is often extremely convenient!
-
6:31 - 6:35Consider this:
if we cannot prove -
6:35 - 6:38that an animal suffers,
we can ignore its suffering. -
6:38 - 6:42If we cannot demonstrate clearly
-
6:42 - 6:49how its sophisticated brain works,
then we can deny -
6:49 - 6:53it works in a sophisticated manner.
-
6:53 - 6:55And we can simply conclude
-
6:55 - 6:57it is driven by its instincts
-
6:57 - 7:02without self-consciousness,
unable to think about its life, -
7:02 - 7:06fears, desires and hopes.
-
7:06 - 7:10All this does not exist,
because we can not see it. -
7:12 - 7:14A belief system is in place,
-
7:14 - 7:17based on philosophy and religion,
-
7:18 - 7:23allowing man to place himself
at the top of a pyramid -
7:23 - 7:28with superiority and domination
over all other species. -
7:28 - 7:34And one proof, among others,
of this is that research -
7:34 - 7:36in animal intelligence
seeks and notes mostly -
7:36 - 7:40how humans
are superior to other animals... -
7:42 - 7:49We view our skills
and our superior capabilities -
7:49 - 7:54as due to our complex
and sophisticated brain. -
7:54 - 7:57And it gives us a unique potential
-
7:57 - 8:02in intelligence, empathy and altruism.
-
8:02 - 8:05But the reality is that these skills
-
8:05 - 8:09are neither unique to humans,
nor always higher. -
8:09 - 8:11Let me give you an example.
-
8:11 - 8:18The brain of the orca is large
and comparable structurally -
8:18 - 8:22to the human brain.
Apart from an area... -
8:22 - 8:26The area that allows us
to feel and control emotions, -
8:26 - 8:30and develop social ties.
-
8:30 - 8:33This area contains the limbic lobe,
-
8:33 - 8:39the insular cortex and the cap.
This area in the orca -
8:39 - 8:45is proportionally larger
and more complex than humans. -
8:45 - 8:50So the only logical conclusion
of such observation -
8:50 - 8:53is a logic that we often apply
-
8:53 - 8:56to explain our human superiority
-
8:56 - 8:59over other animals, is
that such complexity -
8:59 - 9:02would also indicate more capacity
in this creature. -
9:02 - 9:06This part of the brain in the orca
is more complex... -
9:06 - 9:11so its emotional bonds,
-
9:11 - 9:15its emotional life
are likely to be deeper, -
9:15 - 9:19more complex and somehow unfathomable
-
9:19 - 9:22for us humans who
do not have these capabilities. -
9:22 - 9:28But we continue to ignore
the implications of these studies, -
9:28 - 9:33and especially to look for research
that does not call into question -
9:33 - 9:39our "superiority".
Denying animals the ability -
9:39 - 9:42of having a sophisticated reflection
animals has been very convenient to us, -
9:42 - 9:47and continues to do so.
This allowed us to -
9:47 - 9:52exploit and even exterminate other species
-
9:53 - 9:56regardless of the impact
on their lives, -
9:56 - 9:58and without much remorse.
-
9:59 - 10:02We talk about Human and Animal...
-
10:02 - 10:06Not of the human as an animal.
-
10:06 - 10:10The animal is often used
as a derogatory word. -
10:10 - 10:15Historically and in contemporary life,
-
10:15 - 10:19the word 'animal'
is used as an insult. -
10:19 - 10:22To behave like an animal
is unworthy of us... -
10:22 - 10:26Wild, uncontrolled, unrestrained.
-
10:26 - 10:31Driven by its instincts
and devoid of morality. -
10:31 - 10:34Like a beast. A pig.
-
10:34 - 10:37Or rat. Or a cockroach.
-
10:38 - 10:44Put... think how many times
you have heard the sentence -
10:44 - 10:46"Phew! darling, you eat like a pig."?
-
10:47 - 10:50But this is not
a meaningless little phrase. -
10:50 - 10:52And it can go very far.
-
10:52 - 10:56And in the racist and genocidal language,
-
10:56 - 10:59comparisons with animals are very common.
-
11:01 - 11:10So, we used the same
the theoretical human superiority -
11:10 - 11:14to exploit and hurt other humans
-
11:14 - 11:17by comparing them to animals.
-
11:17 - 11:21We justified, by their lack of morality
-
11:21 - 11:24or sophisticated mental capacities,
-
11:24 - 11:28the exploitation and enslavement
of other humans -
11:28 - 11:34by this comparison and
this superiority theory. -
11:34 - 11:39This allowed us to discriminate
based on race, -
11:39 - 11:43religion, sexuality
-
11:43 - 11:45or gender.
-
11:48 - 11:57It is very important to remember
that human exploitation -
11:57 - 12:01was done the same way
as we exploited animals. -
12:01 - 12:07So... What is the proper relationship
with the animal? -
12:07 - 12:09Now I do not want
-
12:09 - 12:13to replace one illusion with another...
-
12:13 - 12:18nor do I want you to accept the illusion
-
12:18 - 12:21and the utopian world
where all the animals -
12:21 - 12:23have the same capacities!
-
12:23 - 12:27I would especially like us to be
aware of our lack of humility -
12:27 - 12:29and lack of integrity.
-
12:29 - 12:32And I'd like us to admit it as illusory.
-
12:33 - 12:36Take for example an animal...
-
12:36 - 12:39Picture yourself
in front of a dog, for example. -
12:39 - 12:42We will all consider ourselves
-
12:42 - 12:49superior even if that same dog
had a capacity of smell or -
12:49 - 12:52in the detection of certain diseases
-
12:52 - 12:56far beyond ours.
So superior in what? -
12:58 - 13:01Perhaps in a few decades
-
13:01 - 13:05we will look at
our attitudes and our behavior -
13:05 - 13:08towards animals with the same uneasiness
-
13:08 - 13:12and shame, and we will find
grotesque the way that today, -
13:12 - 13:16we look at discrimination
against other human populations, -
13:16 - 13:19slavery and genocide.
-
13:21 - 13:25So... what is the good relationship
with animals? -
13:27 - 13:29I'm coming back to Ozzie
-
13:29 - 13:33who reached his arm in the forest.
-
13:34 - 13:37Everything indicated a friendly gesture...
-
13:40 - 13:43Maybe even acknowledging
-
13:43 - 13:48my own inferior status as an alien
-
13:48 - 13:51a little comparable to his.
-
13:51 - 13:55Maybe we were both each other's "other"
-
13:55 - 13:58as well as being "other"
to the chimpanzees in the group. -
13:59 - 14:02It was very difficult to make a choice...
-
14:02 - 14:07What a temptation to cross the border
-
14:07 - 14:10and to meet the other species,
-
14:10 - 14:15a totally wild animal and
reciprocate the complicity -
14:15 - 14:18and friendship that he seemed to offer me.
-
14:18 - 14:22But one thing I knew:
touching a wild animal -
14:22 - 14:26and especially a great ape
that is so vulnerable to humans... -
14:26 - 14:29this is rarely good for the animal.
-
14:30 - 14:33So I did not respond to his gesture.
-
14:33 - 14:38I looked at him, but I kept my hands
folded on my lap. -
14:38 - 14:43And after a little while,
Ozzie withdrew his hand -
14:43 - 14:47and stopped looking at me.
I had made the choice -
14:47 - 14:52not to cross the bridge...
Because somehow -
14:52 - 14:56I felt it would have been for me...
-
14:56 - 15:00and not for him. I wanted him to know
-
15:00 - 15:02he had nothing to fear from me...
-
15:02 - 15:09But the unpleasant reality is that
man is everything dangerous, -
15:09 - 15:15threatening and essentially immoral
in the world of animals. -
15:15 - 15:20For Ozzie, his future and wellbeing
-
15:20 - 15:25would depend on him
keeping a little fear of man. -
15:25 - 15:28I did not know
and I would never have known -
15:28 - 15:31the consequences, but since then,
the Congo war led -
15:31 - 15:35to the massacres of humans and animals
by the military, -
15:35 - 15:43poachers and rebels. For Ozzie,
his future was with chimpanzees. -
15:43 - 15:45And it would have been
dangerous for him -
15:45 - 15:49to put too much trust in a human being.
-
15:50 - 15:53But I'm left with the question...
"What if.... ". -
15:53 - 15:57And I cannot say that
I wasn't tempted... -
15:57 - 16:01nor that I do not regret
my decision a little. -
16:01 - 16:05After so many years with wild animals
-
16:05 - 16:07and so many years looking for
-
16:07 - 16:11the ideal scientific position,
-
16:11 - 16:13I'm beginning to understand
-
16:13 - 16:16the limits of my own knowledge
-
16:16 - 16:22and all that remains unfathomable
and essentially different. -
16:23 - 16:26Now I come back to the
question I put to you: -
16:26 - 16:29what is the ideal bridge
between the human and the animal? -
16:30 - 16:34And I wonder, should we focus that much
-
16:34 - 16:37on a comparison of the differences?
-
16:37 - 16:42Or should we look at
these differences and the value, -
16:42 - 16:46the beauty and importance
of these differences? -
16:47 - 16:53I think the terra incognita
of other animals is defined -
16:53 - 16:58by our ignorance and this blindfold
we deliberately put -
16:58 - 17:01before our eyes to avoid seeing.
-
17:01 - 17:08Maybe the ideal bridge between
the human and the other -
17:08 - 17:13should be a celebration
of those differences -
17:13 - 17:17towards a respectful coexistence.
-
17:17 - 17:21Thank you.
(Applause)
- Title:
- What relationship should we have to animals? | Annette Lanjouw | TEDxCannes
- Description:
-
What is the right bridge between humans and animals? Are humans superior to animals? What role does Science play in our understanding of how species work? In this talk, Annette Lanjouw questions the human-animal relationships and more generally, the relationship of between species and shares her view on this matter.
Annette Lanjouw is a famous international primatologist who continued Diane Fossey's work to protect the endangered moutain gorillas in war-torn regions of Africa. Over the past 25 years, she contributed to protect the orang-utangs, the chimpanzees and the bonobos. Her journey developed in her the love of life and wild places as well as the notion that humans are just a part of a complex natural system.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx
- Video Language:
- French
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 17:30