A small country with big ideas to get rid of fossil fuels

How do we build a society

without fossil fuels?

This is a very complex challenge,

and I believe developing countries

could take the lead in this transition?

And I'm aware that this
is a contentious statement,

but the reality is that so much
is at stake in our countries

if we let fossil fuels stay

at the center of our development.

We can do it differently,

and it's time, it really is time,

to debunk the myth

that a country has to choose
between development on the one hand

and environmental protection,
renewables, quality of life, on the other.

I come from Costa Rica,
a developing country.

We are nearly 5 million people,

and we live right in the middle
of the Americas,

so it's very easy to remember
where we live.

Nearly 100 percent of our electricity

comes from renewable sources,

five of them.

(Applause)

Hydropower, geothermal,

wind, solar, biomass.

Did you know that last year,

for 299 days,

we did not use any fossil fuels

in order to generate all our electricity?

It's a fantastic achievement,

and yet, it hides a paradox,

which is that nearly 70 percent

of all our energy consumption is oil.

Why?

Because of our transportation system,

which is totally dependent
on fossil fuels,

like it is in most countries.

So if we think of the energy transition
as a marathon,

the question is, how do we get
to the finishing line,

how do we decarbonize
the rest of the economy?

And it's fair to say
that if we don't succeed,

it's difficult to see who will.

So that is why I want to talk to you
about Costa Rica,

because I believe we are a great candidate

in pioneering a vision for development
without fossil fuels.

If you know one thing about our country,

it is that we don't have an army.

So I'm going to take you back to 1948.

That year, the country
was coming out of civil war.

Thousands of Costa Ricans had died,

and families were bitterly split,

and yet, a surprising idea
won the hearts and minds:

we would reboot the country,
and that Second Republic

would have no army.

So we abolished it.

And the president at the time,

José Figueres, found a powerful way
by smashing the walls of an army base.

The following year, 1949,

we made that decision permanent
in the new constitution,

and that is why I can tell you that story
nearly 70 years later.

And I'm grateful.

I'm grateful they made that decision
before I was born,

because it allowed me
and millions of others

to live in a very stable country.

And you might be thinking
that it was good luck,

but it wasn't.

There was a pattern of deliberate choices.

In the '40s, Costa Ricans were given
free education and free health care.

We called that social guarantees.

By abolishing the army,

we were able to turn military spending
into social spending,

and that was a driver of stability.

In the '50s --

(Applause) --

In the '50s, we started
investing in hydropower,

and that kept us away from the trap

of using fossil fuels
for electricity generation,

which is what the world
is struggling with today.

In the '70s we invested in national parks,

and that kept us away

from the deeply flawed logic
of growth, growth, growth at any cost

that you see others embracing,
especially in the developing world.

In the '90s, we pioneered payments
for ecosystem services,

and that helped us reverse deforestation

and boosted ecotourism,
which today is a key engine of growth.

So investing in environmental protection

did not hurt our economy.

Quite the opposite.

And it doesn't mean we are perfect,

and it doesn't mean
we don't have contradictions.

That's not the point.

The point is that,
by making our own choices,

we were able to develop resilience
in dealing with development problems.

Also, if you take a country like ours,

the GDP per capita
is around 11,000 dollars,

depending on how you measure it.

But according
to the Social Progress Index,

we are an absolute outlier
when it comes to turning GDP

into social progress.

Abolishing the army,

investing in nature and people,

did something very powerful too.

It shaped the narrative,

the narrative of a small country
with big ideas,

and it was very empowering
to grow up with that narrative.

So the question is,

what is the next big idea
for this generation?

And I believe what comes next
is for this generation

to let go of fossil fuels for good,

just as we did with the army.

Fossil fuels create climate change.

We know that, and we know

how vulnerable we are
to the impacts of climate change.

So as a developing country,
it is in our best interest

to build development
without fossil fuels

that harm people in the first place.

Because

why would we continue importing oil

for transportation

if we can use electricity instead?

Remember,

this is the country

where electricity comes from

water in our rivers,

heat from volcanoes,

wind turbines, solar panels,

biowaste.

Abolishing fossil fuels means
disrupting our transportation system

so that we can power our cars,

buses, and trains, with electricity

instead of dirty energy.

And transportation, let me tell you,

has become an existential issue
for us Costa Ricans,

because the model we have
is not working for us.

It's hurting people,

it's hurting companies,

and it's hurting our health.

Because when policies
and infrastructure fails,

this is what happens on a daily basis.

Two hours in the morning,

two hours in the evening.

I don't understand why
we have to accept this as normal.

It's offensive

to have to waste our time like this
every single day.

And this highway is actually quite good
compared to what you see

in other countries
where traffic is exploding.

You know, Costa Ricans
call this "presa."

Presa means "imprisoned."

And people are turning violent

in a country that is otherwise
happy in [???].

It's happening.

So a lot is at stake.

The good news

is that when we talk about
clean transportation

and electric mobility,
we're not talking about some

distant utopia out there.

We're talking about electric mobility
that is happening today.

By 2022, electric cars
and conventional cars

are expected to cost the same,

and cities are already trying
electric buses,

and these really cool creatures

are saving money,

and they reduce pollution.

So if we want to get rid
of oil-based transportation, we can,

because we have options now
that we didn't have before.

It's really exciting.

But of course,

some get very uncomfortable

with this idea,

and they will come and they will tell you

that the world is stuck with oil,
and so is Costa Rica, so get real.

That's what they tell you.

And you know what the answer
to that argument is?

That in 1948, we didn't say
the world is stuck with armies,

so let's keep our army too.

No, we made a very brave choice,

and that choice made the whole difference.

So it's time for this generation

to be brave again

and abolish fossil fuels for good.

And I'll give you three reasons
why we have to do this.

First,

our model of transportation
and urbanization is broken,

so this is the best moment

to really find our urban
and mobility future.

We don't want cities
that are built for cars.

We want cities for people

where we can walk and we can use bikes.

And we want public transportation,

lots of it,

public transportation
that is clean and dignifying.

Because if we continue adding
fleets of conventional cars,

our cities will become unbearable.

Second, we have to change,

but incremental change is not
going to be sufficient.

We need transformational change.

And there are some incremental projects
in my country,

and I am the first one to celebrate them.

But let's not kid ourselves.

We're not talking about ending up
with really beautiful electric cars here

and a few electric buses there

while we keep investing in the same kind
of infrastructure, more cars, more roads,

more oil.

We're talking about
breaking free from oil,

and you cannot get there
through incrementalism.

Third, and you know this one,

the world is hungry for inspiration.

It craves stories of success

in dealing with complex issues,

especially in developing countries.

So I believe Costa Rica
can be an inspiration to others,

as we did last year when we disclosed

that for so many days,
we were not using any fossil fuels

in order to generate
all our electricity.

The news went viral around the world.

Also, and this makes me extremely proud,

a Costa Rican woman,
Christiana Figueres,

played a decisive role in the negotiations
of the Paris climate agreement.

So we have to protect that legacy
and be an example.

So what comes next?

The people.

How do we get people to own this?

How do we get people

to believe that it's possible

to build a society without fossil fuels?

A lot of work from
the ground up is needed.

That is why, in 2014,
we created Costa Rica Limpia

Limpia means "clean,"

because we want to empower
and we want to inspire citizens.

If citizens don't get engaged,

clean transportation decisions
will be brought down by endless,

and I mean endless,
technical discussions,

and by avalanches of lobbying
by various established interests.

One thing to be a green country
powered by renewables

is already part of our story.

We should not let anybody
take that away from us.

Last year, we brought people
from our seven provinces

to talk about climate change
in terms that matter to them,

and we also brought this year

another group of Costa Ricans

to talk about renewable energy.

And you know what?

These people disagree on almost everything

except on renewable energy

and clean transportation and clean air.

It brings people together,

and their key to real participation

is to help people not to feel small.

People feel powerless,

and they are tired of not being heard.

So what we do is concrete things,

and we translate technical issues
into citizen language

to show that citizens have a role to play
and can play it together.

For the first time, we're tracking
the promises that were made

on clean transportation,

and politicos know that they have
to deliver it,

but the tipping point will come
when we form coalitions --

citizens, companies,

champions of public transportation --

that will make electric mobility
the new normal,

especially in a developing country.

By the time the next election comes,

I believe every candidate
will have to disclose where they stand

on the abolition of fossil fuels.

Because this question
has to enter our mainstream politics.

And I'm telling you, this is not
a question of climate policy

or environmental agenda.

It's about the country that we want

and the cities that we have

and the cities that we have

and who makes that choice.

Because at the end of the day,

what we have to show

is that development
with renewable energy

is good for the people,

for Costa Ricans that are alive today

and especially for those
who haven't been born.

This is our National Museum today.

It's bright and peaceful,

and when you stand up in front of it,

it's really hard to believe
these were military barracks

at the end of the '40s.

We started a new life
without an army in this place,

and here is where our abolition

of fossil fuels will be announced one day,

and we will make history again.

Thank you.

(Applause)