A forgotten Space Age technology could change how we grow food
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0:02 - 0:06Imagine you are a part
of a crew of astronauts -
0:06 - 0:09traveling to Mars or some distant planet.
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0:10 - 0:13The travel time could take a year
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0:13 - 0:14or even longer.
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0:15 - 0:18The space on board and the resources
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0:18 - 0:19would be limited.
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0:19 - 0:24So you and the crew would have
to figure out how to produce food -
0:24 - 0:25with minimal inputs.
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0:26 - 0:30What if you could bring with you
just a few packets of seeds, -
0:31 - 0:34and grow crops in a matter of hours?
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0:35 - 0:38And what if those crops
would then make more seeds, -
0:38 - 0:41enabling you to feed the entire crew
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0:41 - 0:45with just those few packets of seeds
for the duration of the trip? -
0:46 - 0:51Well, the scientists at NASA actually
figured out a way to do this. -
0:52 - 0:54What they came up with
was actually quite interesting. -
0:54 - 0:56It involved microorganisms,
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0:56 - 0:58which are single-celled organisms.
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0:59 - 1:01And they also used hydrogen from water.
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1:02 - 1:06The types of microbes that they used
were called hydrogenotrophs, -
1:06 - 1:11and with these hydrogenotrophs,
you can create a virtuous carbon cycle -
1:11 - 1:14that would sustain life
onboard a spacecraft. -
1:15 - 1:18Astronauts would breathe out
carbon dioxide, -
1:18 - 1:22that carbon dioxide would then
be captured by the microbes -
1:22 - 1:26and converted into a nutritious,
carbon-rich crop. -
1:26 - 1:30The astronauts would then eat
that carbon-rich crop -
1:30 - 1:34and exhale the carbon out
in the form of carbon dioxide, -
1:34 - 1:36which would then be captured
by the microbes, -
1:36 - 1:38to create a nutritious crop,
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1:38 - 1:41which then would be exhaled
in the form of carbon dioxide -
1:41 - 1:42by the astronauts.
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1:42 - 1:45So in this way, a closed-loop
carbon cycle is created. -
1:46 - 1:47So why is this important?
-
1:48 - 1:50We need carbon to survive as humans,
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1:51 - 1:53and we get our carbon from food.
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1:53 - 1:55On a long space journey,
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1:55 - 1:58you simply wouldn't be able to pick up
any carbon along the way, -
1:58 - 2:01so you'd have to figure out
how to recycle it on board. -
2:02 - 2:04This is a clever solution, right?
-
2:05 - 2:09But the thing is, that research
didn't really go anywhere. -
2:09 - 2:12We haven't yet gone to Mars.
We haven't yet gone to another planet. -
2:12 - 2:15And this was actually done
in the '60s and '70s. -
2:15 - 2:19So a colleague of mine,
Dr. John Reed, and I, -
2:19 - 2:23were interested, actually,
in carbon recycling here on Earth. -
2:23 - 2:25We wanted to come up
with technical solutions -
2:25 - 2:27to address climate change.
-
2:27 - 2:29And we discovered this research
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2:29 - 2:33by reading some papers published
in the '60s -- 1967 and later -- -
2:33 - 2:36articles about this work.
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2:36 - 2:38And we thought it was a really good idea.
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2:39 - 2:42So we said, well, Earth
is actually like a spaceship. -
2:42 - 2:46We have limited space
and limited resources, -
2:46 - 2:48and on Earth, we really do
need to figure out -
2:48 - 2:50how to recycle our carbon better.
-
2:51 - 2:53So we had the idea,
-
2:53 - 3:00can we take some of these
NASA-type ideas and apply them -
3:00 - 3:03to our carbon problem here on Earth?
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3:03 - 3:06Could we cultivate
these NASA-type microbes -
3:06 - 3:08in order to make
valuable products here on Earth? -
3:09 - 3:12We started a company to do it.
-
3:12 - 3:16And in that company, we discovered
that these hydrogenotrophs -- -
3:16 - 3:20which I'll actually call
nature's supercharged carbon recyclers -- -
3:20 - 3:23we found that they are a powerful
class of microbes -
3:23 - 3:27that had been largely overlooked
and understudied, -
3:27 - 3:30and that they could make
some really valuable products. -
3:31 - 3:35So we began cultivating these products,
these microbes, in our lab. -
3:35 - 3:39We found that we can make
essential amino acids from carbon dioxide -
3:39 - 3:40using these microbes.
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3:40 - 3:44And we even made a protein-rich meal
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3:44 - 3:48that has an amino acid profile
similar to what you might find -
3:48 - 3:50in some animal proteins.
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3:51 - 3:53We began cultivating them even further,
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3:53 - 3:55and we found that we can make oil.
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3:55 - 3:57Oils are used to manufacture
many products. -
3:58 - 4:01We made an oil that was similar
to a citrus oil, -
4:01 - 4:04which can be used for flavoring
and for fragrances, -
4:04 - 4:07but it also can be used
as a biodegradable cleaner -
4:07 - 4:08or even as a jet fuel.
-
4:09 - 4:12And we made an oil
that's similar to palm oil. -
4:12 - 4:14Palm oil is used to manufacture
-
4:14 - 4:17a wide range of consumer
and industrial goods. -
4:19 - 4:24We began working with manufacturers
to scale up this technology, -
4:24 - 4:25and we're currently working with them
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4:25 - 4:28to bring some of these products to market.
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4:29 - 4:32We believe this type of technology
can indeed help us -
4:32 - 4:35profitably recycle carbon dioxide
into valuable products -- -
4:36 - 4:38something that's beneficial
for the planet -
4:38 - 4:40but also beneficial for business.
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4:40 - 4:42That's what we're doing today.
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4:42 - 4:46But tomorrow, this type of technology
and using these types of microbes -
4:46 - 4:49actually could help us
do something even greater -
4:49 - 4:51if we take it to the next level.
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4:52 - 4:54We believe that this type of technology
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4:54 - 4:58can actually help us address
an issue with agriculture -
4:58 - 5:02and allow us to create
a type of agriculture that's sustainable, -
5:02 - 5:06that will allow us to scale
to meet the demands of tomorrow. -
5:07 - 5:10And why might we need
a sustainable agriculture? -
5:10 - 5:13Well, actually, it is estimated
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5:13 - 5:18that the population will reach
about 10 billion by 2050, -
5:18 - 5:21and we're projecting that we will need
to increase food production -
5:21 - 5:23by 70 percent.
-
5:23 - 5:26In addition, we will need many more
resources and raw materials -
5:26 - 5:29to make consumer goods
and industrial goods. -
5:30 - 5:32So how will we scale to meet that demand?
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5:33 - 5:38Well, modern agriculture simply cannot
sustainably scale to meet that demand. -
5:39 - 5:41There are a number of reasons why.
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5:41 - 5:46One of them is that modern agriculture
is one of the largest emitters -
5:46 - 5:48of greenhouse gases.
-
5:48 - 5:51In fact, it emits more greenhouse gases
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5:51 - 5:55than our cars, our trucks, our planes
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5:55 - 5:57and our trains combined.
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5:57 - 6:03Another reason is that modern ag
simply takes up a whole lot of land. -
6:03 - 6:09We have cleared 19.4 million square miles
for crops and livestock. -
6:09 - 6:11What does that look like?
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6:11 - 6:16Well, that's roughly the size
of South America and Africa combined. -
6:17 - 6:19Let me give you a specific example.
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6:19 - 6:24In Indonesia, an amount
of virgin rainforest was cleared -
6:24 - 6:28totaling the size
of approximately Ireland, -
6:28 - 6:30between 2000 and 2012.
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6:31 - 6:34Just think of all
of the species, the diversity, -
6:34 - 6:36that was removed in the process,
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6:36 - 6:39whether plant life, insects
or animal life. -
6:39 - 6:42And a natural carbon sink
was also removed. -
6:42 - 6:44So let me make this real for you.
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6:45 - 6:49This clearing happened primarily
to make room for palm plantations. -
6:49 - 6:51And as I mentioned before,
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6:51 - 6:54palm oil is used
to manufacture many products. -
6:54 - 6:58In fact, it is estimated
that over 50 percent of consumer products -
6:58 - 7:01are manufactured using palm oil.
-
7:02 - 7:05And that includes things
like ice cream, cookies ... -
7:06 - 7:07It includes cooking oils.
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7:07 - 7:11It also includes detergents,
lotions, soaps. -
7:12 - 7:16You and I both
probably have numerous items -
7:16 - 7:19in our kitchens and our bathrooms
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7:19 - 7:21that were manufactured using palm oil.
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7:21 - 7:27So you and I are direct beneficiaries
of removed rainforests. -
7:28 - 7:30Modern ag has some problems,
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7:30 - 7:33and we need solutions
if we want to scale sustainably. -
7:35 - 7:40I believe that microbes
can be a part of the answer -- -
7:40 - 7:44specifically, these supercharged
carbon recyclers. -
7:44 - 7:46These supercharged carbon recyclers,
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7:46 - 7:50like plants, serve as
the natural recyclers -
7:50 - 7:52in their ecosystems where they thrive.
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7:52 - 7:55And they thrive in exotic places on Earth,
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7:55 - 7:57like hydrothermal vents and hot springs.
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7:58 - 8:01In those ecosystems,
they take carbon and recycle it -
8:01 - 8:03into the nutrients needed
for those ecosystems. -
8:04 - 8:05And they're rich in nutrients,
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8:05 - 8:11such as oils and proteins,
minerals and carbohydrates. -
8:12 - 8:17And actually, microbes are already
an integral part of our everyday lives. -
8:17 - 8:22If you enjoy a glass of pinot noir
on a Friday night, -
8:22 - 8:24after a long, hard work week,
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8:24 - 8:26then you are enjoying
a product of microbes. -
8:27 - 8:30If you enjoy a beer
from your local microbrewery -- -
8:30 - 8:32a product of microbes.
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8:32 - 8:34Or bread, or cheese, or yogurt.
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8:35 - 8:37These are all products of microbes.
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8:38 - 8:43But the beauty and power associated
with these supercharged carbon recyclers -
8:43 - 8:48lies in the fact that they can
actually produce in a matter of hours -
8:48 - 8:49versus months.
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8:50 - 8:51That means we can make crops
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8:51 - 8:55much faster than we're making them today.
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8:56 - 8:57They grow in the dark,
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8:57 - 9:00so they can grow in any season
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9:00 - 9:03and in any geography and any location.
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9:03 - 9:07They can grow in containers
that require minimal space. -
9:08 - 9:12And we can get to a type
of vertical agriculture. -
9:12 - 9:14Instead of our traditional
horizontal agriculture -
9:14 - 9:16that requires so much land,
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9:16 - 9:18we can scale vertically,
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9:18 - 9:23and as a result
produce much more product per area. -
9:24 - 9:29If we implement this type of approach
and use these carbon recyclers, -
9:29 - 9:32then we wouldn't have to remove
any more rainforests -
9:32 - 9:35to make the food and the goods
that we consume. -
9:37 - 9:39Because, at a large scale,
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9:39 - 9:44you can actually make 10,000 times
more output per land area -
9:44 - 9:47than you could -- for instance,
if you used soybeans -- -
9:47 - 9:50if you planted soybeans
on that same area of land -
9:50 - 9:52over a period of a year.
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9:53 - 9:55Ten thousand times
over a period of a year. -
9:56 - 10:00So this is what I mean
by a new type of agriculture. -
10:01 - 10:04And this is what I mean
by developing a system -
10:04 - 10:09that allows us to sustainably scale
to meet the demands of 10 billion. -
10:11 - 10:14And what would be the products
of this new type of agriculture? -
10:14 - 10:17Well, we've already made a protein meal,
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10:17 - 10:20so you can imagine something
similar to a soybean meal, -
10:20 - 10:22or even cornmeal, or wheat flour.
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10:22 - 10:24We've already made oils,
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10:24 - 10:27so you can imagine something
similar to coconut oil -
10:27 - 10:29or olive oil or soybean oil.
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10:30 - 10:34So this type of crop can
actually produce the nutrients -
10:34 - 10:37that would give us pasta and bread,
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10:37 - 10:40cakes, nutritional items of many sorts.
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10:40 - 10:47Furthermore, since oil is used
to manufacture multiple other goods, -
10:47 - 10:49industrial products and consumer products,
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10:49 - 10:54you can imagine being able to make
detergents, soaps, lotions, etc., -
10:54 - 10:56using these types of crops.
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10:57 - 11:00Not only are we running out of space,
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11:00 - 11:03but if we continue to operate
under the status quo -
11:03 - 11:05with modern agriculture,
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11:05 - 11:10we run the risk of robbing our progeny
of a beautiful planet. -
11:10 - 11:12But it doesn't have to be this way.
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11:13 - 11:15We can imagine a future of abundance.
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11:16 - 11:22Let us create systems that keep
planet Earth, our spaceship, -
11:22 - 11:24not only from not crashing,
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11:24 - 11:29but let us also develop systems
and ways of living -
11:29 - 11:33that will be beneficial
to the lives of ourselves -
11:33 - 11:36and the 10 billion that will
be on this planet by 2050. -
11:37 - 11:38Thank you very much.
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11:38 - 11:42(Applause)
- Title:
- A forgotten Space Age technology could change how we grow food
- Speaker:
- Lisa Dyson
- Description:
-
We're heading for a world population of 10 billion people -- but what will we all eat? Lisa Dyson rediscovered an idea developed by NASA in the 1960s for deep-space travel, and it could be the key to reinventing how we grow food.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 11:55
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Brian Greene edited English subtitles for A forgotten Space Age technology could change how we grow food | |
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Brian Greene edited English subtitles for A forgotten Space Age technology could change how we grow food | |
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Brian Greene edited English subtitles for A forgotten Space Age technology could change how we grow food | |
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Brian Greene approved English subtitles for A forgotten Space Age technology could change how we grow food | |
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Brian Greene edited English subtitles for A forgotten Space Age technology could change how we grow food | |
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Camille Martínez accepted English subtitles for A forgotten Space Age technology could change how we grow food | |
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Camille Martínez edited English subtitles for A forgotten Space Age technology could change how we grow food | |
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Camille Martínez edited English subtitles for A forgotten Space Age technology could change how we grow food |