-
Now, the next key
element that you'll
-
find in any academic
discipline are concepts.
-
And concepts are a construction
or invention in language
-
that represents a phenomenon
or an abstract idea generalized
-
from particular instances.
-
And what you need to know
is that we invent concepts.
-
Concepts don't exist in
nature by themselves.
-
And each discipline has
created a large number
-
of concepts that
act, in many ways,
-
as the language of
that discipline.
-
So if you want to
understand what
-
the scholars in your
areas of study are saying,
-
you've got to
learn the concepts.
-
So here are some examples.
-
In biology, which is the study
of life and the natural world,
-
a central concept in
biology is a cell.
-
Cells are the basic unit
to understanding life.
-
Another example.
-
In history, a central concept is
change or continuity over time.
-
And so if you can
grasp that concept,
-
you get a sense of how
historians approach the world
-
and how they try to
analyze the world.
-
And for those of you
who study economics,
-
what's the central
concept in economics?
-
Yep.
-
You guessed it--
supply and demand.
-
Supply and demand are
very basic concepts
-
of economics as a discipline.
-
So when you research
for the areas
-
of study paper, you
want to ask, what
-
are the basic concepts
in the disciplines you
-
are investigating?
-
If you're not able to
identify the basic concepts
-
of the disciplines
you're studying,
-
you won't be able to understand
the discipline at all.
-
And on top of that,
I also want you
-
to strive to go beyond
the obvious concepts
-
if you can, because the more
disciplinary concepts that you
-
can recognize and understand,
the more knowledgeable
-
you'll be and the easier it will
be for you to understand what
-
experts in your
areas of the study
-
are saying and also writing.
-
-
Now, concepts are the most
fundamental building blocks
-
of any theory.
-
And this is the next
defining element
-
of an academic discipline.
-
And a theory here refers
to a generalized scholarly
-
explanation about some aspect
of the natural or human world,
-
how it works, and
why specific facts
-
are related that are supported
by data and research.
-
In short, theories
explain something.
-
They explain a general
or universal phenomenon,
-
usually by identifying
relationships between concepts.
-
Many of you are already
familiar with theory.
-
So you have theory of
relativity, the Big Bang
-
theory, theories about race,
and Maslow's hierarchy of needs,
-
for example.
-
And most importantly,
what I want
-
you to understand about theory
at this point in your IDS
-
career is that it's
absolutely critical
-
to the interdisciplinary
research
-
process for three main reasons.
-
The first is that
it's a major component
-
of what any discipline is.
-
And what I mean by that is
that it's virtually impossible
-
to conduct research in any
discipline on any topic
-
and not have to deal with
or encounter some theory.
-
It's just not possible.
-
So you will encounter it as
you progress as an IDS major.
-
The second reason
is that theory is
-
so fundamental to
disciplinary scholarship.
-
And so if you can know the
basics of theories and schools
-
of thought within
your areas of study,
-
you'll be able to
better understand what
-
each scholar is trying to say.
-
And finally, the third reason
is that disciplinary insights
-
are rooted in theories.
-
Theories help scholars
produce insights
-
into a specific problem.
-
And you'll eventually
have to do the same.
-
Now, that doesn't mean
you're going to have
-
to create your own theories.
-
It just means that
you'll rely on theories
-
to make your arguments as well.
-
And when you're investigating
theories, if you look closely,
-
you'll notice that many
scholars in your areas of study
-
are basing their arguments and
claims on the same theories.
-
And it's not always
visible, but it's there.
-
It's like one of my
dissertation advisors
-
used to tell me about theory.
-
Theory is like underwear--
-
you have to have it, but
you don't need to show it.
-
And yes, that's correct.
-
I am asking you to identify and
find out what type of underwear
-
each scholar is wearing.
-
-
And the final defining
element of any discipline--
-
methods.
-
And methods refers
to how one conducts
-
research, analyzes
data or evidence,
-
tests theories, and
creates new knowledge.
-
There's an underlying logic
to how disciplinarians
-
go about creating
new knowledge that's
-
quite different than
how interdisciplinarians
-
go about it.
-
In essence, each discipline
has their own ideas
-
about how to best
investigate a problem
-
and to find or gather evidence
to support their arguments.
-
So for example, all scholars
in the natural sciences
-
use the scientific method.
-
But for many of you, as well as
for many other areas of study,
-
you'll rely on quantitative
and qualitative methods.
-
And so quantitative
methods refers
-
to evidence that can be
expressed numerically
-
over a specified time
frame, so the number
-
of molecules or the number
of people living in poverty.
-
So when you think quantitative,
think quantity, or numbers.
-
As for qualitative methods,
qualitative methods include
-
an analysis of evidence and data
that cannot be easily measured
-
in numbers.
-
So for example, any kind
of cultural expression
-
or a personal experience
of racism or sexism.
-
You can't necessarily measure
those things in numbers.
-
And so how would you
go about analyzing it?
-
You would have to use
qualitative methods,
-
such as an interview.
-
So in your areas of
study paper, you'll
-
be asked what research
methods are used to carry out
-
research in your discipline.
-
Does the discipline
use qualitative
-
or quantitative
research methods?
-
When does it use
quantitative and when does it
-
use qualitative?
-
So these are the
kind of questions
-
that you'll need to be able
to answer before you can truly
-
understand how researchers
in a particular discipline
-
conduct research.
-
And it's not an easy task,
which is why the IDS program has
-
actually devoted an
entire course, IDS
-
240, Interdisciplinary
Research Methods, to exploring
-
and analyzing various
research methods
-
available to interdisciplinary
study scholars.
-
-
So to conclude.
-
Knowing the elements
of discipline
-
is extremely
important because when
-
you start the interdisciplinary
research process,
-
you start by choosing a topic.
-
But especially when you have
to identify common ground
-
to achieve integration--
-
this is going to be the
topic for module four--
-
at least one of
these elements will
-
serve as your foundation in
which you will then integrate
-
to create new knowledge.
-
So don't beat
yourself up right now
-
if these elements are really
fuzzy or confusing to you.
-
The areas of study assignment
will help you tremendously,
-
if you do it right, in grasping
what each of these elements
-
mean, but also how
they characterize
-
the culture of your
chosen disciplines.
-
And finally, also remember that
sorting out and identifying
-
the elements of a
discipline does not
-
mean that the disciplines
themselves don't change
-
or that they're static.
-
Always keep in mind that the
disciplines are constantly
-
changing their dynamic,
and their borders
-
and the boundaries that
define the disciplines
-
are porous and flexible,
just like any culture.
-