< Return to Video

Passion Week EP 04 The Crucifixion GT

  • 0:01 - 0:05
    Hello again. And thank you for
    watching the ICEJ Passion Week
  • 0:05 - 0:09
    series. In episode 4, we
    will be reflecting on Jesus's
  • 0:09 - 0:13
    crucifixion, from the Garden
    Tomb in Jerusalem, and taking
  • 0:13 - 0:17
    a deeper look at the spiritual
    significance of the Passover
  • 0:17 - 0:19
    meal. It's coming up next.
  • 0:45 - 0:48
    Welcome to our fourth day of
    the Passion Week program
  • 0:48 - 0:52
    brought to you right here from
    the city of Jerusalem. We are
  • 0:52 - 0:56
    here at the Garden Tomb and
    not far away from here is the
  • 0:56 - 0:59
    mountain called Golgotha
    where many believe that Jesus
  • 0:59 - 1:04
    was crucified 2000 years
    ago. Here in this garden we
  • 1:04 - 1:09
    commemorate the culmination of
    everything that we think and
  • 1:09 - 1:12
    pray about during this
    Passover week. But did you
  • 1:12 - 1:16
    know that when the Jewish
    people celebrate Passover
  • 1:16 - 1:20
    every year, that on the Eve of
    Passover, the meal, the
  • 1:20 - 1:24
    traditional Passover Seder
    meal, there are so many
  • 1:24 - 1:27
    parallels that are pointing to
    the death and the resurrection
  • 1:27 - 1:31
    of Jesus. Today, we are going
    to have a very special look at
  • 1:31 - 1:34
    those connections and also,
    we will look at the
  • 1:34 - 1:37
    crucifixion of Jesus. We'll look
    at some of the
  • 1:37 - 1:41
    historical backgrounds, and I
    believe you will be surprised
  • 1:41 - 1:46
    and blessed to see the impact
    of this event that took place
  • 1:46 - 1:50
    here in this very place 2000
    years ago. Please join me.
  • 1:53 - 1:56
    Here in Jerusalem, just
    outside the Old City walls,
  • 1:56 - 2:00
    you can find a beautiful and
    vibrant garden. And right beside
  • 2:00 - 2:05
    the garden, a rock face
    known as Skull Hill, or Golgotha.
  • 2:07 - 2:10
    Welcome to the Garden Tomb.
    Scripture tells us that in
  • 2:10 - 2:13
    the place where Jesus was
    crucified, there was a garden
  • 2:13 - 2:16
    and in the garden a new tomb.
    It was into that tomb that the
  • 2:16 - 2:20
    body of Jesus was lain.
    Millions of people around the
  • 2:20 - 2:23
    world believe that this garden
    is that place.
  • 2:33 - 2:35
    What makes a visit to the
    Garden Tomb unique is the
  • 2:35 - 2:40
    connection between Skull Hill,
    the garden and the tomb itself.
  • 2:40 - 2:42
    These three elements
    work together to bring to life
  • 2:42 - 2:44
    that final chapter of Jesus'
    ministry.
  • 2:46 - 2:49
    Early on the third day after the
    burial of Jesus, some women came
  • 2:49 - 2:53
    to the tomb seeking his body. An
    angel appeared to them and
  • 2:53 - 2:56
    said, "I know that you seek
    Jesus who was crucified. He is
  • 2:56 - 3:02
    not here He is risen!" This is
    a tomb, an empty tomb that
  • 3:02 - 3:05
    speaks of the power of the
    resurrection of Jesus Christ.
  • 3:05 - 3:08
    For many people, this is a
    life changing moment.
  • 3:17 - 3:20
    After a visit to the tomb,
    there is time and space for
  • 3:20 - 3:23
    people to reflect upon the
    story of Jesus the Messiah,
  • 3:23 - 3:27
    His death and resurrection.
    Many groups decide to book a
  • 3:27 - 3:30
    place where they can meet for
    worship and prayer, maybe
  • 3:30 - 3:33
    communion. As well as tours of
    the Garden we also host
  • 3:33 - 3:36
    events such as worship
    services for large Christian
  • 3:36 - 3:42
    groups, and also musical
    concerts. Every day groups and
  • 3:42 - 3:45
    individuals from all over the
    world are blessed and
  • 3:45 - 3:49
    encouraged by their visit to
    the Garden Tomb. Entrance is
  • 3:49 - 3:53
    free. And we're supported by
    the donations of our visitors
  • 3:53 - 3:55
    and also by the Garden Tomb
    shop.
  • 4:08 - 4:12
    Whoever you are, and wherever
    you come from, I encourage you
  • 4:12 - 4:15
    to come and visit the Garden Tomb.
    Come and see for yourself.
  • 4:16 - 4:18
    We look forward to welcoming
    you soon.
  • 4:25 - 4:28
    Every spring Jewish families
    gather to celebrate the
  • 4:28 - 4:31
    faithfulness of God and to
    remember the miraculous
  • 4:31 - 4:35
    deliverance from the bondage
    of Egypt through a ceremonial
  • 4:35 - 4:39
    meal known as the Passover
    Seder. In this video
  • 4:39 - 4:43
    Dr. Jürgen Bühler shares an added
    dimension of celebration for
  • 4:43 - 4:47
    not only Jewish people, but
    also for us as believers in
  • 4:47 - 4:49
    Yeshua the Messiah.
  • 4:50 - 4:53
    Welcome everybody to the
    Bühler house for this
  • 4:53 - 4:56
    Passover celebration. It's a
    great joy to have you all
  • 4:56 - 5:01
    with us. Well, let me explain
    to you the meaning of the
  • 5:01 - 5:04
    Passover table. You have a similar
    table today in almost every
  • 5:04 - 5:08
    home here in Israel. The main
    components are the bitter
  • 5:08 - 5:11
    herbs, which are representing
    the bitterness of the
  • 5:11 - 5:15
    experience in Egypt and
    slavery. And along with that
  • 5:15 - 5:19
    is the bowl of salted water
    representing the generations
  • 5:19 - 5:24
    of tears of slavery and
    bondage. You have here the
  • 5:24 - 5:27
    bone, which in most places is
    a chicken bone, but it does
  • 5:27 - 5:32
    represent the Passover lamb.
    And the only sweet part on the
  • 5:32 - 5:36
    Passover table is the haroset.
    This is this brown paste
  • 5:36 - 5:41
    of dates, honey and nuts. And it
    does represent the only help
  • 5:41 - 5:43
    the Jewish people received which
    was the mortar they
  • 5:43 - 5:47
    could use in order to put the
    bricks together. And of
  • 5:47 - 5:50
    course, most importantly, you
    have the matza bread and you
  • 5:50 - 5:53
    have wine at every Passover
    celebration. We are going to
  • 5:53 - 5:57
    have four cups of wine. The
    tradition goes back to Exodus
  • 5:57 - 6:00
    chapter 6. 'The Lord says,
    "I am the Lord, I will bring you
  • 6:00 - 6:03
    out from Egypt". That's the
    first cup. The next one, he
  • 6:03 - 6:07
    says, "I will deliver you from
    slavery". And the third cup,
  • 6:07 - 6:11
    he says, "I'm going to redeem you
    as a people", and the fourth
  • 6:11 - 6:14
    cup is from Exodus 6:7,
    he says, "And I will take
  • 6:14 - 6:19
    you to be my people". In Luke
    chapter 22 we read in verse 7
  • 6:19 - 6:23
    'Then came the day of
    Unleavened Bread on which the
  • 6:23 - 6:27
    Passover lamb had to be
    sacrificed'. In verse 14,
  • 6:27 - 6:31
    'And when the hour had come,
    he reclined at the table, and the
  • 6:31 - 6:35
    apostles with him. And he said
    to them, "I have earnestly
  • 6:35 - 6:40
    desired to eat this Passover
    with you before I suffer".
  • 6:40 - 6:44
    Now what is important for us today
    to understand is that this
  • 6:44 - 6:47
    ancient tradition was also
    kept by Jesus and by His
  • 6:47 - 6:53
    disciples. The Bible tells us
    in Matthew 26:26
  • 6:53 - 6:55
    it says, 'Now as they were
    eating, Jesus took the bread
  • 6:55 - 6:59
    and blessed it'. And if you
    read the same story in
  • 6:59 - 7:04
    1 Corinthians 11, Paul
    says, 'The Lord revealed to
  • 7:04 - 7:07
    me that at the night when he
    was betrayed, he took the cup
  • 7:07 - 7:11
    after the meal'. That means
    both Paul and the Gospels, they
  • 7:11 - 7:15
    say, Well, what's coming now,
    that was taking place after
  • 7:15 - 7:19
    the Passover meal. And he took
    the bread and what is
  • 7:19 - 7:23
    happening at every Passover
    celebration? This wrapped
  • 7:23 - 7:26
    piece of bread, which is
    called by the Jewish people
  • 7:26 - 7:30
    the Afikomen, is being
    opened and being eaten and
  • 7:30 - 7:33
    blessed. And as they
    celebrate, they commemorate
  • 7:33 - 7:37
    again, like we said, the
    pierced and the striped body
  • 7:37 - 7:41
    of our Lord that was broken for us.
    And the Bible tells us in
  • 7:41 - 7:45
    Matthew 26, that when he
    blessed it and he said
  • 7:45 - 7:48
    something like the following,
    He says,
  • 7:48 - 7:50
    "Baruch atah Adonai, Eloheinu, melech
  • 7:50 - 7:54
    ha'olam, hamotzi lechem min haaretz."
  • 7:53 - 7:58
    "Blessed art Thou, Lord of the universe who
    brought forth the bread from the earth."
  • 7:58 - 8:01
    He broke it, and at
    that point, he broke the
  • 8:01 - 8:05
    tradition of the Passover
    Seder. And he said, "Take and
  • 8:05 - 8:10
    eat it. This is my body." He
    then took, after the meal, the
  • 8:10 - 8:14
    cup and this was the third
    cup in the Passover meal, and
  • 8:14 - 8:17
    then he blessed it and he
    probably said something like this,
  • 8:17 - 8:19
    "Baruch atah Adonai, Eloheinu
  • 8:19 - 8:21
    melech ha'olam, borei pri hagafen."
  • 8:21 - 8:25
    "Blessed art Thou, Lord of
    the universe, who brought forth
  • 8:25 - 8:28
    the vine from the earth."
    And as he was handing it over to
  • 8:28 - 8:33
    His disciples, He said, "This
    is my blood that was shed for
  • 8:33 - 8:36
    you". And what Jesus was
    telling his disciples, he
  • 8:36 - 8:41
    said, "I am the Passover lamb.
    I am the one who is shedding
  • 8:41 - 8:45
    my blood for you and giving my
    body for your atonement".
  • 8:45 - 8:48
    So I believe this was an
    unforgettable Passover evening
  • 8:48 - 8:51
    for the Jewish people. And for
    us as believers, it's
  • 8:51 - 8:55
    important that we are reminded
    that communion is not a new
  • 8:55 - 8:59
    Christian tradition that the
    Roman Catholic Church or any
  • 8:59 - 9:03
    denomination started, but it
    was a part of a regular
  • 9:03 - 9:06
    Passover meal. Whenever we
    celebrate communion, we
  • 9:06 - 9:09
    actually are really
    re-celebrating one segment of
  • 9:09 - 9:13
    every Passover meal that the
    Jewish people are celebrating.
  • 9:13 - 9:17
    In a way that Jesus says I'm
    the fulfillment of that.
  • 9:17 - 9:22
    In the book of Matthew 26:30
    it says,
  • 9:22 - 9:26
    'And when they had sung a hymn
    they went out to the Mount of Olives'.
  • 9:26 - 9:29
    And usually you over-read
    that, but at the end of the
  • 9:29 - 9:33
    Passover there is a passage
    that is called the Hallel and
  • 9:33 - 9:39
    the Hallel is a selection of
    Psalms. It is Psalm 115 - 118.
  • 9:39 - 9:42
    And those psalms are read at
    every year's Passover
  • 9:42 - 9:48
    celebration. So when Jesus was
    installing and instating the
  • 9:48 - 9:51
    communion with His disciples,
    He didn't stop there and say
  • 9:51 - 9:54
    'okay, now we are in the New
    Covenant', but he actually
  • 9:54 - 9:57
    continued with the
    the same tradition like all
  • 9:57 - 10:00
    the people in Israel. They
    were singing the Hallel, the
  • 10:00 - 10:03
    same psalms that the Jewish
    people are singing today all
  • 10:03 - 10:08
    over the world. And my
    favorite psalm there is Psalm 118.
  • 10:08 - 10:12
    And in Psalm 118, you have the
    very famous passage, it says
  • 10:12 - 10:15
    'The stone that the builders
    rejected, he has become the
  • 10:15 - 10:19
    main cornerstone'. And of
    course we know about whom
  • 10:19 - 10:22
    that speaks. It speaks about
    Yeshua. The other favorite
  • 10:23 - 10:27
    passage is the next verse
    'Blessed is he who comes in
  • 10:27 - 10:31
    the name of the Lord', or in
    Hebrew it says 'Baruch haba b'shem
  • 10:31 - 10:34
    Adonai'. And I believe we all
    know where Jesus said that.
  • 10:34 - 10:38
    It was just a few days earlier,
    before Passover, he was
  • 10:38 - 10:42
    standing on the Mount of
    Olives overlooking Jerusalem.
  • 10:42 - 10:45
    And he says, "You won't see me
    again until you say,
  • 10:45 - 10:48
    "Blessed is he who comes in the name of
    the Lord."
  • 10:48 - 10:50
    "Baruch haba" means 'Welcolme'.
  • 10:50 - 10:52
    That's how you welcome
    people into your house.
  • 10:52 - 10:56
    Jesus says, "I will not come
    back until you welcome me back
  • 10:56 - 10:59
    to that city". And I would say,
    let's just say this prayer
  • 10:59 - 11:03
    together and let's pray this
    to the Lord that he might come
  • 11:03 - 11:10
    quickly. Let's pray, "Baruch haba
    b'shem Adonai". And at the very
  • 11:10 - 11:15
    end of the Passover Seder,
    probably the most famous
  • 11:15 - 11:20
    passage in the entire Seder is
    recited, it says
  • 11:20 - 11:25
    "L'Shana Haba'ah B'Yerushalayim".
    And this little sentence kept
  • 11:25 - 11:29
    alive for thousands of years, the
    yearning and the dream of the
  • 11:29 - 11:34
    Jewish people - 'one day we come
    back to our homeland'. And what
  • 11:34 - 11:39
    a powerful statement that is
    to finish a Passover Seder, a
  • 11:39 - 11:42
    prophetic statement that one
    day the Jewish people will
  • 11:42 - 11:45
    come back to this land, will be
    fully restored.
  • 11:45 - 11:48
    And with this, I wish you all a
    happy Passover!
  • 13:22 - 13:27
    I'm reading from
    John 19:16-18 where it says
  • 13:27 - 13:31
    'So he delivered him over to
    them to be crucified. So they
  • 13:31 - 13:35
    took Jesus and he went out
    bearing his own cross to the
  • 13:35 - 13:40
    place called the Place of a
    Skull which in Aramaic is
  • 13:40 - 13:45
    called Golgotha. And there they
    crucified him and with him two
  • 13:45 - 13:50
    others, one on either side,
    and Jesus between them.'
  • 13:50 - 13:53
    We are here at the Garden Tomb in
    Jerusalem, a place where every
  • 13:53 - 13:57
    year hundreds of thousands of
    people come from around the
  • 13:57 - 14:02
    world to commemorate the most
    important act that took place
  • 14:02 - 14:06
    in this very city, the death
    and resurrection of Jesus.
  • 14:07 - 14:10
    Through it, millions of people
    from every tribe and nation
  • 14:10 - 14:14
    came into a living
    relationship with the God in
  • 14:14 - 14:18
    heaven. It was a rock not far
    away from here that resembles
  • 14:18 - 14:22
    the shape of a skull that made
    General Gordon believe some
  • 14:22 - 14:27
    100 years ago that he'd found
    the true place of Golgotha. And
  • 14:27 - 14:32
    also his belief was underlined
    when he found a tomb, enclosed
  • 14:32 - 14:35
    with a garden not far away.
    That's why it's called the
  • 14:35 - 14:39
    Garden Tomb. When we think and
    contemplate today about the
  • 14:39 - 14:43
    crucifixion of Jesus, we are
    forced to look into the very
  • 14:43 - 14:48
    abyss of the human heart.
    Crucifixion was the most cruel
  • 14:48 - 14:52
    way of executing people in
    antiquity. According to
  • 14:52 - 14:57
    historians, this cruel form of
    death penalty was invented in
  • 14:57 - 15:01
    the ancient city of Carthage.
    Now Carthage was captured by
  • 15:01 - 15:05
    the Romans and it was
    completely destroyed that only
  • 15:05 - 15:10
    a field of ruins remains until
    today. But they took one thing
  • 15:10 - 15:14
    from that city. And this was
    the art of crucifixion. The
  • 15:14 - 15:18
    inventor of it must have been
    at completely perverted human
  • 15:18 - 15:21
    being, that even the Roman
    people when it was applied in
  • 15:21 - 15:26
    the empire, were completely
    appalled by this punishment.
  • 15:26 - 15:30
    One of the great politicians and
    thinkers of Rome, Seneca, called
  • 15:30 - 15:34
    it the most cruel and disgusting
    punishment.
  • 15:34 - 15:38
    To die on the cross could take even
    several days, the condemned
  • 15:38 - 15:42
    would not die of the wounds
    inflicted on him, but the
  • 15:42 - 15:45
    weight of his own body was
    hanging on the nails through
  • 15:45 - 15:49
    his hands and for his feet.
    And the condemned had to lift
  • 15:49 - 15:54
    himself up against those nails
    when he took a breath. So that
  • 15:54 - 15:58
    means at the end, the strength
    left him completely, and he
  • 15:58 - 16:01
    would at the end slowly
    suffocate, or even die of
  • 16:01 - 16:05
    cardiac arrest. The Roman
    politician Seneca, therefore,
  • 16:06 - 16:09
    he decreed that it was
    completely unacceptable to
  • 16:09 - 16:13
    apply this death penalty to a
    Roman citizen. He said there
  • 16:13 - 16:19
    was no crime large enough that
    would justify to kill a Roman
  • 16:19 - 16:24
    citizen in such a brutal way.
    To crucify the Son of God
  • 16:24 - 16:28
    seems like a contradiction in
    itself. It seems like the most
  • 16:28 - 16:32
    foolish thought to contain
    the One who was from the
  • 16:32 - 16:35
    beginning, who was the Alpha
    and Omega, the Lord, the
  • 16:35 - 16:39
    Logos, the Word that was
    there when the world was
  • 16:39 - 16:42
    created. The one who has all
    power in heaven and on earth,
  • 16:42 - 16:47
    to contain him to a cross. When
    they nailed his feet and his
  • 16:47 - 16:51
    hands on that cross, these were
    the feet that walked the Land of
  • 16:51 - 16:55
    Israel, proclaiming the good
    news of the kingdom of God.
  • 16:55 - 16:58
    It was the same feet that were
    walking on the sea of Galilee.
  • 16:58 - 17:02
    And when they nailed his
    hands to the cross, these were
  • 17:02 - 17:05
    those hands that were
    calming the storm of the Sea
  • 17:05 - 17:09
    of Galilee, that healed so
    many, even the most impossible
  • 17:09 - 17:13
    diseases, and that were
    casting out every demon that
  • 17:13 - 17:16
    went in the way of Jesus. These
    were the hands that blessed so
  • 17:16 - 17:20
    many people. And there at the
    cross, it seems that those
  • 17:20 - 17:26
    Roman nails brought the power
    of those hands to a standstill.
  • 17:26 - 17:28
    Then it was here
    at the cross on Calvary that
  • 17:28 - 17:33
    the hands of Jesus carried out
    the greatest act ever.
  • 17:33 - 17:37
    When Jesus hung there at the cross
    with his hands nailed to that
  • 17:37 - 17:41
    tree, he was lifting up the
    whole sins of this world and
  • 17:41 - 17:45
    brought forgiveness to
    human mankind. When Jesus
  • 17:45 - 17:48
    breathed his last, the Bible
    says it was on the Eve of
  • 17:48 - 17:53
    Passover. It was the very same
    time when here in Jerusalem, in
  • 17:53 - 17:57
    the Temple, the last Passover
    lambs would be slaughtered.
  • 17:57 - 18:01
    The life of Jesus has come to
    a full circle. When Jesus
  • 18:01 - 18:06
    started his ministry, just 25
    kilometers away from here at
  • 18:06 - 18:10
    the shores of the River
    Jordan, John the Baptist
  • 18:10 - 18:14
    had to cry out over him saying,
    "Behold the Lamb of God that
  • 18:14 - 18:19
    would carry the sins of the
    world". And it was 700 years
  • 18:19 - 18:23
    before Jesus was crucified
    here in Golgotha that the
  • 18:23 - 18:28
    prophet Isaiah foresaw his
    suffering in the following way:
  • 18:28 - 18:31
    'Surely he has borne our griefs
    and he carried our
  • 18:31 - 18:36
    sorrows, yet we esteemed him
    stricken, smitten by God and
  • 18:36 - 18:40
    afflicted. But he was pierced
    for our transgressions, and he
  • 18:40 - 18:45
    was chastised for our iniquities.
    Upon him was the chastisement
  • 18:45 - 18:51
    that brought us peace, and
    with his wounds, we are healed'.
  • 18:51 - 18:53
    These hands of Jesus
    that were hanging on the
  • 18:53 - 18:58
    cross 2000 years ago, today
    they are open wide and they
  • 18:58 - 19:02
    are welcoming you. He will not
    reject you. But the word of
  • 19:02 - 19:06
    God says, As we come to Him,
    He will welcome us in His family.
  • 19:06 - 19:09
    Today, you can
    experience this salvation that
  • 19:09 - 19:15
    Jesus purchased for the world
    2000 years ago, with his own life.
  • 19:15 - 19:20
    Today can be your day of
    salvation. Let me pray with you.
  • 19:20 - 19:23
    Father, in the name of
    Jesus, I do pray for everybody
  • 19:23 - 19:28
    who is watching us today on
    this Good Friday program.
  • 19:28 - 19:31
    I ask you that this will
    become the day of salvation
  • 19:31 - 19:35
    for everybody who does not
    know you as his Savior. And
  • 19:35 - 19:39
    Father, I do ask you that as
    they turn to you, as they say,
  • 19:39 - 19:43
    'Lord, we want you to be our
    Master', I ask you that you
  • 19:43 - 19:47
    allow them to experience the
    power of the forgiveness of
  • 19:47 - 19:50
    the blood of Jesus. We thank
    you for what you have done 2000
  • 19:50 - 19:55
    years ago to save us, to
    redeem us and to heal us.
  • 19:55 - 19:59
    We pray this in the wonderful and
    mighty name of Yeshua. Amen.
  • 20:00 - 20:03
    God bless you, here from the
    Garden Tomb in Jerusalem.
  • 20:19 - 20:21
    Praising God today for our
    salvation,
  • 20:23 - 20:28
    the One and only that points us
    to the Father, Yeshua ben Elohim
  • 20:36 - 20:47
    ♫ There is a Name I call upon
  • 20:49 - 21:00
    There is a Name by which I am saved
  • 21:03 - 21:12
    Salvation is your name
  • 21:16 - 21:27
    Salvation is Your name
  • 21:43 - 21:53
    There is a Lamb who bore our sins
  • 21:55 - 22:05
    He bled and died so we could live!
  • 22:07 - 22:17
    Salvation in Your Name
  • 22:19 - 22:29
    Salvation in Your Name
  • 22:32 - 22:39
    Salvation in Your Name
  • 22:44 - 22:55
    Salvation in Your Name
  • 22:58 - 23:02
    At the Name of Yeshua,
  • 23:02 - 23:06
    one day every knee will bow
  • 23:06 - 23:08
    (Do you believe it?)
  • 23:10 - 23:20
    And every tongue will confess
    that He is Lord!
  • 23:20 - 23:21
    (He is alive!)
  • 23:22 - 23:31
    Salvation in Your Name
  • 23:35 - 23:44
    Salvation in Your Name
  • 23:46 - 23:57
    Yeshua is Your Name
  • 24:01 - 24:12
    Yeshua is Your Name
  • 24:14 - 24:26
    Yeshua, oh sing Your Name
  • 24:27 - 24:36
    Yeshua
  • 24:40 - 24:44
    Wow, what powerful insights.
    Join us next time for the
  • 24:44 - 24:48
    final episode of the ICEJ
    Passion Week series when
  • 24:48 - 24:52
    we will be returning to the
    Garden Tomb in Jerusalem to uncover
  • 24:52 - 24:56
    the significance of Jesus's
    resurrection.
  • 24:56 - 24:59
    We'll see you next time and
    Pesach Sameach!
Title:
Passion Week EP 04 The Crucifixion GT
Video Language:
English
Duration:
25:01

English subtitles

Revisions