U substitution with exponential function

Sal: Let's see if we can
calculate the definite

integral from zero to
one of x squared times

two to the x to the third power d x.

Like always I encourage
you to pause this video

and see if you can figure
this out on your own.

I'm assuming you've had a go at it.

There's a couple of
interesting things here.

The first thing, at least
that my brain does, it says,

"I'm used to taking derivatives
and anti-derivatives

of e to the x, not some
other base to the x."

We know that the derivative
with respect to x of e to the x

is e to the x, or we could
say that the anti-derivative

of e to the x is equal
to e to the x plus c.

Since I'm dealing with
something raised to,

this particular situation,
something raised to

a function of x, it seems
like I might want to put,

I might want to change the base
here, but how do I do that?

The way I would do that is
re-express two in terms of e.

What would be two in terms of e?

Two is equal to e, is
equal to e raised to the

power that you need to
raise e to to get to two.

What's the power that you have

to raise two to to get to two?

Well that's the natural log of two.

Once again the natural
log of two is the exponent

that you have to raise e to to get to two.

If you actually raise e to
it you're going to get two.

This is what two is.

Now what is two to the x to the third?

Well if we raise both sides
of this to the x to the third

power, we raise both sides
to the x to the third power,

two to the x to the third
is equal to, if I raise

something to an exponent and
then raise that to an exponent,

it's going to be equal to
e to the x to the third,

x to the third, times
the natural log of two,

times the natural log of two.

That already seems pretty interesting.

Let's rewrite this, and
actually what I'm going to do,

let's just focus on the
indefinite integral first,

see if we can figure that out.

Then we can apply, then we can take,

we can evaluate the definite ones.

Let's just think about
this, let's think about

the indefinite integral of x squared times

two to the x to the third power d x.

I really want to find the
anti-derivative of this.

Well this is going to be
the exact same thing as

the integral of, I'll
write my x squared still,

but instead of two to the x to the third

I'm going to write all of this business.

Let me just copy and paste that.

We already established
that this is the same

thing as two to the x to the third power.

Copy and paste, just like that.

Then let me close it with a d x.

I was able to get it in
terms of e as a base.

That makes me a little
bit more comfortable

but it still seems pretty complicated.

You might be saying, "Okay, look.

"Maybe u substitution
could be at play here."

Because I have this crazy
expression, x to the third times

the natural log of two, but
what's the derivative of that?

Well that's going to be three x

squared times the natural log of two,

or three times the natural
log of two times x squared.

That's just a constant times x squared.

We already have a x squared
here so maybe we can engineer

this a little bit to have
the constant there as well.

Let's think about that.

If we made this, if we defined this as u,

if we said u is equal
to x to the third times

the natural log of two,
what is du going to be?

du is going to be, it's
going to be, well natural

log of two is just a
constant so it's going to be

three x squared times
the natural log of two.

We could actually just change the order

we're multiplying a little bit.

We could say that this
is the same thing as

x squared times three natural log of two,

which is the same thing just
using logarithm properties,

as x squared times the natural
log of two to the third power.

Three natural log of two is the same thing

as the natural log of
two to the third power.

This is equal to x squared
times the natural log of eight.

Let's see, if this is u, where is du?

Oh, and of course we can't forget the dx.

This is a dx right over here, dx, dx, dx.

Where is the du? Well we have
a dx. Let me circle things.

You have a dx here, you have a dx there.

You have an x squared here,
you have an x squared here.

So really all we need is,

all we need here is the
natural log of eight.

Ideally we would have the
natural log of eight right over

here, and we could put it
there as long as we also,

we could multiply by
the natural log of eight

as long as we also divide
by a natural log of eight.

We can do it like right over here,

we could divide by natural log of eight.

But we know that the
anti-derivative of some constant

times a function is the
same thing as a constant

times the anti-derivative
of that function.

We could just take that on the outside.

It's one over the natural log of eight.

Let's write this in terms of u and du.

This simplifies to one over the natural

log of eight times the anti-derivative of

e to the u, e to the u, that's the u, du.

This times this times that is du, du.

And this is straightforward,

we know what this is going to be.

This is going to be equal
to, let me just write

the one over natural
log of eight out here,

one over natural log of
eight times e to the u,

and of course if we're
thinking in terms of just

anti-derivative there would
be some constant out there.

Then we would just
reverse the substitution.

We already know what u is.

This is going to be equal
to, the anti-derivative of

this expression is one over
the natural log of eight

times e to the, instead
of u, we know that u is

x to the third times
the natural log of two.

And of course we could put a plus c there.

Now, going back to the original problem.

We just need to evaluate
the anti-derivative

of this at each of these points.

Let's rewrite that.

Given what we just figured out,
let me copy and paste that.

This is just going to be equal to,

it's going to be equal to
the anti-derivative evaluated

at one minus the anti-derivative
evaluated at zero.

We don't have to worry about the

constants because those will cancel out.

So we are going to get,
we are going to get one--

Let me evaluate it first at one.

You're going to get one
over the natural log of

eight times e to the
one to the third power,

which is just one, times
the natural log of two,

natural log of two,
that's evaluated at one.

Then we're going to have
minus it evaluated it at zero.

It's going to be one
over the natural log of

eight times e to the, well when x is zero

this whole thing is going to be zero.

Well e to the zero is just
one, and e to the natural

log of two, well that's
just going to be two,

we already established that early on,

this is just going to be equal to two.

We are left with two over the
natural log of eight minus

one over the natural log of
eight, which is just going

to be equal to one over
the natural log of eight.

And we are, and we are done.