In this presentation, Professor Robert M. Worley examines the evolution of the first juvenile House of Refuge, as well as the creation of the juvenile court system. Worley argues that both institutions were developed by privileged members of the business and political communities to poor immigrant children into 'productive citizens.' He concludes his presentation by discussing how juveniles were given procedural safeguards only to have these wiped out and then given back by Court decision during the mid 1960s.