Why you should care about whale poo

In the 1600s, there were so many
right whales in Cape Cod Bay

off the east coast of the U.S.

that apparently you could
walk across their backs

from one end of the bay to the other.

Today, they number in the hundreds,

and they're endangered.

Like them, many species of whales

saw their numbers drastically reduced

by 200 years of whaling,

where they were hunted and killed

for their whale meat, oil, and whale bone.

We only have whales in our waters today

because of the Save The Whales
movement of the '70s.

It was instrumental in stopping

commercial whaling,

and was built on the idea that
if we couldn't save whales,

what could we save?

It was ultimately a test
of our political ability

to halt environmental destruction.

So in the early '80s, there was
a ban on commercial whaling

that came into force
as a result of this campaign.

Whales in our waters are still
low in numbers, however,

because they do face a range
of other human-induced threats.

Unfortunately, many people still think

that whale conservationists like myself

do what we do only because these creatures

are charismatic and beautiful.

This is actually a disservice,

because whales are ecosystem engineers.

They help maintain the stability
and health of the oceans,

and even provide services
to human society.

So let's talk about why
saving whales is critical

to the resiliency of the oceans.

It boils down to two main things:

whale poop and rotting carcasses.

As whales dive to the depth to feed

and come up to the service to breathe,

they actually release these
enormous fecal plumes.

This whale pump, as it's called,

actually brings essential
limiting nutrients

from the depths to the surface waters

where they stimulate
the growth of phytoplankton

that forms the base
of all marine food chains.

So really, having more whales
in the oceans pooping

is really beneficial
to the entire ecosystem.

Whales are also known to undertake

some of the longest
migrations of all mammals.

Grey whales off America

migrate 16,000 kilometers

between productive feeding areas

and less productive calving,
or birthing, areas

and back every year.

As they do so, they transport

fertilizer in the form of their feces

from places that have it
to places that need it.

So clearly, whales are really
important in nutrient cycling,

both horizontally and vertically,

through the oceans.

But what's really cool is that
they're also really important

after they're dead.

Whale carcasses are some of the largest

form of detritus to fall
from the ocean's surface,

and they're called whale fall.

As these carcasses sink,

they provide a feast
to some 400-odd species

include the eel-shaped,
slime-producing hagfish.

So over the 200 years of whaling,

when we were busy killing and removing
these carcasses from the oceans,

we likely altered the rate
and geographic distribution

of these whale falls that would
descend into deep oceans,

and as a result, probably led
to a number of extinctions

of species that were most specialized

and dependent on these carcasses

for their survival.

Whale carcasses are also known

to transport about 190,000 tons of carbon,

which is the equivalent of that produced

by 80,000 cars per year

from the atmosphere to the deep oceans,

and the deep oceans
are what we call "carbon sinks,"

because they trap and hold
excess carbon from the atmosphere,

and therefore help
to delay global warming.

Sometimes these carcasses
also wash up on beaches

and provide a meal to a number
of predatory species on land.

The 200 years of whaling

was clearly detrimental

and caused a reduction
in the populations of whales

between 60 to 90 percent.

Clearly, the Save The Whales movement

was instrumental in preventing
commercial whaling from going on,

but we need to revise this.

We need to address the more modern,
pressing problem these whales face

in our waters today.

Amongst other things, we need to stop them

from getting plowed down
by container ships

when they're in their feeding areas,

and stop them from getting
entangled in fishing nets

as they float around in the ocean.

We also need to learn to contextualize

our conservation messages,

so people really understand

the true ecosystem value
of these creatures.

So, let's save the whales again,

but this time, let's not just
do it for their sake.

Let's also do it for ours.

Thank you.

(Applause)