What caused the French Revolution? - Tom Mullaney

What rights do people have
and where do they come from?

Who gets to make decisions for others
and on what authority?

And how can we organize society
to meet people's needs?

These questions challenged
and entire nation

during the upheaval
of the French Revolution.

By the end of the 18th century,

Europe had undergone a profound
intellectual and cultural shift

known as the Enlightenment.

Philosophers and artists promoted
reason and human freedom

over tradition and religion.

The rise of a middle class
and printed materials

encouraged political awareness,

and the American Revolution had turned
a former English colony

into an independent republic.

Yet France, one of the largest and richest
countries in Europe

was still governed by an Ancient regime
of three rigid social classes

called Estates.

The monarch, King Louis XVI,
based his authority on divine right

and granted special privileges
to the First and Second Estates,

the Catholic clergy and the nobles.

The Third Estate, middle class merchants
and craftsman,

as well as over 20 million peasants,
had far less power

and they were the only ones
who paid taxes,

not just to the King,
but to the other Estates as well.

In bad harvest years,

taxation could leave peasants
with almost nothing

while the king and nobles lived lavishly
on their extracted wealth.

But as France sank into debt due to
its support of the American Revolution

and its long-running war with England,

change was needed.

King Louis appointed
finance minister Jacques Necker,

who pushed for tax reforms

and won public support by openly
publishing government's finances.

But the King's advisors strongly opposed
these initiatives.

Desperate for a solution, the King called
a meeting of the Estates General,

an assembly of representatives
from the Three Estates,

for the first time in 175 years.

Although the Third Estate represented
98% of the French population,

its vote was equal to each
of the other Estates.

And unsurprisingly, both of the upper
classes favored keeping their privileges.

Realizing they couldn't
get fair representation,

the Third Estate broke off,

declared themselves
the National Assembly,

and pledged to draft a new constitution
with or without the other Estates.

King Louis ordered the First
and Second Estates

to meet with the National Assembly,

but he also dismissed Necker,
his popular finance minister.

In response, thousands
of outraged Parisians

joined with sympathetic soldiers
to storm the Bastille prison,

a symbol of royal power
and a large storehouse of weapons.

The Revolution had begun.

As rebellion spread
throughout the country,

the feudal system was abolished.

The Assembly's Declaration
of the Rights of Man and Citizen

proclaimed a radical idea for the time -

that individual rights and freedoms
were fundamental to human nature

and government existed
only to protect them.

Their privileges gone,
many nobles fled abroad,

begging foreign rulers to invade France
and restore order.

And while Louis remained as the figurehead
of the constitutional monarchy,

he feared for his future.

In 1791, he tried to flee the country
but was caught.

The attempted escape shattered
people's faith in the King.

The royal family was arrested
and the King charged with treason.

Queen Marie Antoinette,

a foreigner long mocked as Madame Deficit
for her extravagant reputation,

was publicly beheaded.

After a trial, so was
the once revered King,

ending 1,000 years of monarchy

and launching the First French Republic

governed by the motto,
"Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite."

But the Revolution would not end there.

Some leaders not content with just
changing the government

sought to completely transform
French society -

its religion,

its street names,

even its calendar.

As multiple factions formed,

the extremist Jacobins lead
by Maximilien Robespierre

launched a Reign of Terror

to suppress the slightest descent
executing over 20,000 people

before the Jacobin's own downfall.

Meanwhile, France found itself
at war with neighboring monarchs

seeking to strangle the Revolution
before it spread.

Amidst the chaos, a general named
Napoleon Bonaparte took charge

becoming Emperor as he claimed to defend
the Revolution's democratic values.

All in all, the Revolution
saw three constitutions

and five governments within ten years,

followed by decades alternating between
monarchy and revolt

before the next Republic formed in 1871.

And while we celebrate
the French Revolution's ideals,

we still struggle with many of the same
basic questions

raised over two centuries ago.