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Let's start with a study of mice by
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Randy Jirtle. I understand these are
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known as Agouti Mice. Is is this
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something from the High Andes the Agouti
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Mice what does Agouti mean, and why
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why is this study that you did now so
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often cited as being important for
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understanding epigenomics?
- So Agouti just
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means Brown.
-- oh
-- it's not not too exciting
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so you have two mice, I call these the
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Agouti sisters so from the hot dutch
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study and the Chinese famine studies, you
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knew that something occurring very early
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in development, literally in the
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first trimester of development,
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ultimately gave rise to increased
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susceptibility to diseases, including
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cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes
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and a doubling or tripling of the
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incidence of schizophrenia. So severe
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lack of nutrition early in development
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results in all of these disease
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characteristics 20-30 years later. The
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real problem though was what, is the
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mechanism by which the glue, the gravity,
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the molecular mechanism that holds these
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two disparate time points together. And
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this is how this study, why this study is
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so important. So the only difference
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between the brown mouse and the yellow
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mouse on this slide is what the mother
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was exposed to when they were in utero.
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these are genetically identical mice. the
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mother on the left, the yellow mouse, that
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mother was just eating normal Mouse Chow.
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the mother on the left was eating mouse
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chow that was supplemented with things
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like folic acid, choline, etc. Why those
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compounds? Because they're the ones that
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provide the methyl groups that are
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placed down onto the DNA all those
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methyl groups that are needed for
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programming come in from our diet. So
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that's why this early time point is so
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important. So here you have a mouse that
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is small, lean and clean, doesn't get
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diabetes, doesn't become obese. the only
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reason is because what had happened, and
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what that offsprings mother ate very
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early in development, and what we showed
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is, in this system anyway, that that
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molecular mechanism that
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relates these two time points together
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is DNA methylation at a region that's
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upstream is Agouti Mouse. So for the
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first time we showed that small changes
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in nutrition can alter disease
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susceptibility, not through alterations
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in the genome, but by alterations in the
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epigenome and this is fundamental.
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-- And one can already imagine the potential
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for, I believe we're already in some
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courts, legal responsibilities of mothers
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-- It's possible I don't get into the legal
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aspects. I have enough travel with the
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scientific crowd.
--Right, but the work you
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all have done is now made this a very
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sensible question.
--Exactly and there's
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real potential for good from this, if we
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can understand how to protect.
-- I like to
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think about and focus on the good
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aspects of this, rather than the negative
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aspects.
-- Right and you have good reason
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though to believe that these may be
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mechanisms that may be not totally
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unlike our own.
-- It looks like from some
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of the model genes that we've been
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looking, at for example these imprinted
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genes, that indeed is the case. You can
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see environmental alterations the
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epigenome of these regulatory elements