In biological molecules, the carbon skeleton determines their general 3D shape. But what’s on the surface of the molecules determines their chemical behavior. Small chemical species, hanging off the exterior of these molecules, bump into each other and react. These are known as FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.

To understand what kinds of chemical reactions biological molecules can do, you have to understand the chemical behavior of the functional groups on the surface of the molecule.

In this video we’ll look at the following functional groups (click on the time stamp to jump to that part of the video):
1:29 Hydroxyl Group -OH
2:02 Carbonyl Group =CO (aldehydes and ketones)
2:37 Carboxyl Group -COOH
3:00 Amine Group -NH2
3:18 Phosphate Group PO4 3-
4:08 Sulfhydryl Group -SH
4:31 Methyl Group -CH3

Our series on Biology is aimed at the first-year college level, including pre-med students. These videos should also be helpful for students in challenging high school biology courses. Perfect for preparing for the AP Biology exam or the Biology SAT. Also appropriate for advanced homeschoolers. You can also follow along if you are just curious, and would like to know more about this fascinating subject.

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Written and Produced by Kimberly Hatch Harrison

About our instructor:
Kimberly Hatch Harrison received degrees in Biology and English Literature from Caltech before working in pharmaceuticals research, developing drugs for autoimmune disorders. She then continued her studies in Molecular Biology (focusing on Immunology and Neurobiology) at Princeton University, where she began teaching as a graduate student. Her success in teaching convinced her to leave the glamorous world of biology research and turn to teaching full-time, accepting a position at an exclusive prep school, where she taught biology and chemistry for eight years. She is now the head writer and producer of Socratica Studios.

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