Crack Babies: A Tale From the Drug Wars - Retro Report
-
0:05 - 0:07There was another warning
about cocaine today. -
0:07 - 0:10Crack now has spread through
almost every American city. -
0:10 - 0:18It is a problem in Houston, Philadelphia,
Kansas City, Tucson, and Sacramento. -
0:18 - 0:21In the 1980s, the media sounded the alarm
-
0:21 - 0:25that a new drug, crack cocaine,
was taking over American cities -
0:25 - 0:30and that it had an especially devastating
effect on pregnant women and their babies. -
0:30 - 0:34A new study says that babies born to women
who use cocaine during pregnancy -
0:34 - 0:38are three times as likely to be born
with birth defects. -
0:38 - 0:40They tend to be, what we call jittery.
-
0:40 - 0:44There are very very high risk
for Cerebral Palsy... Mental retardation. -
0:44 - 0:48They are prone to hypertension, strokes,
and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. -
0:48 - 0:52These children were the most expensive
babies ever born in America. -
0:52 - 0:56are going to overwhelm every social
service delivery system -
0:56 - 0:59that they come in contact with
throughout the rest of their lives. -
0:59 - 1:02Drugs take away the dream from
every child's heart, -
1:02 - 1:04and replaces it with a nightmare.
-
1:04 - 1:06But were these infants really doomed?
-
1:06 - 1:10Nearly three decades later, what is
the true legacy of the crack baby era? -
1:11 - 1:18♪ (music) ♪
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1:22 - 1:26In the early 1980s, Dr. Ira Chaznoff,
a young researcher -
1:26 - 1:29at North Western Memorial
Hospital in Chicago -
1:29 - 1:31decided to study what
he saw as a worrisome trend -
1:31 - 1:34among his pregnant patients,
who had used cocaine. -
1:35 - 1:39Women were coming in and their babies
were looking different when they were born -
1:39 - 1:42they had higher rates of pre-maturity.
-
1:42 - 1:46And, they had higher rates of new born
seizures and other complications. -
1:47 - 1:52A lot of the babies exposed to the cocaine
are quite small. -
1:52 - 1:56We think that that's related to the use
of this drug during pregnancy. -
1:56 - 2:00We'd seen effects of alcohol and other
substances on children -
2:00 - 2:04so we were certainly open to the idea
that this was a problem. -
2:05 - 2:06Cocaine was an epidemic.
-
2:06 - 2:11I think that it was something
that the media -- -
2:11 - 2:14It became an exciting thing to talk about.
-
2:14 - 2:17What you got? What you need? What you got?
-
2:17 - 2:20We call our broadcast, "48 Hours
on Crack Street". -
2:23 - 2:28Soon after our paper was published, within
days we were getting calls from media -
2:28 - 2:29all over the country
-
2:29 - 2:32and started hearing the term
"crack babies". -
2:33 - 2:36Spotlight tonight, our investigative
series on cocaine kids. -
2:36 - 2:39Despite all the warnings a growing number
of babies are being born -
2:39 - 2:41already addicted to cocaine.
-
2:41 - 2:45As it got out into the world,
it became this phenomenon. -
2:46 - 2:50Twenty three babies were born
to the cocaine using women in this study. -
2:50 - 2:52Because the problem has appeared
so suddenly, -
2:52 - 2:55there are few reliable statistics.
-
2:55 - 2:59The number of so called cocaine babies,
is growing at an astonishing rate. -
3:00 - 3:03The number of babies born addicted
has risen more than 500%. -
3:03 - 3:06I had lots of people interviewing me.
-
3:06 - 3:09Dr. Ira Chaznoff, of Chicago's
North Western Memorial Hospital -
3:09 - 3:13runs the oldest program researching
cocaine and the newborn. -
3:13 - 3:18It appears that cocaine has just
as devastating effect on pregnancy, -
3:18 - 3:21and the new born, as heroin.
-
3:21 - 3:25Chaznoff told reporters that cocaine
exposure was causing some babies -
3:25 - 3:27to be born with brain damage.
-
3:27 - 3:31And that others were overwhelmed by even
simple eye contact with the mother. -
3:31 - 3:35These children are not normal in the sense
that they are going to be able -
3:35 - 3:42to enter the classic school room
and function in large groups of children. -
3:42 - 3:46Other researchers and doctors echo
Chaznoff's conclusions -
3:46 - 3:49and a host of seemingly recognizable
symptoms took hold. -
3:49 - 3:53One of the things that we see about
babies who have been exposed to cocaine -
3:53 - 3:55is they tend to be very tremulous
and shaky. -
3:55 - 3:57Very fine kinds of tremors.
-
3:58 - 4:01We look to see if we would find
the effects that were reported. -
4:01 - 4:04And we were saying,
"Well...we aren't seeing this." -
4:05 - 4:09As Chaznoff's star rose, Dr. Clair Kholes
was reaching a different -
4:09 - 4:12though equally startling conclusion
about crack babies -
4:12 - 4:15based on her study of infant behavior
at Emory University. -
4:15 - 4:19The effects didn't seem consistent
with the action of the drug itself. -
4:20 - 4:23Many of the children, who are
the so called classic cocaine babies, -
4:23 - 4:25were per-mature babies.
-
4:25 - 4:30And the symptoms that were seen
on the videos, on television. -
4:30 - 4:34the tremoring arms and all of that,
that was pre-maturity. -
4:34 - 4:38You could have taken any pre-mature baby
and gotten the same image. -
4:38 - 4:42I think that people got very focused
on cocaine is the cause of this -
4:42 - 4:45rather than thinking, substance abuse
is the cause of this, -
4:45 - 4:48maternal lifestyle is the cause of this,
-
4:48 - 4:50social issues are the cause of this.
-
4:50 - 4:53But Khole's findings didn't fit within
the narrative of what had become -
4:53 - 4:55a national scare.
-
4:55 - 4:58Cocaine.. Crack.
-
4:58 - 5:02If you use drugs while you are pregnant,
your baby can die. -
5:02 - 5:04There's a whole lot of people
-
5:04 - 5:07who feel that if you can just scare people
sufficiently about something -
5:09 - 5:12that that's better than actually telling
them the truth about something -
5:12 - 5:14because that'll prevent them
from doing bad things. -
5:14 - 5:15♪ (music playing) ♪
-
5:15 - 5:17(door crashing) Police!
-
5:18 - 5:21The American Agenda tonight
poses this question: -
5:21 - 5:24What would you do about pregnant women
who use drugs -
5:24 - 5:26and pass those drugs on to their babies?
-
5:26 - 5:31By the late 1980s, Chaznoff's findings
were being used to justify cases -
5:31 - 5:36charging pregnant cocaine users as child
abusers, drug dealers, and killers. -
5:37 - 5:39I was at first stunned.
-
5:39 - 5:43And then angry, that they would
distort the information. -
5:43 - 5:49That's when I started realizing how
a lot of this can be taken out of context -
5:52 - 5:55and used to bolster any kind of argument.
-
5:55 - 5:57People may have felt that they were doing the right thing.
-
5:57 - 6:01But I mean the idea that one would prosecute a pregnant women
-
6:01 - 6:09and use this kind of, not very accurate research, to do so is very disturbing.
-
6:09 - 6:11♪ music playing ♪
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6:11 - 6:14As the prosecutions continued, crack babies grew to toddlers.
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6:14 - 6:17No one knows how many there are,
-
6:17 - 6:19or even how to best identify them.
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6:19 - 6:25But educators suspect that tens of thousands of crack kids are in kindergartens in inner cities in suburbia,
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6:25 - 6:27even in small town America.
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6:27 - 6:34It now threatens to create an entirely new underclass of children, unable to care for themselves,
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6:34 - 6:35of infants born to suffer.
-
6:35 - 6:38♪ music playing ♪
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6:38 - 6:42In the United States this year at least a hundred thousand crack babies will be born.
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6:42 - 6:46Today the government said it will cost 5 billion dollars a year to care for such babies.
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6:46 - 6:49And money doesn't begin to tell the whole story.
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6:49 - 6:53I'm supposed to be a victim of that crack era.
-
6:53 - 6:58I was supposed to be disruptive..mentally unstable.
-
6:58 - 7:02I wasn't supposed to reach the point where I am now.
-
7:02 - 7:09The initial hypothesis was that drug abuse will lead to physical deformities
-
7:09 - 7:13huge mental deformities in children.
-
7:13 - 7:19And, you know, in myself, I didn't see any of those things.
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7:19 - 7:27So, it would be easy for me to believe that, that science doesn't hold true.
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7:27 - 7:33Almost three decades since Chaznoff's initial research, which focused on just twenty three babies,
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7:33 - 7:40long term studies have found only subtle changes in the brains of cocaine exposed research subjects like Stone.
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7:40 - 7:43There is no particular evidence of this social, emotional deficit.
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7:43 - 7:49You're not seeing really broad scale severe developmental problems as was predicted.
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7:49 - 7:54The schools have not been overwhelmed by the flood of cocaine exposed children.
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7:54 - 7:59In fact, Stone became the first in her family to graduate from college.
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7:59 - 8:06In learning that I had been exposed, I kinda told myself I am not going to make this an issue.
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8:06 - 8:12Whatever I have to do to get around what the effects may be, I'll do that.
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8:12 - 8:15The paper was a very preliminary kind of finding.
-
8:15 - 8:19And it really shouldn't have been generalized, to the extent it was.
-
8:19 - 8:23Which I believe Dr. Chaznoff eventually came to himself and said
-
8:23 - 8:29that he felt that this didn't really represent the whole of the situation.
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8:29 - 8:31Doctor let's go to you on this question.
-
8:31 - 8:34You've studied this, perhaps one of the first people to study this.
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8:34 - 8:37How does cocaine use effect newborns?
-
8:37 - 8:40Well there's no questions that cocaine use during pregnancy
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8:40 - 8:44has some real effects on the unborn, and on the newborn, child.
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8:44 - 8:46But, these effect are not devastating,
-
8:46 - 8:52and can be addressed through treatment for the pregnant woman and for the child.
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8:52 - 8:55Over time, Chaznoff did distance himself
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8:55 - 8:59from some of the extreme pronouncements he was quoted as making in the early days.
-
8:59 - 9:04I probably talked too much, or gave long winded explanations.
-
9:04 - 9:06Which were completely cut out.
-
9:06 - 9:10It was one of those feelings where you just feel completely out of control.
-
9:10 - 9:15But the hysteria that followed his initial research had already taken its toll.
-
9:15 - 9:19It wasn't even a natural disaster or war.
-
9:19 - 9:21It was a drug that caused so much harm
-
9:21 - 9:25among my generation and my parents generation.
-
9:25 - 9:28Certainly cocaine was contributing to this problem,
-
9:28 - 9:33but, they got very focused on it as the only sole cause of it.
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9:33 - 9:39I think people still believe the cocaine story, but alcohol is much more of a problem than cocaine.
-
9:39 - 9:44Because there is much more alcohol used and it has much more severe effects.
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9:44 - 9:49I think if you'd say something three times, out loud, people take it as fact.
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9:49 - 9:53And also, I think there are certain ideas that people want to believe.
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9:53 - 9:55That fit in with cultural stereotypes.
-
9:55 - 9:57It is hard to get rid of those.
-
9:57 - 10:12♪ music playing ♪
- Title:
- Crack Babies: A Tale From the Drug Wars - Retro Report
- Description:
-
Retro Report: In the 1980s, many government officials, scientists and journalists warned that the country would be plagued by a generation of "crack babies." They were wrong.
Read the story here: http://nyti.ms/166g5dg
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- Team:
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- Project:
- BATCH 2 (1.31.17)
- Duration:
- 10:10
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