A mobile fridge for vaccines

Adam Grosser talks about a project to build a refrigerator that works without electricity, and to bring the vital tool to villages and clinics worldwide. Tweaking some old technology, he's come up with a system that works.

This is a work in process,

based on some comments that were made

at TED two years ago

about the need for the storage of vaccine.

(Music)

(Video) Narrator: On this planet,

1.6 billion people

don't have access to electricity,

refrigeration

or stored fuels.

This is a problem.

It impacts:

the spread of disease,

the storage of food and medicine

and the quality of life.

So here's the plan: inexpensive refrigeration that doesn't use electricity,

propane, gas, kerosene or consumables.

Time for some thermodynamics.

And the story of the Intermittent Absorption Refrigerator.

Adam Grosser: So 29 years ago, I had this thermo teacher

who talked about absorption and refrigeration.

It's one of those things that stuck in my head.

It was a lot like the Stirling engine:

it was cool, but you didn't know what to do with it.

And it was invented in 1858, by this guy Ferdinand Carre,

but he couldn't actually build anything with it

because of the tools of the time.

This crazy Canadian named Powel Crosley

commercialized this thing called the IcyBall in 1928,

and it was a really neat idea,

and I'll get to why it didn't work,

but here's how it works.

There's two spheres and they're separated in distance.

One has a working fluid, water and ammonia,

and the other is a condenser.

You heat up one side, the hot side.

The ammonia evaporates

and it re-condenses in the other side.

You let it cool to room temperature,

and then, as the ammonia re-evaporates and combines with the water

back on the erstwhile hot side,

it creates a powerful cooling effect.

So, it was a great idea that didn't work at all: it blew up.

Because using ammonia you get hugely high pressures

if you heated them wrong.

It topped 400 psi. The ammonia was toxic. It sprayed everywhere.

But it was kind of an interesting thought.

So, the great thing about 2006 is

there's a lot of really great computational work you can do.

So, we got the whole thermodynamics department

at Stanford involved --

a lot of computational fluid dynamics.

We proved that most of the ammonia refrigeration tables are wrong.

We found some non-toxic refrigerants

that worked at very low vapor pressures.

Brought in a team from the U.K. --

there's a lot of great refrigeration people,

it turned out, in the U.K. --

and built a test rig, and proved that, in fact,

we could make a low pressure, non-toxic refrigerator.

So, this is the way it works.

You put it on a cooking fire.

Most people have cooking fires in the world,

whether it's camel dung or wood.

It heats up for about 30 minutes, cools for an hour.

Put it into a container

and it will refrigerate for 24 hours.

It looks like this. This is the fifth prototype. It's not quite done.

Weighs about eight pounds, and this is the way it works.

You put it into a 15-liter vessel, about three gallons,

and it'll cool it down to just above freezing --

three degrees above freezing --

for 24 hours in a 30 degree C environment. It's really cheap.

We think we can build these in high volumes for about 25 dollars,

in low volumes for about 40 dollars.

And we think we can make refrigeration

something that everybody can have.

Thank you.

(Applause)