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The real reason manufacturing jobs are disappearing

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    When someone mentions Cuba,
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    what do you think about?
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    Classic, classic cars?
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    Perhaps good cigars?
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    Maybe you think
    of a famous baseball player.
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    What about when somebody
    mentions North Korea?
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    You think about those missile tests,
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    maybe their notorious leader
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    or his good friend, Dennis Rodman.
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    (Laughter)
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    One thing that likely doesn't come to mind
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    is a vision of a country,
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    an open economy,
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    whose citizens have access to a wide range
    of affordable consumer products.
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    I'm not here to argue how these countries
    got to where they are today.
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    I simply want to use them
    as an example of countries and citizens
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    who have been affected,
    negatively affected,
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    by a trade policy that restricts imports
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    and protects local industries.
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    Recently we've heard a number of countries
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    talk about restricting imports
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    and protecting their local,
    domestic industries.
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    Now, this may sound fine in a sound bite,
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    but what it really is is protectionism.
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    We heard a lot about this
    during the 2016 presidential election.
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    We heard about it
    during the Brexit debates
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    and most recently
    during the French elections.
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    In fact, it's been
    a really important topic
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    being talked about around the world,
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    and many aspiring political leaders
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    are running on platforms
    positioning protectionism as a good thing.
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    Now, I could see why they think
    protectionism is good,
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    because sometimes
    it seems like trade is unfair.
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    Some have blamed trade
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    for some of the problems
    we've been having here at home in the US.
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    For years we've been hearing
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    about the loss of high-paying
    US manufacturing jobs.
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    Many think that manufacturing
    is declining in the US
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    because companies are moving
    their operations offshore
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    to markets with lower-cost labor
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    like China, Mexico and Vietnam.
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    They also think trade agreements
    sometimes are unfair,
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    like NAFTA
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    and the Trans-Pacific Partnership,
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    because these trade agreements
    allow companies
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    to reimport those cheaply
    produced goods back into the US
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    and other countries
    from where the jobs were taken.
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    So it kind of feels like the exporters win
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    and the importers lose.
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    Now, the reality is
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    output in the manufacturing
    sector in the US
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    is actually growing,
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    but we are losing jobs.
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    We're losing lots of them.
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    In fact, from 2000 to 2010,
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    5.7 million manufacturing jobs were lost.
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    But they're not being lost
    for the reasons you might think.
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    Mike Johnson in Toledo, Ohio
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    didn't lose his jobs at the factory
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    to Miguel Sanchez in Monterrey, Mexico.
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    No.
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    Mike lost his job to a machine.
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    87 percent of lost manufacturing jobs
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    have been eliminated
    because we've made improvements
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    in our own productivity
    through automation.
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    So that means that one out of 10
    lost manufacturing jobs
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    was due to offshoring.
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    Now, this is not just a US phenomenon.
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    No.
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    In fact, automation is spreading
    to every production line
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    in every country around the world.
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    But look, I get it:
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    if you just lost your job
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    and then you read in the newspaper
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    that your old company
    just struck up a deal with China,
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    it's easy to think you were just replaced
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    in a one-for-one deal.
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    When I hear stories like this,
    I think that what people picture
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    is that trade happens
    between only two countries.
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    Manufacturers in one country
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    produce products and they export them
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    to consumers in other countries,
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    and it feels like
    the manufacturing countries win
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    and the importing countries lose.
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    Well, reality's a little bit different.
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    I'm a supply chain professional,
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    and I live and work in Mexico.
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    And I work in the middle
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    of a highly connected network
    of manufacturers
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    all collaborating from around the world
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    to produce many
    of the products we use today.
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    What I see
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    from my front-row seat in Mexico City
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    actually looks more like this.
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    And this is a more accurate depiction
    of what trade really looks like.
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    I've had the pleasure of being able to see
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    how many different products
    are manufactured,
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    from golf clubs to laptop computers
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    to internet servers, automobiles
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    and even airplanes.
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    And believe me, none of it
    happens in a straight line.
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    Let me give you an example.
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    A few months ago, I was touring
    the manufacturing plant
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    of a multinational aerospace company
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    in Querétaro, Mexico,
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    and the VP of logistics points out
    a completed tail assembly.
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    It turns out the tail assemblies
    are assembled from panels
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    that are manufactured in France,
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    and they're assembled in Mexico
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    using components imported from the US.
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    When those tail assemblies are done,
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    they're exported via truck to Canada
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    to their primary assembly plant
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    where they come together
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    with thousands of other parts,
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    like the wings and the seats
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    and the little shades
    over the little windows,
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    all coming in to become
    a part of a new airplane.
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    Think about it.
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    These new airplanes,
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    before they even take their first flight,
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    they have more stamps in their passports
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    than Angelina Jolie.
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    Now, this approach to processing
    goes on all around the world
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    to manufacture many of the products
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    we use every day,
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    from skin cream to airplanes.
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    When you go home tonight,
    take a look in your house.
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    You might be surprised to find
    a label that looks like this one:
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    "Manufactured in the USA
    from US and foreign parts."
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    Economist Michael Porter
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    described what's going on here best.
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    Many decades ago, he said
    that it's most beneficial for a country
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    to focus on producing the products
    it can produce most efficiently
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    and trading for the rest.
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    So what he's talking about here
    is shared production,
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    and efficiency is the name of the game.
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    You've probably seen an example of this
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    at home or at work.
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    Let's take a look at an example.
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    Think about how your house was built
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    or your kitchen renovated.
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    Typically, there's a general contractor
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    who is responsible
    for coordinating the efforts
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    of all the different contractors:
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    an architect to draw the plans,
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    an earth-moving company
    to dig the foundation,
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    a plumber, a carpenter and so on.
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    So why doesn't the general contractor
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    pick just one company
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    to do all the work,
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    like, say, the architect?
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    Because this is silly.
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    The general contractor selects experts
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    because it takes years
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    to learn and master
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    how to do each of the tasks it takes
    to build a house or renovate a kitchen,
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    some of them requiring special training.
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    Think about it:
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    Would you want your architect
    to install your toilet?
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    Of course not.
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    So let's apply this process
    to the corporate world.
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    Companies today focus on manufacturing
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    what they produce best
    and most efficiently,
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    and they trade for everything else.
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    So this means they rely
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    on a global, interconnected,
    interdependent network of manufacturers
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    to produce these products.
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    In fact, that network is so interconnected
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    it's almost impossible
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    to dismantle and produce
    products in just one country.
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    Let's take a look
    at the interconnected web
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    we saw a few moments ago,
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    and let's focus on just one strand
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    between the US and Mexico.
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    The Wilson Institute says
    that shared production represents
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    40 percent of the half a trillion dollars
    in trade between the US and Mexico.
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    That's about 200 billion dollars,
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    or the same as the GDP for Portugal.
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    So let's just imagine
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    that the US decides to impose
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    a 20 percent border tax
    on all imports from Mexico.
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    OK, fine.
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    But do you think Mexico is just
    going to stand by and let that happen?
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    No. No way.
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    So in retaliation,
    they impose a similar tax
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    on all goods being imported from the US,
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    and a little game of tit-for-tat ensues,
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    and 20 percent -- just imagine
    that 20 percent duties
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    are added to every good,
    product, product component
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    crossing back and forth across the border,
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    and you could be looking at more
    than a 40 percent increase in duties,
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    or 80 billion dollars.
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    Now, don't kid yourself,
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    these costs are going to be passed along
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    to you and to me.
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    Now, let's think about what impact
    that might have on some of the products,
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    or the prices of the products,
    that we buy every day.
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    So if a 30 percent increase in duties
    were actually passed along,
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    we would be looking at some
    pretty important increases in prices.
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    A Lincoln MKZ would go
    from 37,000 dollars to 48,000.
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    And the price of a Sharp 60-inch HDTV
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    would go from 898 dollars
    to 1,167 dollars.
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    And the price of a 16-ounce jar
    of CVS skin moisturizer
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    would go from 13 dollars to 17 dollars.
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    Now, remember, this is only looking
    at one strand of the production chain
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    between the US and Mexico,
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    so multiply this out
    across all of the strands.
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    The impact could be considerable.
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    Now, just think about this:
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    even if we were able
    to dismantle this network
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    and produce products in just one country,
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    which by the way is easier said than done,
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    we would still only
    be saving or protecting
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    one out of 10 lost manufacturing jobs.
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    That's right, because remember,
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    most of those jobs, 87 percent,
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    were lost due to improvements
    in our own productivity.
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    And unfortunately,
    those jobs, they're gone for good.
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    So the real question is,
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    does it make sense for us
    to drive up prices
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    to the point where many of us can't afford
    the basic goods we use every day
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    for the purpose of saving a job
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    that might be eliminated
    in a couple of years anyway?
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    The reality is that shared production
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    allows us to manufacture
    higher quality products
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    at lower costs.
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    It's that simple.
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    It allows us to get more
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    out of the limited resources
    and expertise we have
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    and at the same time
    benefit from lower prices.
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    It's really important to remember
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    that for shared production
    to be effective,
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    it relies on efficient cross-border
    movement of raw materials,
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    components and finished products.
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    So remember this:
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    the next time you're hearing somebody
    try to sell you on the idea
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    that protectionism is a good deal,
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    it's just not.
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    Thank you.
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    (Applause)
Title:
The real reason manufacturing jobs are disappearing
Speaker:
Augie Picado
Description:

We've heard a lot of rhetoric lately suggesting that countries like the US are losing valuable manufacturing jobs to lower-cost markets like China, Mexico and Vietnam -- and that protectionism is the best way forward. But those jobs haven't disappeared for the reasons you may think, says border and logistics specialist Augie Picado. He gives us a reality check about what global trade really looks like and how shared production and open borders help us make higher quality products at lower costs.

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Video Language:
English
Team:
closed TED
Project:
TEDTalks
Duration:
12:02

English subtitles

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