The real reason manufacturing jobs are disappearing
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0:01 - 0:03When someone mentions Cuba,
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0:03 - 0:04what do you think about?
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0:05 - 0:07Classic, classic cars?
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0:07 - 0:09Perhaps good cigars?
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0:10 - 0:12Maybe you think
of a famous baseball player. -
0:12 - 0:14What about when somebody
mentions North Korea? -
0:14 - 0:16You think about those missile tests,
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0:16 - 0:18maybe their notorious leader
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0:18 - 0:20or his good friend, Dennis Rodman.
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0:21 - 0:22(Laughter)
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0:22 - 0:24One thing that likely doesn't come to mind
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0:25 - 0:26is a vision of a country,
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0:27 - 0:28an open economy,
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0:28 - 0:33whose citizens have access to a wide range
of affordable consumer products. -
0:35 - 0:40I'm not here to argue how these countries
got to where they are today. -
0:40 - 0:44I simply want to use them
as an example of countries and citizens -
0:44 - 0:47who have been affected,
negatively affected, -
0:47 - 0:49by a trade policy that restricts imports
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0:50 - 0:51and protects local industries.
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0:52 - 0:55Recently we've heard a number of countries
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0:55 - 0:58talk about restricting imports
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0:58 - 1:01and protecting their local,
domestic industries. -
1:01 - 1:04Now, this may sound fine in a sound bite,
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1:04 - 1:06but what it really is is protectionism.
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1:07 - 1:11We heard a lot about this
during the 2016 presidential election. -
1:12 - 1:14We heard about it
during the Brexit debates -
1:14 - 1:17and most recently
during the French elections. -
1:19 - 1:21In fact, it's been
a really important topic -
1:21 - 1:24being talked about around the world,
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1:24 - 1:26and many aspiring political leaders
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1:26 - 1:30are running on platforms
positioning protectionism as a good thing. -
1:31 - 1:34Now, I could see why they think
protectionism is good, -
1:34 - 1:38because sometimes
it seems like trade is unfair. -
1:39 - 1:41Some have blamed trade
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1:41 - 1:44for some of the problems
we've been having here at home in the US. -
1:44 - 1:46For years we've been hearing
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1:46 - 1:49about the loss of high-paying
US manufacturing jobs. -
1:50 - 1:53Many think that manufacturing
is declining in the US -
1:53 - 1:56because companies are moving
their operations offshore -
1:56 - 1:59to markets with lower-cost labor
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1:59 - 2:01like China, Mexico and Vietnam.
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2:03 - 2:06They also think trade agreements
sometimes are unfair, -
2:06 - 2:08like NAFTA
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2:08 - 2:10and the Trans-Pacific Partnership,
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2:10 - 2:13because these trade agreements
allow companies -
2:13 - 2:17to reimport those cheaply
produced goods back into the US -
2:18 - 2:21and other countries
from where the jobs were taken. -
2:21 - 2:24So it kind of feels like the exporters win
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2:24 - 2:26and the importers lose.
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2:27 - 2:28Now, the reality is
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2:28 - 2:31output in the manufacturing
sector in the US -
2:32 - 2:34is actually growing,
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2:34 - 2:35but we are losing jobs.
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2:35 - 2:37We're losing lots of them.
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2:37 - 2:40In fact, from 2000 to 2010,
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2:40 - 2:445.7 million manufacturing jobs were lost.
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2:45 - 2:48But they're not being lost
for the reasons you might think. -
2:49 - 2:51Mike Johnson in Toledo, Ohio
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2:52 - 2:54didn't lose his jobs at the factory
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2:54 - 2:57to Miguel Sanchez in Monterrey, Mexico.
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2:57 - 2:58No.
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2:58 - 3:00Mike lost his job to a machine.
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3:02 - 3:0587 percent of lost manufacturing jobs
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3:05 - 3:08have been eliminated
because we've made improvements -
3:08 - 3:10in our own productivity
through automation. -
3:12 - 3:16So that means that one out of 10
lost manufacturing jobs -
3:16 - 3:19was due to offshoring.
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3:20 - 3:22Now, this is not just a US phenomenon.
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3:22 - 3:23No.
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3:23 - 3:27In fact, automation is spreading
to every production line -
3:27 - 3:29in every country around the world.
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3:30 - 3:31But look, I get it:
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3:31 - 3:33if you just lost your job
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3:33 - 3:35and then you read in the newspaper
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3:35 - 3:37that your old company
just struck up a deal with China, -
3:37 - 3:40it's easy to think you were just replaced
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3:40 - 3:41in a one-for-one deal.
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3:42 - 3:45When I hear stories like this,
I think that what people picture -
3:45 - 3:48is that trade happens
between only two countries. -
3:49 - 3:52Manufacturers in one country
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3:52 - 3:53produce products and they export them
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3:54 - 3:56to consumers in other countries,
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3:57 - 4:00and it feels like
the manufacturing countries win -
4:00 - 4:03and the importing countries lose.
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4:04 - 4:06Well, reality's a little bit different.
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4:07 - 4:09I'm a supply chain professional,
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4:09 - 4:11and I live and work in Mexico.
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4:13 - 4:14And I work in the middle
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4:14 - 4:17of a highly connected network
of manufacturers -
4:17 - 4:19all collaborating from around the world
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4:19 - 4:22to produce many
of the products we use today. -
4:23 - 4:24What I see
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4:24 - 4:26from my front-row seat in Mexico City
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4:26 - 4:29actually looks more like this.
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4:30 - 4:34And this is a more accurate depiction
of what trade really looks like. -
4:35 - 4:37I've had the pleasure of being able to see
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4:37 - 4:39how many different products
are manufactured, -
4:39 - 4:42from golf clubs to laptop computers
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4:42 - 4:45to internet servers, automobiles
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4:45 - 4:46and even airplanes.
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4:47 - 4:49And believe me, none of it
happens in a straight line. -
4:50 - 4:52Let me give you an example.
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4:54 - 4:58A few months ago, I was touring
the manufacturing plant -
4:58 - 5:01of a multinational aerospace company
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5:01 - 5:02in Querétaro, Mexico,
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5:03 - 5:06and the VP of logistics points out
a completed tail assembly. -
5:07 - 5:12It turns out the tail assemblies
are assembled from panels -
5:12 - 5:14that are manufactured in France,
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5:14 - 5:17and they're assembled in Mexico
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5:17 - 5:20using components imported from the US.
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5:20 - 5:22When those tail assemblies are done,
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5:22 - 5:25they're exported via truck to Canada
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5:25 - 5:27to their primary assembly plant
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5:27 - 5:28where they come together
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5:28 - 5:30with thousands of other parts,
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5:30 - 5:33like the wings and the seats
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5:33 - 5:36and the little shades
over the little windows, -
5:36 - 5:38all coming in to become
a part of a new airplane. -
5:39 - 5:41Think about it.
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5:41 - 5:43These new airplanes,
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5:43 - 5:45before they even take their first flight,
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5:45 - 5:48they have more stamps in their passports
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5:48 - 5:49than Angelina Jolie.
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5:51 - 5:54Now, this approach to processing
goes on all around the world -
5:54 - 5:57to manufacture many of the products
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5:57 - 5:59we use every day,
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5:59 - 6:02from skin cream to airplanes.
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6:03 - 6:05When you go home tonight,
take a look in your house. -
6:06 - 6:09You might be surprised to find
a label that looks like this one: -
6:10 - 6:14"Manufactured in the USA
from US and foreign parts." -
6:15 - 6:17Economist Michael Porter
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6:17 - 6:19described what's going on here best.
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6:20 - 6:25Many decades ago, he said
that it's most beneficial for a country -
6:25 - 6:29to focus on producing the products
it can produce most efficiently -
6:29 - 6:31and trading for the rest.
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6:32 - 6:35So what he's talking about here
is shared production, -
6:36 - 6:37and efficiency is the name of the game.
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6:39 - 6:41You've probably seen an example of this
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6:41 - 6:43at home or at work.
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6:44 - 6:46Let's take a look at an example.
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6:46 - 6:48Think about how your house was built
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6:49 - 6:50or your kitchen renovated.
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6:51 - 6:53Typically, there's a general contractor
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6:53 - 6:55who is responsible
for coordinating the efforts -
6:55 - 6:57of all the different contractors:
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6:57 - 6:59an architect to draw the plans,
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6:59 - 7:02an earth-moving company
to dig the foundation, -
7:02 - 7:04a plumber, a carpenter and so on.
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7:05 - 7:07So why doesn't the general contractor
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7:07 - 7:09pick just one company
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7:10 - 7:11to do all the work,
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7:11 - 7:12like, say, the architect?
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7:13 - 7:14Because this is silly.
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7:15 - 7:17The general contractor selects experts
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7:17 - 7:19because it takes years
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7:19 - 7:21to learn and master
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7:21 - 7:24how to do each of the tasks it takes
to build a house or renovate a kitchen, -
7:24 - 7:27some of them requiring special training.
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7:28 - 7:29Think about it:
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7:29 - 7:33Would you want your architect
to install your toilet? -
7:33 - 7:35Of course not.
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7:35 - 7:38So let's apply this process
to the corporate world. -
7:38 - 7:41Companies today focus on manufacturing
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7:41 - 7:44what they produce best
and most efficiently, -
7:44 - 7:46and they trade for everything else.
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7:47 - 7:49So this means they rely
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7:49 - 7:54on a global, interconnected,
interdependent network of manufacturers -
7:54 - 7:56to produce these products.
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7:56 - 7:58In fact, that network is so interconnected
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7:58 - 7:59it's almost impossible
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8:00 - 8:03to dismantle and produce
products in just one country. -
8:04 - 8:06Let's take a look
at the interconnected web -
8:06 - 8:08we saw a few moments ago,
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8:08 - 8:10and let's focus on just one strand
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8:10 - 8:13between the US and Mexico.
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8:15 - 8:17The Wilson Institute says
that shared production represents -
8:17 - 8:2340 percent of the half a trillion dollars
in trade between the US and Mexico. -
8:23 - 8:26That's about 200 billion dollars,
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8:26 - 8:29or the same as the GDP for Portugal.
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8:30 - 8:32So let's just imagine
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8:32 - 8:35that the US decides to impose
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8:35 - 8:39a 20 percent border tax
on all imports from Mexico. -
8:40 - 8:41OK, fine.
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8:41 - 8:45But do you think Mexico is just
going to stand by and let that happen? -
8:46 - 8:48No. No way.
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8:48 - 8:51So in retaliation,
they impose a similar tax -
8:51 - 8:54on all goods being imported from the US,
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8:55 - 8:57and a little game of tit-for-tat ensues,
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8:58 - 9:02and 20 percent -- just imagine
that 20 percent duties -
9:02 - 9:05are added to every good,
product, product component -
9:05 - 9:08crossing back and forth across the border,
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9:08 - 9:11and you could be looking at more
than a 40 percent increase in duties, -
9:11 - 9:13or 80 billion dollars.
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9:14 - 9:16Now, don't kid yourself,
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9:16 - 9:18these costs are going to be passed along
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9:18 - 9:20to you and to me.
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9:22 - 9:27Now, let's think about what impact
that might have on some of the products, -
9:27 - 9:30or the prices of the products,
that we buy every day. -
9:31 - 9:35So if a 30 percent increase in duties
were actually passed along, -
9:35 - 9:39we would be looking at some
pretty important increases in prices. -
9:40 - 9:43A Lincoln MKZ would go
from 37,000 dollars to 48,000. -
9:45 - 9:48And the price of a Sharp 60-inch HDTV
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9:49 - 9:54would go from 898 dollars
to 1,167 dollars. -
9:54 - 9:58And the price of a 16-ounce jar
of CVS skin moisturizer -
9:58 - 10:02would go from 13 dollars to 17 dollars.
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10:02 - 10:08Now, remember, this is only looking
at one strand of the production chain -
10:08 - 10:09between the US and Mexico,
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10:09 - 10:12so multiply this out
across all of the strands. -
10:13 - 10:14The impact could be considerable.
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10:14 - 10:17Now, just think about this:
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10:17 - 10:20even if we were able
to dismantle this network -
10:21 - 10:25and produce products in just one country,
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10:25 - 10:27which by the way is easier said than done,
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10:27 - 10:31we would still only
be saving or protecting -
10:31 - 10:34one out of 10 lost manufacturing jobs.
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10:34 - 10:36That's right, because remember,
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10:37 - 10:40most of those jobs, 87 percent,
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10:40 - 10:43were lost due to improvements
in our own productivity. -
10:44 - 10:47And unfortunately,
those jobs, they're gone for good. -
10:48 - 10:50So the real question is,
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10:51 - 10:53does it make sense for us
to drive up prices -
10:53 - 10:58to the point where many of us can't afford
the basic goods we use every day -
10:59 - 11:01for the purpose of saving a job
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11:02 - 11:04that might be eliminated
in a couple of years anyway? -
11:06 - 11:08The reality is that shared production
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11:08 - 11:12allows us to manufacture
higher quality products -
11:12 - 11:13at lower costs.
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11:13 - 11:14It's that simple.
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11:15 - 11:17It allows us to get more
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11:17 - 11:19out of the limited resources
and expertise we have -
11:19 - 11:22and at the same time
benefit from lower prices. -
11:24 - 11:26It's really important to remember
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11:26 - 11:28that for shared production
to be effective, -
11:28 - 11:34it relies on efficient cross-border
movement of raw materials, -
11:34 - 11:36components and finished products.
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11:37 - 11:38So remember this:
-
11:39 - 11:43the next time you're hearing somebody
try to sell you on the idea -
11:43 - 11:46that protectionism is a good deal,
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11:46 - 11:48it's just not.
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11:48 - 11:49Thank you.
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11:49 - 11:52(Applause)
- Title:
- The real reason manufacturing jobs are disappearing
- Speaker:
- Augie Picado
- Description:
-
We've heard a lot of rhetoric lately suggesting that countries like the US are losing valuable manufacturing jobs to lower-cost markets like China, Mexico and Vietnam -- and that protectionism is the best way forward. But those jobs haven't disappeared for the reasons you may think, says border and logistics specialist Augie Picado. He gives us a reality check about what global trade really looks like and how shared production and open borders help us make higher quality products at lower costs.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 12:02
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Brian Greene edited English subtitles for The real reason manufacturing jobs are disappearing | |
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Brian Greene edited English subtitles for The real reason manufacturing jobs are disappearing | |
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Joanna Pietrulewicz edited English subtitles for The real reason manufacturing jobs are disappearing | |
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