What can astronauts teach us about farming? | Rodney Reis | TEDxEcoleHôtelièreLausanne
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0:07 - 0:12One year ago, almost to the date,
it was the 20th of April, 2014. -
0:13 - 0:15This resupply mission from NASA
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0:15 - 0:19delivered more than food
to the International Space Station; -
0:19 - 0:22it delivered a way to grow food.
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0:23 - 0:29Now, this would be the first time
that food, plants, grown in space -
0:30 - 0:33are not used only for studies
but also for consumption. -
0:34 - 0:36That's the arrival of space farming.
-
0:38 - 0:41Commander Steve Swanson
is in front of VEGGIE. -
0:42 - 0:45VEGGIE is a mini greenhouse
that can produce lettuce -
0:49 - 0:50just like this one,
-
0:51 - 0:52in space.
-
0:54 - 0:56It uses 10 times less water
than traditional agriculture, -
0:57 - 0:59it takes less power
than a desktop computer, -
1:00 - 1:05and to transport, it took
six times less space than to operate. -
1:11 - 1:15Bringing anything to space from Earth
costs its weight in gold, -
1:16 - 1:18so resources there are precious.
-
1:20 - 1:23Should we treat our natural
resources the same way? -
1:24 - 1:25When I look at the globe,
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1:26 - 1:28I see Brazil, the country I was born,
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1:28 - 1:31a country blessed
with many natural resources. -
1:32 - 1:36Still, a few weeks ago,
I read an article in the press -
1:36 - 1:39about the severe drought
that's happening in São Paulo. -
1:39 - 1:43São Paulo is a metropolitan area
with 27 million people. -
1:44 - 1:45And they're having a drought
-
1:45 - 1:48that is one of the worst
for the past 100 years. -
1:48 - 1:51Now, this journalist was asking this lady
-
1:51 - 1:53how she was going to cope
with the drought. -
1:54 - 1:58Brazilians are known
to have several showers during the day. -
1:58 - 2:01So he was asking her,
"Are you going to have less showers, -
2:01 - 2:03or are you going to have
quicker showers?" -
2:05 - 2:09Unfortunately, a second shower
is not the most pressing issue we have -
2:09 - 2:11when we have water shortage.
-
2:12 - 2:17Every minute, around the world,
a child dies from water-related diseases. -
2:17 - 2:22In 10 years, two-thirds of humanity
are expected to suffer -
2:22 - 2:24from a form of water shortage.
-
2:32 - 2:34And this is not an
emerging-market problem only. -
2:35 - 2:37OECD countries, industrialized nations,
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2:37 - 2:39are expected to have
their water consumption grow -
2:39 - 2:43by 65% by 2050.
-
2:43 - 2:45That's a lot faster
than the rest of the world. -
2:47 - 2:50So, if we were to put
all the water in the world -
2:50 - 2:53into one big droplet
right next to our planet, -
2:53 - 2:55that's what it would look like.
-
2:56 - 3:00Of that, only one percent is fresh water.
-
3:01 - 3:07Of this one percent, two-thirds are frozen
on our polar caps and on our glaciers. -
3:08 - 3:12And of what's left,
70% is used in agriculture. -
3:13 - 3:16Water security is food security.
-
3:19 - 3:23But if we can farm
with less water in space, -
3:24 - 3:28surely we can farm
more efficiently here on Earth. -
3:29 - 3:31We can use some of these ideas.
-
3:32 - 3:35So, I lead a Swiss startup
called CombaGroup, -
3:35 - 3:39and that's exactly what we
set out to do: efficient farming. -
3:39 - 3:41This is our research
and development greenhouse, -
3:41 - 3:43not far from here, from Lausanne.
-
3:44 - 3:46And we are growing salads out of earth.
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3:48 - 3:54We spray a mix of nutrients and water
directly onto the roots, -
3:54 - 3:57using a technology called aeroponics.
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3:57 - 3:59What's not used is recycled.
-
4:00 - 4:05And for every kilo of salad we produce,
we save 180 liters of water. -
4:09 - 4:13However, most salad
doesn't grow like this. -
4:13 - 4:15So, I want to tell you
the story of a salad, -
4:15 - 4:18from when it's born
to the end of its life, -
4:18 - 4:22hopefully fulfilling its mission,
which is to feed us. -
4:22 - 4:25And to do that, I want to go back
to the place I came from -
4:25 - 4:29before coming to Switzerland;
I want to go back to the UK. -
4:30 - 4:33Now, I used to live in this lovely village
in the countryside of England, -
4:33 - 4:39and it had a wonderful pub, a teahouse,
and a church, but not much else. -
4:39 - 4:43And around, it had
a lot of fields for agriculture. -
4:43 - 4:48Now, during the cold months,
particularly during winter, -
4:48 - 4:51not much grew there,
but certainly not salad. -
4:51 - 4:56Still, I could go to the nearest market
and I could buy fresh salad -
4:57 - 4:58any time of the year.
-
4:59 - 5:03More than half the year, this salad
will be coming from the south of Spain; -
5:03 - 5:06the two main places
are Murcia and Almería. -
5:07 - 5:09They'll be driven 2,300 kilometers
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5:10 - 5:13in the back of a truck
for over three days, -
5:14 - 5:15and by the time they arrive in England,
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5:15 - 5:19they'll have lost
more than half of their vitamin C. -
5:26 - 5:28What's the impact on waste?
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5:28 - 5:30What's the impact on the environment?
-
5:30 - 5:31Well, let's talk about waste first.
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5:32 - 5:36Imagine these are 100 salads
growing on the field in Spain, -
5:38 - 5:39trying to fulfill their mission.
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5:40 - 5:43Seventeen will be lost
before they're harvested. -
5:45 - 5:46Nine will make it to the shops
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5:46 - 5:49but won't be purchased
because they don't look that good. -
5:51 - 5:54And the biggest amount of waste
will happen at home. -
5:55 - 5:59We throw away 45% of the salad we buy.
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6:01 - 6:02Why do we do this?
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6:02 - 6:04Why do we pay for it and throw it away?
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6:05 - 6:07The main reason is short shelf life.
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6:08 - 6:11It goes past its expiry date,
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6:11 - 6:14it smells bad, it tastes bad,
so we throw it away. -
6:15 - 6:19So, the days it's been traveling
in the back of a truck -
6:20 - 6:22are important days
that they could be with us. -
6:24 - 6:29And if we could cut the level of waste
we have with salads by 50 percent -
6:30 - 6:34and make it, instead of
the number one in food waste, -
6:34 - 6:35the number two in food waste -
-
6:35 - 6:37which isn't a great track record -
-
6:39 - 6:44we could save 300 liters of water
for every kilo of salad we eat. -
6:45 - 6:49Now, that's enough for that lady
to have a second shower -
6:49 - 6:51every day of the week for one week.
-
6:53 - 6:57Unfortunately, these salads
don't grow in Brazil; they grow in Spain. -
6:58 - 7:01And water reserves in Spain, per capita,
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7:01 - 7:04are 12 times smaller
than the water reserves in Brazil. -
7:06 - 7:10These salads grow in one of
the most arid places of Europe. -
7:10 - 7:16In the south of Spain, they have
half the average rainfall of Spain. -
7:17 - 7:20They have six times less rainfall
than we have in the UK. -
7:22 - 7:29Still, they export the equivalent
of 100 million cubic meters of water -
7:29 - 7:32in the form of salads
to other countries in Europe. -
7:34 - 7:36What should we do?
-
7:36 - 7:39Should we stop eating salad
when it's wintertime? -
7:43 - 7:48Water reserves in the UK, per capita,
are more or less the same as in Spain. -
7:50 - 7:54And salads, lettuce, is one of the most
water-efficient crops we can have. -
7:54 - 7:58If we replace one kilo of salad
by one kilo of potato, -
7:58 - 8:00we'll be using twice as much water.
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8:01 - 8:04If you want a little milk,
it's eight times more water. -
8:04 - 8:09If you want a kilo of beef,
that's 15,000 liters of water, -
8:10 - 8:12as opposed to 200 liters of water
-
8:12 - 8:14that is required
to grow one kilo of lettuce. -
8:16 - 8:20Furthermore, there's a lot of sunshine
in the south of Spain. -
8:21 - 8:23That's why we go there for holidays.
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8:24 - 8:27It's twice as much sunshine
than we get in the UK. -
8:27 - 8:30And plants need light and heat to grow.
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8:31 - 8:35So, if we were to grow these plants
in a greenhouse in the UK -
8:35 - 8:40and use electricity to light
and heat this greenhouse, -
8:40 - 8:42we would spend more money
and emit more carbon -
8:42 - 8:47than actually we do bringing them
by truck all the way from Spain. -
8:49 - 8:54So this seems to be the most efficient way
for us to eat salad all year round. -
8:55 - 8:58But is that how an astronaut
would look at the problem? -
9:00 - 9:04We saw how we could grow salad
with 10 times less water. -
9:05 - 9:09Well, we can also start
by using light that's more efficient. -
9:09 - 9:13We can give the plants
only the colors they need: red and blue. -
9:14 - 9:17That's why you see
the purple light in the picture. -
9:18 - 9:21Now, these salads, they grow in the air.
-
9:24 - 9:28And when they're small,
we can huddle them closely together -
9:29 - 9:32and gradually give them
more space as they grow. -
9:34 - 9:40That way, we can produce
two times more salad per square meter -
9:42 - 9:43than we would in the field
-
9:43 - 9:48and use the energy from the light
and heating more efficiently. -
9:50 - 9:54We could also use waste heat
to warm up the greenhouse. -
9:54 - 9:55Here in Switzerland,
-
9:55 - 9:58we are going to build
a large-scale project -
9:58 - 10:00right next to a bio-gas plant.
-
10:00 - 10:05Now, this power plant
throws away heat and CO2 -
10:05 - 10:07as a byproduct of energy production.
-
10:08 - 10:10These resources are precious.
-
10:11 - 10:14We'll connect our greenhouse
to this power plant -
10:14 - 10:16and warm it up during winter,
-
10:16 - 10:21also using the CO2
to accelerate plant growth. -
10:22 - 10:26By doing that, the carbon footprint
we have per kilo produced -
10:26 - 10:28is five times lower
-
10:28 - 10:31than doing the same thing
on the field here in Switzerland. -
10:33 - 10:37However, energy footprint in the UK
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10:37 - 10:41is 70 times higher
than what we have in Switzerland. -
10:42 - 10:43There are a lot of renewables here,
-
10:44 - 10:47and we burn a lot of coal in the UK
to generate electricity. -
10:47 - 10:53So would that math also work
for the same ideas, in Britain? -
10:56 - 10:57In fact,
-
10:58 - 11:02we could produce, during winter,
with the same CO2 footprint -
11:03 - 11:06that the field can produce
during summer in the UK -
11:06 - 11:11and even lower during winter
when we don't need to light them up, -
11:11 - 11:13to complement the light -
-
11:13 - 11:16but furthermore, we could provide
a product that's fresher, -
11:16 - 11:20locally produced, and hopefully,
reduce the amount of waste, -
11:21 - 11:25reducing the carbon footprint
per kilo consumed, -
11:25 - 11:28and bringing it to less than half
of what we have right now -
11:28 - 11:32importing food from Spain.
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11:34 - 11:40Ultimately, we throw more food away
than we consume, today. -
11:41 - 11:42This is happening right now.
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11:43 - 11:46We're growing these plants
right next to you. -
11:47 - 11:50We will be serving the salad today
so we'll be able to taste it. -
11:52 - 11:56And if you could replace
only 10% of the food imports in the world, -
11:57 - 11:58that would be enough
-
11:58 - 12:01to offset the carbon footprint
for one million people -
12:02 - 12:03and would save enough water
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12:04 - 12:08for 30 million people to have a shower
every day during the year - -
12:08 - 12:10the whole of São Paulo and the people.
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12:11 - 12:14We could even bring the salad
alive to our kitchens, -
12:15 - 12:18extending space farming
all the way to our homes, -
12:18 - 12:22have a product that has
a longer shelf life, more vitamins, -
12:22 - 12:27and reducing waste,
therefore saving our natural resources. -
12:28 - 12:29This is our team.
-
12:29 - 12:31We try to dress like astronauts.
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12:31 - 12:33We try to think like astronauts.
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12:33 - 12:36But what we learn
from astronauts about farming -
12:37 - 12:41is that we can farm with less water,
less energy, and less waste, -
12:41 - 12:43and by doing that,
-
12:43 - 12:48we can have food that's fresher,
healthier, and better for the planet. -
12:48 - 12:49Thank you.
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12:49 - 12:50(Applause)
- Title:
- What can astronauts teach us about farming? | Rodney Reis | TEDxEcoleHôtelièreLausanne
- Description:
-
Due to a lack of space in their spacecrafts and rockets, astronauts have developed new farming techniques in order to produce fresh vegetables during their journeys through space. Even with limited resources, they are now able to grow healthy salad and lettuces, despite being thousand of kilometers away from Earth. Mr. Rodney Reis has studied this new space agriculture and will show you that the authentic way to grow vegetables may not be the future for our society on Earth. Why not change our vision of old farms and incorporate new processes that are able to produce local fresh food all year long, with an added benefit of reducing our impact on the planet?
Rodney had his executive training from IMD Lausanne and London Business School, his MBA from IBMEC in Rio de Janeiro, a Telecommunications Engineering certificate from University of California Irvine, and finally, a Bachelors in Computer Science from São Carlos Federal University. He has worked for large corporations like Accenture, Nortel, and Ascom, as well as smaller start-ups. He has helped create and develop companies in Switzerland, India, the UAE, and Brazil, working on and closing deals in over 25 countries for the past 16 years, mainly in the high-tech sector.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 12:56