Managing the magic of microbes: Jessica Green at TEDxPortland
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0:30 - 0:33These are images of microorganisms.
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0:33 - 0:37The tiny form of life
that we can't see with our naked eye -
0:37 - 0:41viruses, bacteria and archaea.
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0:41 - 0:45They are the most abundant
and diverse organisms on Earth -
0:45 - 0:48and they cover
every nook and cranny of our body -
0:48 - 0:51our buildings and our cities.
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0:51 - 0:54Most of you when you think about microbes,
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0:54 - 1:01probably think about the bad ones.
Like MRSA, or HIV or anthrax. -
1:01 - 1:09But, the majority of microbes
are good for us. -
1:09 - 1:15Our bodies, just like any ecosystem,
rely on our microbes to survive. -
1:15 - 1:19Our microbes protect us
from germs and pathogens, -
1:19 - 1:23they allow us
to get nutrients from our food -
1:23 - 1:26and they also boost our inmune system.
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1:26 - 1:31And recent evidence suggests
that they even influence our moods, -
1:31 - 1:34our levels of stress
and anxiety and depression. -
1:34 - 1:41So, if you are feeling fantastic today, like I am,
you might want to thank your microbes. -
1:41 - 1:46And you might want to thank you mother
as well,because we get our -- -
1:46 - 1:49the majority of our microbes come
from our mother when we are born -
1:49 - 1:53and we also get our microbes
from the food that we eat -
1:53 - 1:56and from the people
that we spend time with, our friends -
1:56 - 1:59and people on subways
if you are hi-fiving them -
1:59 - 2:04on the way down on the escalator --
and we also get our microbes -
2:04 - 2:08from our primary habitat which is buildings.
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2:08 - 2:12All of us are going to spend
at least 90% of our lives indoors -
2:12 - 2:16and while we are indoors,
we frequently -- continuosly come into contact -
2:16 - 2:22with microbes that we breathe in
and that we touch on surfaces. -
2:22 - 2:24Something that I've been interested in,
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2:24 - 2:28given how important microbes are
to our well-being, -
2:28 - 2:36is how we manage microbes in our buildings
where we spend so much of our time. -
2:36 - 2:42And to explain what I've learned in recent years
I'm going to make an analogy of a garden. -
2:42 - 2:49A microbial garden that is -- indoors!
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2:49 - 2:53So, our techniques for
gardening microbes indoors today, -
2:53 - 2:57loosely follow 4 basic rules.
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2:57 - 3:04The first rule is that you want to keep
all microbes out of your building, -
3:04 - 3:06you want to quarantine the building.
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3:06 - 3:12And we have modern buildings today
that are hermetically sealed, -
3:12 - 3:16and examples of this,
of the ways buildings have changed, is -- -
3:16 - 3:19we now have operable windows
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3:19 - 3:22that are replaced
with elaborate air-conditioning systems -
3:22 - 3:26and filtration systems
that are designed to keep out -
3:26 - 3:28native microbes that are outdoors,
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3:28 - 3:31the ones that commonly grow on plants,
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3:31 - 3:34and live in the dirt,
and live in our waterways -
3:34 - 3:38and we don't want them
getting inside of our buildings. -
3:38 - 3:43And, the second rule, or principle,
is that we put doors on our buildings -
3:43 - 3:46and allow people to come inside buildings
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3:46 - 3:51and plant in our gardens,
what I'm refering to as invasive microbes. -
3:51 - 3:59And these are microbes that live on our bodies,
they are on our skin, they are in our mouth. -
3:59 - 4:03Every human being
that walks into a building, in one hour, -
4:03 - 4:07they contribute 37 million bacteria to the air.
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4:07 - 4:12That's as many bacteria as the number of people
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4:12 - 4:15that are currently living in the state of California.
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4:15 - 4:21And we contribute microbes to the air
by shedding directly from our own body -
4:21 - 4:24and we also kick up microbes from surfaces
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4:24 - 4:29that were left behind by other people
that were in the building. -
4:29 - 4:36Our third basic rule is to keep
a static environment for our garden. -
4:36 - 4:42So we keep a very narrow band
of temperature and relative humidity, -
4:42 - 4:48we don't allow for daily environmental changes
or seasonal changes indoors, -
4:48 - 4:52and we maintain
this thermal comfort zone for us, -
4:52 - 4:55because we want to be able
to hang out in our underwear -
4:55 - 4:58even if it's snowing outside, indoors.
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4:58 - 5:01But think about this
from the perspective of a microbe! -
5:01 - 5:04What we're doing
is creating an environment -
5:04 - 5:08that selects for what I think of
as an urban type of microbe -
5:08 - 5:14that really thrives living
in this homogeneous environment. -
5:14 - 5:17And the forth rule that we follow indoors,
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5:17 - 5:22is that we regularly want to kill
everything in the garden. -
5:22 - 5:28And we do this indoors by relentlessly using
anti-microbial cleaning products -
5:28 - 5:31and sterilizing surfaces indoors.
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5:31 - 5:35And when you think about this,
this is really a form of microbial genocide -
5:35 - 5:40because what we are doing is killing
the good microbes along with the bad. -
5:40 - 5:43So, if we had a vegetable garden outside,
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5:43 - 5:45we would never kill all the plants
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5:45 - 5:48because we wanted to get rid of one weed.
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5:48 - 5:51And that's effectively
what we are doing indoors -
5:51 - 5:56and when you clear out
a bunch of organisms from an ecosystem, -
5:56 - 6:01what you do is you make space
for weedy and fast growing organisms -
6:01 - 6:03to come and colonize those spaces,
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6:03 - 6:07because there's nothing there
to compete with them. -
6:07 - 6:14What are the consequences of this way
that we manage microbes indoors? -
6:14 - 6:17We don't know yet,
people are just starting to learn about this -
6:17 - 6:22but I'm willing to speculate
on what I think is happening. -
6:22 - 6:26Humans have been around
for hundreds of thousands of years -
6:26 - 6:31but this era of modern buildings
that are hermetically sealed, -
6:31 - 6:38environmentally constant,
cleaned on a very regular basis -
6:38 - 6:41this has been around
only for about 60 years. -
6:41 - 6:43And I believe what we are breeding indoors
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6:43 - 6:49or growing is a microbial monoculture.
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6:49 - 6:55And when you think about our bodies,
we probably haven't evolved -
6:55 - 7:00to be able to function very well
in this type of microbial environment. -
7:00 - 7:04And there's a lot of evidence
that has been published recently, -
7:04 - 7:09that suggests that many of the ways
of modern living may be affiliated -
7:09 - 7:15with the rise of antibiotic resistence
and the rise of autoinmune disorders -
7:15 - 7:21that we all face in the developed world,
like asthma and allergies. -
7:21 - 7:25I've recently been collaborating with
both biologists and architects, -
7:25 - 7:30including Brandon Bohanan and Charlie Brown
at the University of Oregon -
7:30 - 7:35to understand how building design impacts
the types of microbes that grow indoors. -
7:35 - 7:38And we recently conducted a study
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7:38 - 7:42at the Lillis Business Complex
of the University of Oregon -- -
7:42 - 7:46this is what Lillis looks like
from the perspective of a human. -
7:46 - 7:48And this is, what it probably looks like,
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7:48 - 7:51from the perspective of a microbe
flying around the atmosphere. -
7:51 - 7:55This is an infrared image
that shows differences -
7:55 - 8:01in heat on the building and microbes
are known to be very sensitive to heat. -
8:01 - 8:05And this is what Lillis looks like
from the perspective of an architect. -
8:05 - 8:06So what we did on this building, is --
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8:06 - 8:10we were very interested in Lilis
because this is a silver LEED certified building -
8:10 - 8:12and we wanted to know,
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8:12 - 8:17"Does green building design
influence microbes in a positive or negative way?" -
8:17 - 8:21So, what we did was,
on the first floor of this building -
8:21 - 8:24we ran and operated
the building as it was designed. -
8:24 - 8:26And, what that meant was
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8:26 - 8:31we let outdoor air enter
the building through louvers. -
8:31 - 8:35And on the second floor of the building
we manipulated the way that it was operated, -
8:35 - 8:39and we forced air to go through
mechanical ventilation systems -
8:39 - 8:41before they reached the classroom --
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8:41 - 8:44or, all the classrooms that we studied.
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8:44 - 8:48So these are the results,
these are hot off the press, -
8:48 - 8:50this is data
that has never been shown before -
8:50 - 8:53we just got these results back last week.
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8:53 - 8:57What you are looking at is the first and
second floor of the Lillis Business Complex -
8:57 - 9:01and you'll see that there's
an indicator scale on this diagram -
9:01 - 9:05where the pink denotes air samples that we took
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9:05 - 9:12that had microbial DNA that looks very similar
to what's found in and on humans. -
9:12 - 9:18And the blue indicates air samples
with microbial DNA that looks very similar -
9:18 - 9:22to what you might find out outside,
for example in dirt. -
9:22 - 9:25And what you'll see is that on the first floor
of the building which is operated -
9:25 - 9:31according to these LEED standards where
air was coming in directly from outside -
9:31 - 9:32that air looks more like the outside
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9:32 - 9:37and on the second floor of the building,
the air looked very human-like. -
9:37 - 9:40So, these scientific results are intuitive
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9:40 - 9:44but they clearly show
that we do have some control -
9:44 - 9:50over the types of microbes
that we are growing indoors. -
9:53 - 9:55What does all this mean?
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9:55 - 10:03Today we have landscape architects
that design outdoor spaces -
10:03 - 10:07and grounds keepers
whose job is to maintain -
10:07 - 10:12these outdoor spaces
over long periods of time. -
10:12 - 10:17And the uncharted territory here
is thinking about microbes -
10:17 - 10:21in a new way
and understanding how to grow -
10:21 - 10:24the types of good microbes
that we want indoors, -
10:24 - 10:30so that we can train a new type of architect,
an interior landscape architect -
10:30 - 10:34who can design healthy indoor gardens
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10:34 - 10:38and we're also gonna need
a new flavour of building managers -
10:38 - 10:43that I am thinking of
as interior grounds keepers -
10:43 - 10:50that can help maintain
healthy buildings and healthy people. -
10:50 - 10:51Thank you very much.
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10:51 - 10:54(Applause)
- Title:
- Managing the magic of microbes: Jessica Green at TEDxPortland
- Description:
-
Jessica -- aka "Thumper Biscuit" in roller derby circles -- is a professor at both the University of Oregon and the Santa Fe Institute. She's a TED Fellow whose current goal is to help people visualize the invisible world of microorganisms to foster a world full of buildings that limit infectious disease and maximize energy.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 10:59
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