4 ways we can avoid a catastrophic drought
-
0:01 - 0:05Our grandparents' generation
created an amazing system -
0:05 - 0:07of canals and reservoirs
that made it possible -
0:07 - 0:11for people to live in places
where there wasn't a lot of water. -
0:11 - 0:13For example, during the Great Depression,
-
0:13 - 0:15they created the Hoover Dam,
-
0:15 - 0:17which in turn, created Lake Mead
-
0:17 - 0:21and made it possible for the cities
of Las Vegas and Phoenix -
0:21 - 0:23and Los Angeles to provide water
-
0:23 - 0:25for people who lived
in a really dry place. -
0:26 - 0:30In the 20th century,
we literally spent trillions of dollars -
0:30 - 0:33building infrastructure
to get water to our cities. -
0:33 - 0:37In terms of economic development,
it was a great investment. -
0:37 - 0:40But in the last decade,
we've seen the combined effects -
0:40 - 0:46of climate change, population growth
and competition for water resources -
0:46 - 0:50threaten these vital lifelines
and water resources. -
0:50 - 0:54This figure shows you the change
in the lake level of Lake Mead -
0:54 - 0:56that happened in the last 15 years.
-
0:56 - 0:58You can see starting around the year 2000,
-
0:58 - 1:00the lake level started to drop.
-
1:00 - 1:02And it was dropping at such a rate
-
1:02 - 1:06that it would have left the drinking water
intakes for Las Vegas high and dry. -
1:07 - 1:09The city became so concerned about this
-
1:09 - 1:13that they recently constructed
a new drinking water intake structure -
1:13 - 1:15that they referred to as the "Third Straw"
-
1:16 - 1:18to pull water out
of the greater depths of the lake. -
1:19 - 1:23The challenges associated
with providing water to a modern city -
1:23 - 1:26are not restricted
to the American Southwest. -
1:26 - 1:31In the year 2007, the third largest
city in Australia, Brisbane, -
1:31 - 1:34came within 6 months
of running out of water. -
1:34 - 1:38A similar drama is playing out today
in São Paulo, Brazil, -
1:38 - 1:40where the main reservoir for the city
-
1:40 - 1:43has gone from being
completely full in 2010, -
1:43 - 1:45to being nearly empty today
-
1:45 - 1:49as the city approaches
the 2016 Summer Olympics. -
1:50 - 1:53For those of us who are fortunate enough
-
1:53 - 1:55to live in one
of the world's great cities, -
1:55 - 1:59we've never truly experienced
the effects of a catastrophic drought. -
1:59 - 2:03We like to complain
about the navy showers we have to take. -
2:03 - 2:07We like our neighbors to see
our dirty cars and our brown lawns. -
2:07 - 2:10But we've never really faced
the prospect of turning on the tap -
2:11 - 2:12and having nothing come out.
-
2:13 - 2:16And that's because when things
have gotten bad in the past, -
2:16 - 2:19it's always been possible
to expand a reservoir -
2:19 - 2:21or dig a few more groundwater wells.
-
2:22 - 2:26Well, in a time when all
of the water resources are spoken for, -
2:26 - 2:29it's not going to be possible
to rely on this tried and true way -
2:29 - 2:32of providing ourselves with water.
-
2:32 - 2:35Some people think that we're going
to solve the urban water problem -
2:36 - 2:38by taking water from our rural neighbors.
-
2:38 - 2:45But that's an approach that's fraught
with political, legal and social dangers. -
2:45 - 2:48And even if we succeed in grabbing
the water from our rural neighbors, -
2:48 - 2:51we're just transferring
the problem to someone else -
2:51 - 2:53and there's a good chance
it will come back and bite us -
2:53 - 2:55in the form of higher food prices
-
2:55 - 2:59and damage to the aquatic ecosystems
that already rely upon that water. -
3:00 - 3:04I think that there's a better way
to solve our urban water crisis -
3:04 - 3:08and I think that's to open up
four new local sources of water -
3:08 - 3:10that I liken to faucets.
-
3:10 - 3:14If we can make smart investments
in these new sources of water -
3:14 - 3:15in the coming years,
-
3:15 - 3:18we can solve our urban water problem
-
3:18 - 3:21and decrease the likelihood
that we'll ever run across -
3:21 - 3:23the effects of a catastrophic drought.
-
3:24 - 3:26Now, if you told me 20 years ago
-
3:26 - 3:31that a modern city could exist
without a supply of imported water, -
3:31 - 3:35I probably would have dismissed you
as an unrealistic and uninformed dreamer. -
3:35 - 3:37But my own experiences
-
3:37 - 3:41working with some of the world's most
water-starved cities in the last decades -
3:41 - 3:45have shown me that we have
the technologies and the management skills -
3:45 - 3:48to actually transition away
from imported water, -
3:48 - 3:51and that's what I want
to tell you about tonight. -
3:51 - 3:56The first source of local water
supply that we need to develop -
3:56 - 3:58to solve our urban water problem
-
3:58 - 4:01will flow with the rainwater
that falls in our cities. -
4:01 - 4:04One of the great tragedies
of urban development -
4:05 - 4:06is that as our cities grew,
-
4:07 - 4:10we started covering all the surfaces
with concrete and asphalt. -
4:10 - 4:13And when we did that,
we had to build storm sewers -
4:13 - 4:15to get the water
that fell on the cities out -
4:15 - 4:17before it could cause flooding,
-
4:17 - 4:20and that's a waste
of a vital water resource. -
4:20 - 4:22Let me give you an example.
-
4:22 - 4:25This figure here shows you
the volume of water -
4:25 - 4:28that could be collected
in the city of San Jose -
4:28 - 4:32if they could harvest the stormwater
that fell within the city limits. -
4:32 - 4:36You can see from the intersection
of the blue line and the black dotted line -
4:36 - 4:41that if San Jose could just capture half
of the water that fell within the city, -
4:41 - 4:44they'd have enough water
to get them through an entire year. -
4:44 - 4:47Now, I know what some of you
are probably thinking. -
4:47 - 4:50"The answer to our problem
is to start building great big tanks -
4:50 - 4:53and attaching them
to the downspouts of our roof gutters, -
4:53 - 4:55rainwater harvesting."
-
4:55 - 4:58Now, that's an idea
that might work in some places. -
4:58 - 5:01But if you live in a place
where it mainly rains in the winter time -
5:01 - 5:03and most of the water demand
is in the summertime, -
5:03 - 5:07it's not a very cost-effective way
to solve a water problem. -
5:07 - 5:10And if you experience the effects
of a multiyear drought, -
5:10 - 5:12like California's currently experiencing,
-
5:12 - 5:17you just can't build a rainwater tank
that's big enough to solve your problem. -
5:17 - 5:19I think there's a lot more practical way
-
5:19 - 5:22to harvest the stormwater and
the rainwater that falls in our cities, -
5:22 - 5:26and that's to capture it
and let it percolate into the ground. -
5:26 - 5:31After all, many of our cities are sitting
on top of a natural water storage system -
5:31 - 5:34that can accommodate
huge volumes of water. -
5:34 - 5:38For example, historically,
Los Angeles has obtained -
5:38 - 5:41about a third of its water supply
from a massive aquifer -
5:41 - 5:43that underlies the San Fernando Valley.
-
5:44 - 5:47Now, when you look at the water
that comes off of your roof -
5:47 - 5:50and runs off of your lawn
and flows down the gutter, -
5:50 - 5:53you might say to yourself,
"Do I really want to drink that stuff?" -
5:54 - 5:56Well, the answer is
you don't want to drink it -
5:56 - 5:58until it's been treated a little bit.
-
5:58 - 6:01And so the challenge that we face
in urban water harvesting -
6:01 - 6:03is to capture the water, clean the water
-
6:03 - 6:05and get it underground.
-
6:06 - 6:09And that's exactly
what the city of Los Angeles is doing -
6:09 - 6:13with a new project that they're building
in Burbank, California. -
6:13 - 6:17This figure here shows
the stormwater park that they're building -
6:17 - 6:22by hooking a series of stormwater
collection systems, or storm sewers, -
6:22 - 6:26and routing that water
into an abandoned gravel quarry. -
6:26 - 6:27The water that's captured in the quarry
-
6:28 - 6:30is slowly passed
through a man-made wetland, -
6:30 - 6:33and then it goes
into that ball field there -
6:33 - 6:35and percolates into the ground,
-
6:35 - 6:37recharging the drinking water
aquifer of the city. -
6:38 - 6:41And in the process
of passing through the wetland -
6:41 - 6:43and percolating through the ground,
-
6:43 - 6:46the water encounters microbes
that live on the surfaces of the plants -
6:46 - 6:48and the surfaces of the soil,
-
6:48 - 6:49and that purifies the water.
-
6:50 - 6:53And if the water's
still not clean enough to drink -
6:53 - 6:55after it's been through
this natural treatment process, -
6:55 - 6:57the city can treat it again
-
6:57 - 6:59when they pump if back out
of the groundwater aquifers -
6:59 - 7:01before they deliver it to people to drink.
-
7:02 - 7:07The second tap that we need to open up
to solve our urban water problem -
7:07 - 7:08will flow with the wastewater
-
7:08 - 7:10that comes out
of our sewage treatment plants. -
7:11 - 7:15Now, many of you are probably familiar
with the concept of recycled water. -
7:15 - 7:17You've probably seen signs like this
-
7:17 - 7:20that tell you that the shrubbery
and the highway median -
7:20 - 7:22and the local golf course
-
7:22 - 7:23is being watered with water
-
7:23 - 7:26that used to be
in a sewage treatment plant. -
7:26 - 7:29We've been doing this
for a couple of decades now. -
7:29 - 7:31But what we're learning
from our experience -
7:31 - 7:35is that this approach is much more
expensive that we expected it to be. -
7:36 - 7:39Because once we build
the first few water recycling systems -
7:39 - 7:40close to the sewage treatment plant,
-
7:40 - 7:43we have to build longer
and longer pipe networks -
7:43 - 7:45to get that water to where it needs to go.
-
7:46 - 7:48And that becomes prohibitive
in terms of cost. -
7:49 - 7:50What we're finding is
-
7:50 - 7:54that a much more cost-effective
and practical way of recycling wastewater -
7:54 - 7:57is to turn treated wastewater
into drinking water -
7:57 - 7:58through a two-step process.
-
7:59 - 8:02In the first step in this process
we pressurize the water -
8:02 - 8:05and pass it through
a reverse osmosis membrane: -
8:05 - 8:07a thin, permeable plastic membrane
-
8:07 - 8:10that allows water molecules
to pass through -
8:10 - 8:15but traps and retains the salts,
the viruses and the organic chemicals -
8:15 - 8:17that might be present in the wastewater.
-
8:18 - 8:19In the second step in the process,
-
8:19 - 8:22we add a small amount of hydrogen peroxide
-
8:22 - 8:25and shine ultraviolet light on the water.
-
8:25 - 8:28The ultraviolet light
cleaves the hydrogen peroxide -
8:28 - 8:31into two parts that are called
hydroxyl radicals, -
8:31 - 8:35and these hydroxyl radicals
are very potent forms of oxygen -
8:35 - 8:37that break down most organic chemicals.
-
8:38 - 8:41After the water's been
through this two-stage process, -
8:41 - 8:43it's safe to drink.
-
8:43 - 8:44I know,
-
8:44 - 8:47I've been studying recycled water
-
8:47 - 8:50using every measurement technique
known to modern science -
8:50 - 8:52for the past 15 years.
-
8:52 - 8:54We've detected some chemicals
-
8:54 - 8:56that can make it through
the first step in the process, -
8:56 - 8:58but by the time we get to the second step,
-
8:58 - 9:00the advanced oxidation process,
-
9:00 - 9:03we rarely see any chemicals present.
-
9:03 - 9:07And that's in stark contrast
to the taken-for-granted water supplies -
9:07 - 9:09that we regularly drink all the time.
-
9:10 - 9:12There's another way we can recycle water.
-
9:12 - 9:16This is an engineered treatment wetland
that we recently built -
9:16 - 9:18on the Santa Ana River
in Southern California. -
9:18 - 9:22The treatment wetland receives water
from a part of the Santa Ana River -
9:22 - 9:26that in the summertime consists
almost entirely of wastewater effluent -
9:26 - 9:29from cities like Riverside
and San Bernardino. -
9:29 - 9:31The water comes
into our treatment wetland, -
9:31 - 9:34it's exposed to sunlight and algae
-
9:34 - 9:36and those break down
the organic chemicals, -
9:36 - 9:40remove the nutrients
and inactivate the waterborne pathogens. -
9:40 - 9:42The water gets put back
in the Santa Ana River, -
9:42 - 9:44it flows down to Anaheim,
-
9:44 - 9:47gets taken out at Anaheim
and percolated into the ground, -
9:47 - 9:50and becomes the drinking water
of the city of Anaheim, -
9:50 - 9:54completing the trip
from the sewers of Riverside County -
9:54 - 9:56to the drinking water supply
of Orange County. -
9:58 - 10:01Now, you might think
that this idea of drinking wastewater -
10:01 - 10:05is some sort of futuristic fantasy
or not commonly done. -
10:05 - 10:09Well, in California, we already recycle
about 40 billion gallons a year -
10:09 - 10:12of wastewater through the two-stage
advanced treatment process -
10:12 - 10:14I was telling you about.
-
10:14 - 10:17That's enough water to be
the supply of about a million people -
10:17 - 10:19if it were their sole water supply.
-
10:20 - 10:24The third tap that we need to open up
will not be a tap at all, -
10:25 - 10:26it will be a kind of virtual tap,
-
10:26 - 10:29it will be the water conservation
that we manage to do. -
10:29 - 10:33And the place where we need to think
about water conservation is outdoors -
10:33 - 10:36because in California
and other modern American cities, -
10:36 - 10:39about half of our water use
happens outdoors. -
10:40 - 10:41In the current drought,
-
10:41 - 10:43we've seen that it's possible
-
10:43 - 10:46to have our lawns survive
and our plants survive -
10:46 - 10:48with about half as much water.
-
10:48 - 10:51So there's no need
to start painting concrete green -
10:51 - 10:54and putting in Astroturf
and buying cactuses. -
10:54 - 10:58We can have California-friendly
landscaping with soil moisture detectors -
10:58 - 11:00and smart irrigation controllers
-
11:00 - 11:03and have beautiful
green landscapes in our cities. -
11:04 - 11:07The fourth and final water tap
that we need to open up -
11:07 - 11:09to solve our urban water problem
-
11:09 - 11:11will flow with desalinated seawater.
-
11:11 - 11:15Now, I know what you probably heard
people say about seawater desalination. -
11:15 - 11:20"It's a great thing to do if you have
lots of oil, not a lot of water -
11:20 - 11:22and you don't care about climate change."
-
11:22 - 11:26Seawater desalination is energy-intensive
no matter how you slice it. -
11:26 - 11:29But that characterization
of seawater desalination -
11:29 - 11:32as being a nonstarter
is hopelessly out of date. -
11:32 - 11:35We've made tremendous progress
in seawater desalination -
11:35 - 11:36in the past two decades.
-
11:37 - 11:39This picture shows you
-
11:39 - 11:43the largest seawater desalination plant
in the Western hemisphere -
11:43 - 11:45that's currently being built
north of San Diego. -
11:45 - 11:48Compared to the seawater
desalination plant -
11:48 - 11:51that was built in
Santa Barbara 25 years ago, -
11:51 - 11:54this treatment plant
will use about half the energy -
11:54 - 11:55to produce a gallon of water.
-
11:56 - 12:00But just because seawater desalination
has become less energy-intensive, -
12:00 - 12:03doesn't mean we should start building
desalination plants everywhere. -
12:03 - 12:05Among the different choices we have,
-
12:05 - 12:07it's probably the most energy-intensive
-
12:07 - 12:09and potentially environmentally damaging
-
12:09 - 12:12of the options to create
a local water supply. -
12:13 - 12:14So there it is.
-
12:14 - 12:16With these four sources of water,
-
12:16 - 12:19we can move away
from our reliance on imported water. -
12:20 - 12:24Through reform in the way we landscape
our surfaces and our properties, -
12:24 - 12:27we can reduce outdoor water use
by about 50 percent, -
12:27 - 12:31thereby increasing
the water supply by 25 percent. -
12:31 - 12:33We can recycle the water
that makes it into the sewer, -
12:33 - 12:36thereby increasing
our water supply by 40 percent. -
12:37 - 12:39And we can make up the difference
through a combination -
12:40 - 12:42of stormwater harvesting
and seawater desalination. -
12:43 - 12:47So, let's create a water supply
-
12:47 - 12:51that will be able
to withstand any of the challenges -
12:51 - 12:53that climate change throws at us
in the coming years. -
12:53 - 12:57Let's create a water supply
that uses local sources -
12:57 - 13:01and leaves more water
in the environment for fish and for food. -
13:02 - 13:07Let's create a water system that's
consistent with out environmental values. -
13:07 - 13:10And let's do it for our children
and our grandchildren -
13:10 - 13:13and let's tell them this is the system
-
13:13 - 13:15that they have to
take care of in the future -
13:15 - 13:19because it's our last chance
to create a new kind of water system. -
13:19 - 13:21Thank you very much for your attention.
-
13:21 - 13:24(Applause)
- Title:
- 4 ways we can avoid a catastrophic drought
- Speaker:
- David Sedlak
- Description:
-
As the world's climate patterns continue to shift unpredictably, places where drinking water was once abundant may soon find reservoirs dry and groundwater aquifers depleted. In this talk, civil and environmental engineer David Sedlak shares four practical solutions to the ongoing urban water crisis. His goal: to shift our water supply towards new, local sources of water and create a system that is capable of withstanding any of the challenges climate change may throw at us in the coming years.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 13:37
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for 4 ways we can avoid a catastrophic drought | ||
Jenny Zurawell edited English subtitles for 4 ways we can avoid a catastrophic drought | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for 4 ways we can avoid a catastrophic drought | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for 4 ways we can avoid a catastrophic drought | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for 4 ways we can avoid a catastrophic drought | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for 4 ways we can avoid a catastrophic drought | ||
Joanna Pietrulewicz accepted English subtitles for 4 ways we can avoid a catastrophic drought | ||
Joanna Pietrulewicz edited English subtitles for 4 ways we can avoid a catastrophic drought |