[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.88,0:00:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our grandparents' generation\Ncreated an amazing system
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.60,0:00:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of canals and reservoirs\Nthat made it possible
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.20,0:00:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for people to live in places\Nwhere there wasn't a lot of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.64,0:00:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, during the Great Depression,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.20,0:00:14.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they created the Hoover Dam,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.84,0:00:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which in turn, created Lake Mead
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.28,0:00:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and made it possible for the cities\Nof Las Vegas and Phoenix
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.92,0:00:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Los Angeles to provide water
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.68,0:00:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for people who lived\Nin a really dry place.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.76,0:00:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 20th century,\Nwe literally spent trillions of dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.68,0:00:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building infrastructure\Nto get water to our cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.12,0:00:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In terms of economic development,\Nit was a great investment.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.08,0:00:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the last decade,\Nwe've seen the combined effects
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.08,0:00:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of climate change, population growth\Nand competition for water resources
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.88,0:00:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,threaten these vital lifelines\Nand water resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.56,0:00:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This figure shows you the change\Nin the lake level of Lake Mead
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.72,0:00:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that happened in the last 15 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.00,0:00:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see starting around the year 2000,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.36,0:01:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lake level started to drop.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.28,0:01:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was dropping at such a rate
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.12,0:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it would have left the drinking water\Nintakes for Las Vegas high and dry.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.72,0:01:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The city became so concerned about this
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.48,0:01:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they recently constructed\Na new drinking water intake structure
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.44,0:01:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they referred to as the "Third Straw"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.52,0:01:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pull water out\Nof the greater depths of the lake.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.08,0:01:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The challenges associated\Nwith providing water to a modern city
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.76,0:01:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not restricted\Nto the American Southwest.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.84,0:01:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the year 2007, the third largest\Ncity in Australia, Brisbane,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.20,0:01:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came within 6 months\Nof running out of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.16,0:01:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A similar drama is playing out today\Nin São Paulo, Brazil,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.44,0:01:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the main reservoir for the city
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.28,0:01:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has gone from being\Ncompletely full in 2010,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.20,0:01:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to being nearly empty today
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.40,0:01:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the city approaches\Nthe 2016 Summer Olympics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.00,0:01:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For those of us who are fortunate enough
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.56,0:01:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to live in one\Nof the world's great cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.64,0:01:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've never truly experienced\Nthe effects of a catastrophic drought.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.80,0:02:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We like to complain\Nabout the navy showers we have to take.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.56,0:02:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We like our neighbors to see\Nour dirty cars and our brown lawns.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.96,0:02:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we've never really faced\Nthe prospect of turning on the tap
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.52,0:02:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and having nothing come out.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.92,0:02:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's because when things\Nhave gotten bad in the past,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.76,0:02:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's always been possible\Nto expand a reservoir
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.84,0:02:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or dig a few more groundwater wells.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.08,0:02:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, in a time when all\Nof the water resources are spoken for,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.96,0:02:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not going to be possible\Nto rely on this tried and true way
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.36,0:02:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of providing ourselves with water.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.72,0:02:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people think that we're going\Nto solve the urban water problem
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.52,0:02:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by taking water from our rural neighbors.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.40,0:02:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's an approach that's fraught\Nwith political, legal and social dangers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.68,0:02:48.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even if we succeed in grabbing\Nthe water from our rural neighbors,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.24,0:02:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're just transferring\Nthe problem to someone else
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.76,0:02:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a good chance\Nit will come back and bite us
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.40,0:02:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the form of higher food prices
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.32,0:02:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and damage to the aquatic ecosystems\Nthat already rely upon that water.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.20,0:03:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that there's a better way\Nto solve our urban water crisis
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.60,0:03:08.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think that's to open up\Nfour new local sources of water
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.04,0:03:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I liken to faucets.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.80,0:03:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we can make smart investments\Nin these new sources of water
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.92,0:03:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the coming years,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.24,0:03:17.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can solve our urban water problem
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.60,0:03:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and decrease the likelihood\Nthat we'll ever run across
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.96,0:03:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the effects of a catastrophic drought.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.28,0:03:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if you told me 20 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.36,0:03:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a modern city could exist\Nwithout a supply of imported water,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.00,0:03:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I probably would have dismissed you\Nas an unrealistic and uninformed dreamer.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.48,0:03:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But my own experiences
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.04,0:03:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working with some of the world's most\Nwater-starved cities in the last decades
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.44,0:03:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have shown me that we have\Nthe technologies and the management skills
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.40,0:03:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to actually transition away\Nfrom imported water,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.32,0:03:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what I want\Nto tell you about tonight.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.24,0:03:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first source of local water\Nsupply that we need to develop
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.64,0:03:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to solve our urban water problem
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.80,0:04:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will flow with the rainwater\Nthat falls in our cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.08,0:04:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the great tragedies\Nof urban development
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.52,0:04:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that as our cities grew,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.52,0:04:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we started covering all the surfaces\Nwith concrete and asphalt.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.20,0:04:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we did that,\Nwe had to build storm sewers
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.64,0:04:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get the water\Nthat fell on the cities out
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.76,0:04:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before it could cause flooding,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.72,0:04:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's a waste\Nof a vital water resource.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.20,0:04:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you an example.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.00,0:04:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This figure here shows you\Nthe volume of water
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.24,0:04:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could be collected\Nin the city of San Jose
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.88,0:04:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they could harvest the stormwater\Nthat fell within the city limits.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.68,0:04:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see from the intersection\Nof the blue line and the black dotted line
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.48,0:04:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if San Jose could just capture half\Nof the water that fell within the city,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.80,0:04:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'd have enough water\Nto get them through an entire year.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.16,0:04:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I know what some of you\Nare probably thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.80,0:04:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The answer to our problem\Nis to start building great big tanks
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.40,0:04:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and attaching them\Nto the downspouts of our roof gutters,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.28,0:04:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rainwater harvesting."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.16,0:04:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that's an idea\Nthat might work in some places.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.60,0:05:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you live in a place\Nwhere it mainly rains in the winter time
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.88,0:05:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most of the water demand\Nis in the summertime,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.32,0:05:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not a very cost-effective way\Nto solve a water problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.08,0:05:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you experience the effects\Nof a multiyear drought,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.12,0:05:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like California's currently experiencing,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.32,0:05:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you just can't build a rainwater tank\Nthat's big enough to solve your problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.56,0:05:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think there's a lot more practical way
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.60,0:05:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to harvest the stormwater and\Nthe rainwater that falls in our cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.12,0:05:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's to capture it\Nand let it percolate into the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.92,0:05:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, many of our cities are sitting\Non top of a natural water storage system
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.12,0:05:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can accommodate\Nhuge volumes of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.24,0:05:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, historically,\NLos Angeles has obtained
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.92,0:05:40.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about a third of its water supply\Nfrom a massive aquifer
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.96,0:05:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that underlies the San Fernando Valley.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.40,0:05:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, when you look at the water\Nthat comes off of your roof
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.20,0:05:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and runs off of your lawn\Nand flows down the gutter,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.68,0:05:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might say to yourself,\N"Do I really want to drink that stuff?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.52,0:05:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the answer is\Nyou don't want to drink it
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.72,0:05:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until it's been treated a little bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.56,0:06:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the challenge that we face\Nin urban water harvesting
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.68,0:06:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to capture the water, clean the water
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.44,0:06:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get it underground.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.52,0:06:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's exactly\Nwhat the city of Los Angeles is doing
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.56,0:06:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a new project that they're building\Nin Burbank, California.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.68,0:06:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This figure here shows\Nthe stormwater park that they're building
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.80,0:06:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by hooking a series of stormwater\Ncollection systems, or storm sewers,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.00,0:06:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and routing that water\Ninto an abandoned gravel quarry.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.60,0:06:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The water that's captured in the quarry
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.52,0:06:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is slowly passed\Nthrough a man-made wetland,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.32,0:06:32.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then it goes\Ninto that ball field there
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.96,0:06:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and percolates into the ground,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.92,0:06:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recharging the drinking water\Naquifer of the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.96,0:06:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the process\Nof passing through the wetland
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.00,0:06:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and percolating through the ground,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.80,0:06:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the water encounters microbes\Nthat live on the surfaces of the plants
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.32,0:06:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the surfaces of the soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.92,0:06:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that purifies the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.16,0:06:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if the water's\Nstill not clean enough to drink
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.56,0:06:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after it's been through\Nthis natural treatment process,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.28,0:06:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the city can treat it again
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.64,0:06:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they pump if back out\Nof the groundwater aquifers
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.24,0:07:01.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before they deliver it to people to drink.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.44,0:07:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second tap that we need to open up\Nto solve our urban water problem
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.84,0:07:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will flow with the wastewater
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.32,0:07:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that comes out\Nof our sewage treatment plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.36,0:07:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, many of you are probably familiar\Nwith the concept of recycled water.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.86,0:07:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've probably seen signs like this
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.76,0:07:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that tell you that the shrubbery\Nand the highway median
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.04,0:07:21.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the local golf course
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.56,0:07:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is being watered with water
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.44,0:07:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that used to be\Nin a sewage treatment plant.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.40,0:07:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've been doing this\Nfor a couple of decades now.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.36,0:07:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what we're learning\Nfrom our experience
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.40,0:07:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that this approach is much more\Nexpensive that we expected it to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.52,0:07:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because once we build\Nthe first few water recycling systems
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.64,0:07:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,close to the sewage treatment plant,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.44,0:07:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to build longer\Nand longer pipe networks
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.70,0:07:44.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get that water to where it needs to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.60,0:07:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that becomes prohibitive\Nin terms of cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.00,0:07:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we're finding is
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.24,0:07:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a much more cost-effective\Nand practical way of recycling wastewater
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.28,0:07:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to turn treated wastewater\Ninto drinking water
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.88,0:07:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through a two-step process.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.08,0:08:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the first step in this process\Nwe pressurize the water
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.24,0:08:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pass it through\Na reverse osmosis membrane:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.00,0:08:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a thin, permeable plastic membrane
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.44,0:08:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allows water molecules\Nto pass through
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.00,0:08:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but traps and retains the salts,\Nthe viruses and the organic chemicals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.80,0:08:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might be present in the wastewater.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.52,0:08:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the second step in the process,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.48,0:08:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we add a small amount of hydrogen peroxide
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.00,0:08:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and shine ultraviolet light on the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.72,0:08:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ultraviolet light\Ncleaves the hydrogen peroxide
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.64,0:08:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into two parts that are called\Nhydroxyl radicals,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.80,0:08:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these hydroxyl radicals\Nare very potent forms of oxygen
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.92,0:08:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that break down most organic chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.12,0:08:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the water's been\Nthrough this two-stage process,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.20,0:08:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's safe to drink.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.84,0:08:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.12,0:08:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been studying recycled water
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.72,0:08:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using every measurement technique\Nknown to modern science
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.16,0:08:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the past 15 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.32,0:08:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've detected some chemicals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.76,0:08:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can make it through\Nthe first step in the process,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.36,0:08:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but by the time we get to the second step,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.38,0:09:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the advanced oxidation process,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.32,0:09:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we rarely see any chemicals present.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.76,0:09:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's in stark contrast\Nto the taken-for-granted water supplies
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.96,0:09:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we regularly drink all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.04,0:09:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's another way we can recycle water.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.44,0:09:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an engineered treatment wetland\Nthat we recently built
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.56,0:09:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Santa Ana River\Nin Southern California.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.36,0:09:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The treatment wetland receives water\Nfrom a part of the Santa Ana River
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.48,0:09:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in the summertime consists\Nalmost entirely of wastewater effluent
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.12,0:09:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from cities like Riverside\Nand San Bernardino.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.16,0:09:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The water comes\Ninto our treatment wetland,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.24,0:09:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's exposed to sunlight and algae
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.60,0:09:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those break down\Nthe organic chemicals,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.12,0:09:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remove the nutrients\Nand inactivate the waterborne pathogens.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.68,0:09:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The water gets put back\Nin the Santa Ana River,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.16,0:09:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it flows down to Anaheim,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.08,0:09:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gets taken out at Anaheim\Nand percolated into the ground,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.36,0:09:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and becomes the drinking water\Nof the city of Anaheim,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.04,0:09:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,completing the trip\Nfrom the sewers of Riverside County
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.00,0:09:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the drinking water supply\Nof Orange County.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.00,0:10:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you might think\Nthat this idea of drinking wastewater
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.44,0:10:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is some sort of futuristic fantasy\Nor not commonly done.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.88,0:10:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, in California, we already recycle\Nabout 40 billion gallons a year
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.28,0:10:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of wastewater through the two-stage\Nadvanced treatment process
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.40,0:10:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was telling you about.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.72,0:10:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's enough water to be\Nthe supply of about a million people
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.48,0:10:19.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it were their sole water supply.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.28,0:10:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third tap that we need to open up\Nwill not be a tap at all,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.52,0:10:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will be a kind of virtual tap,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.16,0:10:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will be the water conservation\Nthat we manage to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.28,0:10:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the place where we need to think\Nabout water conservation is outdoors
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.76,0:10:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in California\Nand other modern American cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.40,0:10:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about half of our water use\Nhappens outdoors.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.76,0:10:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the current drought,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.24,0:10:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've seen that it's possible
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.84,0:10:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have our lawns survive\Nand our plants survive
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.84,0:10:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with about half as much water.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.76,0:10:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's no need\Nto start painting concrete green
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.80,0:10:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and putting in Astroturf\Nand buying cactuses.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.92,0:10:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can have California-friendly\Nlandscaping with soil moisture detectors
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.16,0:11:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and smart irrigation controllers
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.08,0:11:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have beautiful\Ngreen landscapes in our cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.76,0:11:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fourth and final water tap\Nthat we need to open up
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.80,0:11:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to solve our urban water problem
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.72,0:11:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will flow with desalinated seawater.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.36,0:11:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I know what you probably heard\Npeople say about seawater desalination.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.36,0:11:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It's a great thing to do if you have\Nlots of oil, not a lot of water
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.56,0:11:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you don't care about climate change."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.96,0:11:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seawater desalination is energy-intensive\Nno matter how you slice it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.32,0:11:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that characterization\Nof seawater desalination
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.96,0:11:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as being a nonstarter\Nis hopelessly out of date.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.00,0:11:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've made tremendous progress\Nin seawater desalination
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.80,0:11:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the past two decades.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.92,0:11:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This picture shows you
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.60,0:11:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the largest seawater desalination plant\Nin the Western hemisphere
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.60,0:11:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's currently being built\Nnorth of San Diego.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.44,0:11:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Compared to the seawater\Ndesalination plant
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.72,0:11:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was built in\NSanta Barbara 25 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.04,0:11:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this treatment plant\Nwill use about half the energy
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.72,0:11:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to produce a gallon of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.84,0:11:59.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just because seawater desalination\Nhas become less energy-intensive,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.60,0:12:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't mean we should start building\Ndesalination plants everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.86,0:12:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among the different choices we have,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.62,0:12:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's probably the most energy-intensive
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.76,0:12:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and potentially environmentally damaging
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.72,0:12:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the options to create\Na local water supply.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.56,0:12:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.80,0:12:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With these four sources of water,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.60,0:12:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can move away\Nfrom our reliance on imported water.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.68,0:12:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through reform in the way we landscape\Nour surfaces and our properties,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.20,0:12:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can reduce outdoor water use\Nby about 50 percent,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.32,0:12:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thereby increasing \Nthe water supply by 25 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.80,0:12:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can recycle the water\Nthat makes it into the sewer,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.35,0:12:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thereby increasing\Nour water supply by 40 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.88,0:12:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can make up the difference\Nthrough a combination
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.52,0:12:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of stormwater harvesting\Nand seawater desalination.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.28,0:12:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let's create a water supply
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.12,0:12:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will be able\Nto withstand any of the challenges
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.80,0:12:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that climate change throws at us\Nin the coming years.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.40,0:12:56.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's create a water supply\Nthat uses local sources
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.76,0:13:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and leaves more water\Nin the environment for fish and for food.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.64,0:13:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's create a water system that's\Nconsistent with out environmental values.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.68,0:13:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's do it for our children\Nand our grandchildren
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.16,0:13:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let's tell them this is the system
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.80,0:13:15.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they have to\Ntake care of in the future
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.16,0:13:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's our last chance\Nto create a new kind of water system.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.12,0:13:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much for your attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.00,0:13:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)