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Dr. Money And The Boy With No Penis

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    Horizon tells the story why a baby boy was brought up as a girl
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    with tragic consequences.
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    (Piano Music)
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    Narrator: This is the story of a boy, whose penis was burned off.
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    (Piano Music)
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    As a result, David Reimer was raised as a girl for the first fourteen years of his life.
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    Janet: She looked feminine in the face, so I grew her hair long.
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    She was very pretty.
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    I made her the fanciest dresses of any of the girls in the school.
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    Narrator: It is also the story of the psychologist, who treated him.
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    A man with a radical theory of what makes us male and female; masculine and feminine.
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    Professor Green: He's brilliant.
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    I think John is a brilliant man.
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    I think he is among the handful of the most brilliant people I've ever met.
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    Narrator: Together, they helped form one of the most famous theories
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    in the history of modern psychology.
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    That a boy--any boy--could be raised as a girl.
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    But, the experiment went terribly wrong.
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    David: I was told: I was a girl.
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    I didn't like dressing like a girl.
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    I didn't behaving like a girl. I didn't like acting like a girl.
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    I'm not a professor, but you don't wake up one morning
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    deciding that you're a boy or a girl, you just know.
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    Narrator: In the end, the scientist's reputation
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    would be shattered and David Reimer and
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    his twin brother would die tragically.
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    Tonight, Horizon tells a cautionary tale about how science,
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    in a bid to prove a beautiful theory,
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    can at times ignore the ugly facts.
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    A dreadful human cost.
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    (Music)
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    Narrator: On May 4, 2004, 38 year-old,
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    David Reimer drove into a supermarket car park.
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    Janet: At 10:30 at night, the police came to the door.
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    And I think I was screaming, "No, no, no..."
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    Narrator: As he sat in his car, he put a shotgun to his head
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    and pulled the trigger.
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    Janet: Then, they asked us to sit down
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    and they said they had some bad news.
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    That David was dead.
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    And,
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    I just cried.
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    Narrator: David's death was a shocking close to
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    one of the most extraordinary sagas in modern science.
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    Born a boy, he had been turned into a girl, called Brenda.
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    But, when she was 14, she changed herself back into a man and later married,
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    and raised a family.
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    David's suicide was more than just a human tragedy.
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    It was; also, a devastating blow to the reputation of a psychologist,
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    who's groundbreaking research on David,
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    had influenced a whole generation of scientists.
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    Because, some say, that it was his unflinching belief in his theories
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    that may have, ultimately have lead to David's death.
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    (Music)
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    Horizon has been following the story of David Reimer for years.
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    It all began on the 22 of August 1965. In Winnepeg, Canada.
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    For it was then, that Janet Reimer was granted her dearest wish.
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    Janet: I was so proud.
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    I was so pleased.
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    You know, when I was a little girl, I used to dream about having twins and
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    I always thought I would never be lucky enough to have twins.
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    I wasn't the lucky kind.
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    Narrator: Janet gave birth to two twin boys, Bruce and Brian.
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    All went well, until the boys went for a routine circumcision operation,
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    when they were seven months old.
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    On the 27 of April 1966, Bruce was operated on before his brother, Brian.
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    Janet: When we first heard that there had been an accident,
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    we thought, "what kind of accident could there be?"
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    But, we went to the hospital, not suspecting a thing. They wouldn't tell us
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    anything over the telephone.
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    And then, the doctor told us there has been a slight accident.
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    The penis has been burnt off from circumcision.
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    And I could not comprehend what he was talking about,
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    because I thought they were going to use a knife.
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    I didn't know there was electricity involved.
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    Narrator: The electrical equipment had malfunctioned.
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    and burned off Baby Bruce's entire penis.
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    Brian was not operated on.
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    Janet: It was like a little, burnt piece of string. Right up to the crotch was burned off.
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    I said, "Oh my God. What are we going to do now? Boys put such great store in their penises."
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    He doesn't have one.
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    Narrator: Janet and her husband, Ron didn't know where to turn.
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    At the time, plastic surgery wasn't advanced enough to help Bruce Reimer.
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    Man: Only a few weeks ago, John's Hopkins in Baltimore annouced that it was opening a Gender Identity Clinic, for people who wish to change their sex.
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    Then, several months later, the Reimer family saw something on television that make them feel hopeful
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    for the first time since the accident.
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    Dr. John Money, originally from New Zealand, was a pioneer in the astonishing new field of sex change surgery.
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    Man: Dr. Money, it's still a pretty drastic procedure, isn't it?
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    Dr. Money: Well, it is a drastic procedure by your standards and mine.
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    Janet: Dr. Money was on there.
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    He was very charismatic.
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    He seemed highly intelligent and very confident of what he was saying.
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    Dr. Money had brought a transsexual with him. A man who had been changed into a woman.
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    Janet: The transsexual certainly made an impact.
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    Because she was a very feminine-seeming woman.
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    And I thought, here's our answer.
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    Here is our salvation. Here is our hope.
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    Narrator: Janet wrote to Dr. Money after the show ended. He replied promptly.
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    When they met, Dr. Money suggested that the Reimers could change their baby son into a baby girl.
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    It looked as if Ron and Janet had solved the problem.
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    But, it wasn't just that Dr. Money was the answer to the Reimer's prayers,
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    they were the answer to his.
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    (Music)
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    Narrator: Dr. Money had developed a radical new theory about nature versus nurture.
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    And how these twin forces effect whether we think of ourselves as a girl or a boy.
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    He thought that while genes are important,
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    as far as gender is concerned, a baby is essential neutral for the first two years of life.
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    During these critical two years,
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    the child's upbringing, how it is nurtured,
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    will determine whether it feels masculine or feminine.
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    (Music)
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    Dr. Money had developed this theory in his research with hermaphrodites.
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    People now known as intersexed, who are physically both male and female.
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    Dr. Money: I have some very fascinating pairs of cases that have taught me a lot. Of course who have taught other people a lot, indirectly, too.
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    Narrator: But intersexed children are not necessarily the same as other children.
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    They receive different amounts of hormones in the womb, so some argued that Dr. Money's hypothesis might not be true for all children.
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    To prove that nurture is more important than nature, would require an extraordinary experiment.
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    Dr. Money needed two ordinary boys. One would be raised as a girl. The other would remain a boy.
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    Dr. Money now had the perfect opportunity.
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    The Reimer twins.
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    Professor Richard Green was one of Dr. Money's students.
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    Professor Green: This was an opportunity to apply what was learned about intersexed children
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    to a child who was not intersexed at birth,
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    but who had a traumatic loss of a major variable contributing
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    to whether you were a male or female--the penis.
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    On July 3, 1967, when Bruce Reimer was almost two,
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    he was castrated by a surgeon at John's Hopkins Medical Hospital.
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    Without his testicles, Bruce could no longer produce male hormones.
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    The surgeon, also created a rudimentary vulva for him.
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    Janet: It made sense at the time,
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    that he became a daughter.
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    Maybe it is a matter of nurture or nature.
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    And I thought,
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    if it was simply a matter of nurture,
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    I could nurture my child into being feminine.
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    Narrator: As Dr. Money suggested, the Reimer's changed Bruce's name to Brenda.
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    And dressed her as a girl.
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    Dr. Money, also gave Janet and Ron very strict instructions.
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    He said that if they ever revealed the truth to their daughter,
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    the sex change would fail.
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    Janet: John Money's advice to us was,
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    "don't let her think that she was ever a boy.
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    Keep that secret."
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    (Music)
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    Narrator: Brenda, as Bruce was now called, grew up to be a very pretty little girl.
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    Janet: I dressed Brenda as a girl,
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    I tried to interest her in feminine pursuits,
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    such as playing with dolls, helping me make cookies, wearing makeup.
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    All those things that girls do.
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    Narrator: Janet wrote to Dr. Money of Brenda's progress.
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    And once a year, the Reimers visited the psychologist.
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    This is dramatic reconstruction of an interview of Dr. Money and the twins, when they were six years old.
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    Horizon has used the original transcripts of these interviews.
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    This is what really happened.
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    And these are the actual words that Dr. Money and the children used.
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    In this session, Dr. Money's theory seemed to be working.
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    Doctor: "Tell me, which one of you is the boss?"
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    Girl: "Brian's the boss, because he is a boy."
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    Doctor: "Brian, are you the boss?"
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    Boy: "I don't know."
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    Doctor: "When boys start to fight, do you fight back or do you run away?"
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    Boy: "I fight back."
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    Doctor: "I guess Brenda fights back, too sometimes.
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    Do you, Brenda?"
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    Girl: "No, because I'm a girl."
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    Doctor: "You're a girl?!"
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    Girl: "I'm not a boy. Girls don't fight back. Do they?"
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    Boy: "Girls can't hit very hard, but boys can."
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    Narrator: In 1972, when Brenda Reimer was seven years old,
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    Dr. Money announced to the world how successful his theory was.
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    That a boy, if given the correct upbringing, could be turned into a girl.
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    Doctor Money: "The behavior of a little girl is a remarkable contrast to the little boy behavior of her identical twin brother...."
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    Narrator: Dr. Money's book, "Man and Boy, Woman and Girl," was reviewed all over the world.
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    "The girl wanted and received for Christmas: dolls, a doll house, and a doll carriage.
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    Clearly related to the maternal aspect of the female adult role."
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    (Music)
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    Narrator: Dr. Money's idea became known as, "The Theory of Gender Neutrality."
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    It seemed to proof one of the great issues in science.
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    As far as gender identity was concerned, nurture was improtant than nature.
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    Dr. Money: It makes it very exciting, don't you think,
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    to live in an age of the discovery of human personality this way.
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    Narrator: But back in Canada,
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    the Reimer family were unaware that Dr. Money
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    was triumphantly describing their daughter's sex change as a success.
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    Life was rather different for the Reimers.
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    Brenda was behaving in a distinctly masculine manner.
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    Janet: I had doubts all the time,
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    because it was just so obvious to everyone--not just to me.
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    that she was masculine.
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    David: I had a sewing machine. A toy sewing machine.
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    I had Barbie dolls, clothing...
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    but, my brother was very generous.
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    He would let me borrow his toys and we would play together.
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    Because he knew how unhappy I was,
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    so he let me play with his toys.
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    (Music)
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    Even at this early stage, it was clear that the case was not working as well as Dr. Money had claimed.
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    Some argue that Dr. Money only published the positive results, to make it look as though his theory was true.
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    Others disagree.
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    Professor Green: At the time that John reported the initial reports on how the twins were faring,
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    I believe that they were based on interviews and observations that John had made.
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    And that they, at the time, were accurate.
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    However, Dr. Money's original transcripts,
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    show that as early as 1970,
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    even before he publicized Brenda's case as a success,
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    he was aware that there could be some problems.
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    Dr. Money: From this evidence and others,
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    I would say that there is not much chance
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    of talking this girl into a change of mind.
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    This negativism is the most extreme she displayed on this visit.
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    Last time, she was almost maniacal in the way she hit, kicked,
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    and otherwise attacked people, altogether, in a playful manner.
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    (Music)
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    According to Dr. Money's theory,
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    that it is possible to raise a boy as a girl,
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    Brenda needed to believe that she was female.
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    So, the year after his book was published, Dr. Money tried to make her accept her new gender
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    by focusing on the diference between a girl's and a boy's genitalia.
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    He began by asking her a series of intimate questions.
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    Doctor: "Now I've go a good question for you."
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    Child: "What?"
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    Doctor: "How do you tell the difference between a boy and a girl?"
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    Child: "Well, a girl has long hair and a boy has short hair."
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    Doctor: "What if I have short hair and you have short hair?"
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    Child: "Well, I have a dress on and you have pants."
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    Doctor: "I guess that would be a way, but there is another way."
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    Child: "What?"
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    Doctor: "Take their clothes off."
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    Doctor: "What about a baby when it has no clothes on?
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    How can you tell whether it is a boy or a girl?"
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    Child: "I don't know."
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    Doctor: "Well, I'll help you.
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    Have a look down here, between the legs. Right?
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    How is a girl and how is a boy down there? What is the difference?"
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    Child: Mumbles
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    Doctor: "A boy has a penis for peeing through,
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    like a little sausage, huh?
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    What does a girl have?"
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    Child: "I don't know."
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    Doctor: "She has it flat. A boy doesn't have that.
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    They're both different.
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    They're both different."
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    David: The type of questions that we were asked
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    were sexual in nature.
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    To the point where it would make me blush.
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    If I would think of talking that way to my son, I would be very embarassed.
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    It was very explicit about the sexual parts.
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    Narrator: There is no doubt that Brenda found Dr. Money's approach distressing.
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    But, his supporters argued that focusing on genitalia was a scientifially correct procedure at the time.
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    Professor Green: This is a very important issue with children.
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    To know whether they are boys or girls,
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    or are male or female, by the appearance of their genitalia.
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    This is the insignia, if you will, that distinguishes boys and girls and is very commonly used, clinically.
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    Certainly, I do as well.
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    (Music)
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    To try and make Brenda understand that she was a girl,
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    Dr. Money showed her a book called Two Births.
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    It contained explicit photos of women giving birth.
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    And was clearly shocking for a young child.
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    David: I thought he was perverted. I thought he was as sick man.
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    My parents didn't know a lot that was going on.
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    and if they'd known, it would never have happened.
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    With Brenda still resisting her female gender,
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    Dr. Money, then had to adopt a more extreme approach.
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    He thought that the only way he could get Brenda to accept a feminine identity
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    would be if her rudimentary vulva looked more like a normal girl's genitalia.
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    He, therefore, tried to persuade her to have a vagina constructed.
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    Brenda; however, was clearly uncomfortable with the idea of having surgery.
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    Doctor: "And that reminds me of something else I wanted to tell you about.
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    You know, really, the way you were made that way,
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    you're not exactly the same as other girls.
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    Well, I have a message for you about that.
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    Here at the hospital we can fix it up and make it look like it's supposed to look.
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    Fix it up so, that when you sit down to pee,
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    it goes straight down the bowl, instead of splashing.
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    How old would you be when you're ready for that?"
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    Child: "I don't know."
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    Doctor: "How old are you now?"
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    Child: "Seven."
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    Doctor: Well, maybe, if you feel okay by the time you're 8 years old,
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    we can let the doctor in the white coat have a look down there.
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    He's the one who can do the operation to fix it up.
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    Last year, a man had a look down there.
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    Maybe next year, it will be okay to let the other doctor have a look down there.
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    And let him fix it up."
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    Child: "I wouldn't do that."
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    Doctor: "You don't have to, if you don't want to."
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    When would be a good age for the operation?"
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    Child: "13"
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    Doctor: "13?" Laughs
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    We'll see about that. It might be a bit late."
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    Although the theory around the operation made sense,
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    Brenda was horrified at the prospect.
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    David: I was scared to death.
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    I figured I was perfectly fine.
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    My heart was fine, there was nothing wrong with my kidneys.
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    What do I need surgery for?
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    I thought deep-down inside that if I went through this surgery,
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    it would change me, somehow, for the worst.
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    It seems that Dr. Money may have felt that time was running out.
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    If Brenda did not feel female, his theory: that a boy can be raised as a girl would fail.
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    It is alleged, that he now resorted to drastic measures.
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    Doctor: Now--how do you tell the difference between a girl and a boy?
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    Narrator: This is the one part of the film, not based on existing transcriptions.
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    And it is not clear precisely when this interview may have taken place.
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    It is based on accounts given by the twins, who were both present.
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    Doctor: Now, take your clothes off.
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    Child: No
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    Doctor: Take your clothes off.
  • 24:09 - 24:09
    Child: No
  • 24:10 - 24:13
    Doctor: I want to make you understand what I'm getting at.
  • 24:13 - 24:15
    Now take your clothes off.
  • 24:15 - 24:16
    Child: No!
  • 24:18 - 24:19
    Doctor: Move! Come on!
  • 24:19 - 24:20
    Move!
  • 24:21 - 24:23
    Take your clothes off now!
  • 24:26 - 24:27
    Good.
  • 24:29 - 24:32
    Now, what's the difference?
  • 24:32 - 24:34
    Look down there.
  • 24:34 - 24:36
    What does Brian have?
  • 24:36 - 24:39
    A penis, right?
  • 24:39 - 24:40
    And what do you have?
  • 24:43 - 24:45
    Child: Flat. It's flat.
  • 24:45 - 24:50
    Doctor: That's right. That's how you know you're a girl.
  • 24:50 - 24:51
    Stay there.
  • 24:51 - 24:54
    I'm going to take a couple of photographs.
  • 24:55 - 24:56
    Don't move.
  • 24:58 - 25:04
    David: When my folks weren't around, we did what we were told.
  • 25:04 - 25:07
    If we didn't, we got yelled at to the point
  • 25:07 - 25:10
    that we thought we were going to get backhanded.
  • 25:11 - 25:13
    If we were told to take our clothes off,
  • 25:14 - 25:18
    well, eventually we took our clothes off and sat on the couch.
  • 25:18 - 25:19
    Had photos of us taken.
  • 25:20 - 25:22
    Narrator: If this incident took place,
  • 25:22 - 25:25
    it may have been reported in files that Dr. Money
  • 25:25 - 25:27
    gave to the Kinsey Institute and,
  • 25:27 - 25:30
    which he will not allow to be released.
  • 25:31 - 25:35
    David: I have two years of my files that are buried and those are
  • 25:35 - 25:36
    the same files where I was on the couch,
  • 25:36 - 25:39
    nude, getting photographed into positions.
  • 25:39 - 25:42
    So, he can sit there and paint himself all rosie all he wants.
  • 25:42 - 25:43
    I know better.
  • 25:44 - 25:49
    Narrator: If Dr. Money did indeed behave like this, the family were unaware.
  • 25:50 - 25:55
    The twins only revealed their experiences when they were adults.
  • 25:56 - 26:00
    Janet: David told us what Dr. Money had done.
  • 26:01 - 26:05
    Long after we had stopped seeing him.
  • 26:08 - 26:11
    And we were horrified.
  • 26:12 - 26:16
    We thought, "how could this happen
  • 26:17 - 26:19
    to children?"
  • 26:22 - 26:26
    Narrator: But, not everyone believes David's testimony.
  • 26:27 - 26:28
    Professor Green: I asked John about that
  • 26:28 - 26:29
    and John said it is absolutely false.
  • 26:30 - 26:32
    People remember things
  • 26:32 - 26:35
    that have sexual meaning to them from earlier years.
  • 26:35 - 26:38
    They, very often, are not true.
  • 26:38 - 26:40
    So called, "false memories," or "false memory syndrome."
  • 26:41 - 26:43
    Things that happen earlier on in life
  • 26:43 - 26:44
    that have a sexual meaning to them
  • 26:44 - 26:50
    sometimes get misremembered, sometimes get elaborated,
  • 26:50 - 26:53
    expands into things that sometimes did not actually happen.
  • 26:53 - 26:55
    That's one possibility.
  • 26:56 - 27:13
    (Music)
  • 27:13 - 27:16
    Narrator: Whatever the truth of these allegations,
  • 27:16 - 27:21
    it is fair to say, that Brenda grew up a troubled and lonely child.
  • 27:28 - 27:31
    Janet: Brenda had almost no friends growing up.
  • 27:33 - 27:38
    Girls didn't want to play with her because she wanted to play boys things.
  • 27:39 - 27:44
    And boys, of course didn't want a girl in their games.
  • 27:55 - 28:00
    (Children taunting)
  • 28:00 - 28:03
    Children: Cave woman! Cave woman!
  • 28:03 - 28:05
    (Laughing)
  • 28:05 - 28:06
    Girl: Need some help, Cave woman?
  • 28:07 - 28:10
    David: The kids at school were bullying me, because I was different.
  • 28:10 - 28:12
    that's what kids do.
  • 28:12 - 28:14
    Kids always bully someone who's different.
  • 28:15 - 28:16
    It's the law.
  • 28:16 - 28:17
    (Chuckle)
  • 28:20 - 28:24
    Narrator: One test in particular, showed how unhappy Brenda was.
  • 28:26 - 28:32
    Girl: Compared to most families, mine's a loser.
  • 28:32 - 28:37
    (Music)
  • 28:37 - 28:42
    Girl: I think most girls aren't very nice.
  • 28:43 - 28:47
    My feeling about married life is rotten.
  • 28:47 - 28:49
    (Music)
  • 28:49 - 28:53
    My mother and I have nothing in common.
  • 28:54 - 28:55
    (Music)
  • 28:56 - 29:00
    To me, the future looks bad.
  • 29:03 - 29:07
    Some day, I will see the sun soon.
  • 29:12 - 29:23
    (Music)
  • 29:23 - 29:26
    Narrator: Brenda was still refusing to have surgery.
  • 29:27 - 29:30
    She had also become increasingly masculine.
  • 29:32 - 29:36
    By 1978, the year of the proposed surgery,
  • 29:36 - 29:38
    when she was almost 13,
  • 29:38 - 29:44
    Dr. Money made one last attempt to persuade Brenda to have a vagina constructed.
  • 29:46 - 29:50
    The psychologist enlisted the help of a transsexual.
  • 29:52 - 29:56
    Woman: Is there anything you would like to ask me or anything you would like to say?
  • 29:56 - 29:59
    Narrator: He thought when Brenda saw someone,
  • 29:59 - 30:02
    who had voluntarily submitted to a genital operation,
  • 30:02 - 30:05
    she would be willing to have surgery, too.
  • 30:06 - 30:09
    Some experts think this was a reasonable course of action.
  • 30:10 - 30:14
    Professor Fausto-Sterling: I could imagine that Money would have asked a transsexual
  • 30:14 - 30:16
    to talk with Brenda,
  • 30:17 - 30:21
    to offer a kind of role model, an example,
  • 30:21 - 30:23
    of why it would be okay
  • 30:23 - 30:28
    and to give her a vision of someone, who was happy to have had
  • 30:28 - 30:34
    such surgery and who felt good about herself, as an adult woman.
  • 30:34 - 30:40
    Actually, it seems like it could have been a smart thing to have done.
  • 30:42 - 30:45
    Narrator: We don't know what the transsexual and Brenda spoke about,
  • 30:45 - 30:49
    but we do have a record of what happened next.
  • 30:49 - 30:52
    As Dr. Money concluded their interview.
  • 30:58 - 31:02
    Doctor: When you talk about your identity:
  • 31:03 - 31:05
    male or female, boy or girl, man or woman,
  • 31:05 - 31:07
    that's called your gender identity.
  • 31:07 - 31:11
    And that's a very, very tough thing for you to talk about.
  • 31:12 - 31:16
    Now, I've had not just a few,
  • 31:16 - 31:18
    but many people come into this office
  • 31:18 - 31:21
    with exactly the same feelings as you have.
  • 31:23 - 31:26
    There's something that you can't talk about,
  • 31:26 - 31:28
    and yet, it's the most important thing in your life.
  • 31:28 - 31:30
    Child: Are we finished?
  • 31:32 - 31:34
    Doctor: Thanks for talking.
  • 31:34 - 31:37
    I want you to know, I am going to be the one person in the world
  • 31:37 - 31:39
    you can tell anything to.
  • 31:39 - 32:01
    (Music)
  • 32:02 - 32:04
    Woman: It's good to have a run.
  • 32:05 - 32:08
    I'm going to a garage about eight blocks away.
  • 32:08 - 32:10
    You're welcome to come along.
  • 32:11 - 32:13
    Child: I don't want to talk.
  • 32:14 - 32:15
    Woman: That's okay.
  • 32:16 - 32:17
    Look, you need a walk,
  • 32:17 - 32:19
    and I have to go to the garage,
  • 32:19 - 32:21
    so we'll keep each other company.
  • 32:21 - 32:23
    You don't have to say one word, unless you'd like.
  • 32:28 - 32:41
    (Music)
  • 32:41 - 32:44
    Dr. Money's approach backfired catastrophically.
  • 32:45 - 32:47
    Brenda told her parents,
  • 32:47 - 32:49
    that she would kill herself
  • 32:49 - 32:51
    if she had to see John Money again.
  • 32:56 - 32:57
    David: It got so bad,
  • 32:57 - 33:00
    where you ended up, well, that I ended up having a breakdown.
  • 33:00 - 33:01
    I would shake like a baby and cry.
  • 33:02 - 33:03
    Huddle in the corner.
  • 33:03 - 33:05
    I didn't know why I was behaving like that.
  • 33:10 - 33:14
    Narrator: Dr. Money had stressed that for Brenda's gender realignment to work,
  • 33:14 - 33:17
    she must never be told about her real identity.
  • 33:18 - 33:22
    But finally, faced with a suicidal 13-year-old,
  • 33:23 - 33:27
    Brenda's parents decided to tell her and her brother the truth.
  • 33:30 - 33:39
    (Music)
  • 33:43 - 33:46
    Ron Reimer took Brenda for an ice cream
  • 33:46 - 33:48
    and told her who she really was.
  • 33:50 - 33:54
    David: Oh, my dad just wanted to take me for an ice cream cone.
  • 33:56 - 34:00
    Usually, when dad takes you for an ice cream cone
  • 34:00 - 34:03
    it's usually has to do with bad news of some sort.
  • 34:06 - 34:09
    Child: Um, Dad, is there anything wrong with Mom?
  • 34:09 - 34:11
    Dad: No, Mom's fine.
  • 34:13 - 34:14
    Child: What about Brian?
  • 34:14 - 34:15
    Is he okay?
  • 34:15 - 34:17
    Dad: Brian's good.
  • 34:19 - 34:22
    Child: Then what about my school work, is that okay too?
  • 34:23 - 34:25
    Dad: We're very proud of your school work, Brenda.
  • 34:25 - 34:26
    It's great.
  • 34:29 - 34:31
    Child: Then, what's wrong?
  • 34:31 - 34:32
    Dad: Well,
  • 34:34 - 34:37
    you have a right to know something.
  • 34:39 - 34:41
    David: I don't remember
  • 34:41 - 34:43
    90% of what happened in the car.
  • 34:44 - 34:47
    Dad told me that I had a glaze over my eyes,
  • 34:47 - 34:48
    I was staring at the dashboard
  • 34:48 - 34:50
    and I had ice cream all over me that was melted.
  • 34:52 - 34:54
    Dad: We brought you up as a girl.
  • 34:57 - 35:02
    David: I thought to myself, well I'm not crazy.
  • 35:02 - 35:05
    I'm not turning insane.
  • 35:05 - 35:07
    I thought I was turning insane.
  • 35:09 - 35:13
    Narrator: At the same time, Janet told Brenda's twin, Brian.
  • 35:14 - 35:16
    Janet: I told Brian to come see me.
  • 35:17 - 35:25
    I said, "You know how Brenda was always more of a tomboy than other girls?"
  • 35:26 - 35:27
    He said, "yes."
  • 35:28 - 35:32
    I said, "Well, you know, Brenda was born a boy.
  • 35:32 - 35:33
    Your twin brother."
  • 35:33 - 35:34
    Child: No!
  • 35:34 - 35:36
    (Crashing Sound)
  • 35:39 - 35:42
    Janet: I think Brian reacted like he did
  • 35:42 - 35:49
    because now, all of a sudden, to realize that
  • 35:49 - 35:53
    she was his brother and he wasn't the only boy,
  • 35:55 - 35:57
    was a terrible shock to him.
  • 35:59 - 36:03
    (Music)
  • 36:03 - 36:07
    Narrator: But for Brenda, this was the first time in her life
  • 36:07 - 36:09
    she started to feel happy.
  • 36:10 - 36:12
    She said she wanted to be a boy.
  • 36:12 - 36:13
    Ron: At that moment,
  • 36:13 - 36:17
    when she said, "I don't want to be a girl. I want to be a boy."
  • 36:17 - 36:19
    So I said, "Okay, are you sure?
  • 36:19 - 36:21
    Because there is no going back after."
  • 36:21 - 36:23
    He said, "Yes.
  • 36:25 - 36:28
    Yes. I'm sure. That is what I want to do."
  • 36:30 - 36:34
    Narrator: He decided to call himself David.
  • 36:37 - 36:40
    Janet: When Brenda became David....
  • 36:43 - 36:45
    Harold: I don't think he was that shy.
  • 36:45 - 36:48
    I think he was more withdrawn from people.
  • 36:48 - 36:49
    He was more scared.
  • 36:51 - 36:52
    It was a very good friendship.
  • 36:52 - 36:54
    He wasn't asking for much.
  • 36:55 - 36:57
    Just for me to be there and be his friend.
  • 37:08 - 37:11
    Narrator: David, now decided to undergo painful surgery,
  • 37:11 - 37:12
    similar to this,
  • 37:12 - 37:14
    to create a new penis.
  • 37:16 - 37:22
    (Music)
  • 37:22 - 37:24
    Life for David was looking up.
  • 37:24 - 37:26
    He had a gender he was comfortable with,
  • 37:26 - 37:28
    and money.
  • 37:28 - 37:31
    He'd received compensation for the botched circumcision.
  • 37:32 - 37:34
    His thoughts, now turned to the future.
  • 37:35 - 37:37
    David: I got to thinking,
  • 37:37 - 37:39
    maybe I was too young to think that:
  • 37:39 - 37:42
    What would it be like if I was a father?
  • 37:45 - 37:46
    I could be a good husband.
  • 37:47 - 37:49
    Narrator: But, because he had been castrated,
  • 37:49 - 37:51
    David couldn't have children of his own.
  • 37:53 - 37:56
    Then, his twin, Brian's wife had an idea, but no partner.
  • 37:58 - 38:00
    David: We hit it off ever since.
  • 38:01 - 38:03
    Like two peas in a pod.
  • 38:04 - 38:08
    Jane: I'd say maybe six months into the relationship,
  • 38:08 - 38:12
    we knew that it was meant to be.
  • 38:13 - 38:17
    Narrator: On the 22 of September 1990,
  • 38:17 - 38:19
    David Reimer married Jane Fontaine.
  • 38:20 - 38:22
    Harrold Norman was his best man.
  • 38:23 - 38:27
    Harrold: This was something he never thought, he would ever have.
  • 38:27 - 38:31
    And he was tickled pink about the whole thing.
  • 38:33 - 38:37
    Narrator: At last, David had a normal life.
  • 38:38 - 38:41
    Jane: I would have to say, he was a great father.
  • 38:42 - 38:44
    You know, a wonderful husband,
  • 38:44 - 38:47
    and he was very romantic.
  • 38:47 - 38:52
    We always did little love letters thoughout the years
  • 38:52 - 38:55
    and kept them hidden throughout the house.
  • 38:56 - 38:57
    We had a lot of good times.
  • 39:00 - 39:03
    (Music)
  • 39:03 - 39:07
    Narrator: But, there was one thing that was still not right in David's life.
  • 39:07 - 39:11
    And that was his relationship, with his twin brother, Brian.
  • 39:12 - 39:13
    They'd always had difficulties.
  • 39:14 - 39:16
    But, the real problem began when
  • 39:16 - 39:18
    Brian learned the truth about his twin.
  • 39:24 - 39:26
    Janet: Once I told Brian,
  • 39:27 - 39:29
    what the relationship really was
  • 39:29 - 39:33
    between him and his ex-sister,
  • 39:33 - 39:38
    Brian, sort of, abandoned Brenda.
  • 39:40 - 39:41
    Narrator: For Brian,
  • 39:41 - 39:45
    this was the beginning of a mental disturbance
  • 39:45 - 39:47
    that would develop into schizophrenia.
  • 39:48 - 39:58
    (Music)
  • 39:58 - 40:00
    Then, something happened that would
  • 40:00 - 40:03
    have a terrible effect on both twins.
  • 40:03 - 40:07
    David discovered that Dr. Money had continued to publicize his case,
  • 40:07 - 40:09
    as a success.
  • 40:09 - 40:12
    Proof that you could raise a boy as a girl.
  • 40:13 - 40:15
    David: I was appalled, disgusted,
  • 40:15 - 40:17
    and angry when I heard about it.
  • 40:18 - 40:21
    Because, there was nothing further from the truth.
  • 40:22 - 40:24
    Doctor Money: You're a cute little boy!
  • 40:24 - 40:27
    Reporter: Three decades after this misguided experiment began,
  • 40:27 - 40:30
    Narrator: To prevent others from being traumatized in the same way,
  • 40:30 - 40:33
    David persuaded Brian to go public with him
  • 40:33 - 40:35
    and speak about their ordeal.
  • 40:36 - 40:37
    Janet: David said we have to do this
  • 40:38 - 40:41
    and stop Dr. Money from doing what he's doing.
  • 40:41 - 40:45
    He's ruined our lives, we can't let him ruin any more.
  • 40:46 - 40:49
    So, Brian agreed.
  • 40:50 - 40:53
    Brian: The experiments that he made us do,
  • 40:55 - 40:59
    going into sexual positions with no clothes on,
  • 40:59 - 41:01
    taking pictures of us,
  • 41:01 - 41:04
    how degrading for seven year olds.
  • 41:04 - 41:07
    Narrator: But once the documentary was broadcast,
  • 41:07 - 41:09
    Brian's mental health deteriorated.
  • 41:11 - 41:20
    (Music)
  • 41:21 - 41:25
    Ron: David used to come here quite often,
  • 41:26 - 41:31
    bring him flowers and I guess, I don't know exactly
  • 41:31 - 41:33
    what he'd talk about, but
  • 41:36 - 41:39
    he came here and talked to him quite a few times.
  • 41:39 - 41:42
    It must have been at least, four or five times a week.
  • 41:43 - 41:46
    Crows cawing
  • 41:46 - 41:48
    Crickets chirping
  • 41:49 - 41:58
    (Music)
  • 41:58 - 42:00
    Narrator: Brian's death affected all aspects
  • 42:00 - 42:05
    of David's life, even the parts that he'd been happy about.
  • 42:06 - 42:09
    Harrold: Dave had a lot of time on his hands
  • 42:09 - 42:12
    and he'd go into deep thinking.
  • 42:14 - 42:17
    Narrator: A catalog of disasters befell him.
  • 42:18 - 42:23
    Janet: First, his brother died, who he grieved over terribly.
  • 42:24 - 42:27
    Then he made a very bad investment
  • 42:27 - 42:31
    and a man absconded with the money.
  • 42:32 - 42:35
    That was quite a lot of money.
  • 42:36 - 42:38
    And he couldn't find a job.
  • 42:38 - 42:40
    He was 38 years old.
  • 42:41 - 42:44
    Who's gonna hire you at semi-skilled work?
  • 42:47 - 42:51
    Narrator: Finally, all these problems affected his marriage,
  • 42:53 - 42:54
    Jane: I needed some separation time.
  • 42:54 - 42:57
    I knew that we needed separation time.
  • 42:57 - 42:59
    I remember telling him,
  • 42:59 - 43:03
    I said, "I love you. I'm not asking for a divorce,
  • 43:03 - 43:07
    but, separation time--I think we need it."
  • 43:09 - 43:12
    Janet: He cried on his friend's shoulder
  • 43:12 - 43:14
    for about three or four hours.
  • 43:15 - 43:18
    And he says, "I can't make my wife happy.
  • 43:19 - 43:22
    My wife- just- I just can't make her happy."
  • 43:26 - 43:44
    (Music)
  • 43:44 - 43:48
    Narrator: On May 4, 2004, 38 year-old,
  • 43:48 - 43:53
    David Reimer left his parents' house, for the last time.
  • 43:53 - 44:10
    (Loud Music)
  • 44:10 - 44:13
    David took a shot gun with him.
  • 44:15 - 44:17
    And killed himself.
  • 44:17 - 44:30
    (Music)
  • 44:31 - 44:34
    After David died, there was an outcry.
  • 44:34 - 44:38
    Professor Fauston-Sterling: The case--it was too beautiful for him to let go of it.
  • 44:38 - 44:42
    And I think that was unethical behavior on his part.
  • 44:43 - 44:46
    Narrator: Horizon asked Dr. Money to participate in this documentary,
  • 44:46 - 44:48
    but he declined.
  • 44:48 - 44:51
    His former student, Richard Green,
  • 44:51 - 44:55
    argues that Dr. Money did the best he could in an era when we knew less.
  • 44:56 - 44:57
    Professor Green: With the benefit of hindsight,
  • 44:57 - 44:59
    based on what we knew at the time about
  • 44:59 - 45:02
    how you became male or female, boy or girl,
  • 45:03 - 45:04
    with the advantage of hindsight,
  • 45:04 - 45:07
    knowing the difficulties, to say the least,
  • 45:07 - 45:10
    of creating a penis surgically.
  • 45:11 - 45:13
    The decision that John Money made, at the time,
  • 45:13 - 45:17
    was the correct one and I would have made the same one at that time.
  • 45:20 - 45:21
    Narrator: What we do know,
  • 45:21 - 45:23
    is that Dr,. Money's theory,
  • 45:23 - 45:25
    that it is possible to raise a boy, as a girl,
  • 45:26 - 45:28
    does not seem to hold true for most children.
  • 45:29 - 45:33
    Nature, as far as gender identity is concerned,
  • 45:33 - 45:36
    cannot be overridden by nurture.
  • 45:38 - 45:41
    Above all, this is a cautionary tale.
  • 45:41 - 45:42
    This is what can happen,
  • 45:42 - 45:45
    when science pursues a beautiful theory,
  • 45:45 - 45:47
    with scant regard for the human cost.
  • 45:49 - 45:51
    David: You are always going to see people who are going to say,
  • 45:51 - 45:54
    "Well, the David Reimer case could have been successful."
  • 45:57 - 45:59
    I'm living proof,
  • 45:59 - 46:02
    and you're not going to take my word as gospel,
  • 46:03 - 46:05
    because I've lived though it.
  • 46:05 - 46:08
    What else are you going to listen to? Who else is there?
  • 46:08 - 46:10
    I've lived though it.
  • 46:11 - 46:13
    Stammer
  • 46:14 - 46:17
    Is it going to take someone to end up killing themselves?
  • 46:17 - 46:20
    Shooting themselves in the head before people listen?
  • 46:22 - 46:44
    (Music)
Title:
Dr. Money And The Boy With No Penis
Description:

more » « less
Video Language:
English
Duration:
46:57

English subtitles

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