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Concrete is all around us,
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but most of us don't even
notice that it's there.
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We use concrete to build our roads,
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buildings, bridges,
airports; it's everywhere.
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The only resource we use
more than concrete is water.
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And with population
growth and urbanization,
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we're going to need
concrete more than ever.
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But there's a problem.
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Cement's the glue that
holds concrete together.
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And to make cement, you burn limestone
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with other ingredients in a
kiln at very high temperatures.
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One of the byproducts of that process
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is carbon dioxide, or CO2.
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For every ton of cement
that's manufactured,
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almost a ton of CO2 is
emitted into the atmosphere.
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As a result, the cement industry
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is the second-largest
industrial emitter of CO2,
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responsible for almost 8%
of total global emissions.
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If we're going to solve global warming,
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innovation in both cement production
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and carbon utilization
is absolutely necessary.
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Now, to make concrete, you mix cement
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with stone, sand, and other ingredients,
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throw in a bunch of water,
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and then wait for it to harden or cure.
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With precast products
like pavers and blocks,
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you might shoot steam
into the curing chamber
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to try to accelerate the curing process.
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For buildings, roads, and bridges,
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we pour what's called
ready-mix concrete into a mold
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on the job site and wait
for it to cure over time.
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Now, for over 50 years,
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scientists believed that if
they cured concrete with CO2
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instead of water, it
would be more durable,
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but they were hamstrung by
Portland Cement's chemistry.
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You see, it likes to react
with both water and CO2,
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and those conflicting chemistries
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just don't make for very good concrete.
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So, we came up with a
new cement chemistry.
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We use the same equipment
and raw materials,
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but we use less limestone
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and we fire the kiln
at a lower temperature,
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resulting in up to a 30%
reduction in CO2 emissions.
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Our cement doesn't react with water.
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We cure our concrete with CO2,
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and we get that CO2 by capturing waste gas
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from industrial facilities
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like ammonia plants or ethanol plants
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that otherwise would've been
released into the atmosphere.
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During curing, the chemical
reaction with our cement
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breaks apart the CO2,
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capturing the carbon to make limestone,
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and that limestone's used to
bind the concrete together.
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Now, if a bridge made out of our concrete
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were ever demolished,
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there is no fear of the CO2 being emitted
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because it doesn't exist any longer.
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When you combine the emissions reduction
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during cement production
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with the CO2 consumption
during concrete curing,
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we reduce cement's carbon
footprint by up to 70%.
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And because we don't consume water,
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we also save trillions of liters of water.
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Now, convincing a 2,000-year-old industry
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that hasn't evolved much
over the last 200 years
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is not easy, but there are lots of new
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and existing industry players
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that are attacking that challenge.
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Our strategy is to ease adoption
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by seeking solutions that go
beyond just sustainability.
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We use the same processes,
raw material, and equipment
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that's used to make traditional concrete,
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but our new cement makes
concrete cured will CO2
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that is stronger, more
durable, lighter in color,
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and it cures in 24 hours
instead of 28 days.
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Our new technology for ready-mix
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is in testing and
infrastructure applications,
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and we've pushed our research even further
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to develop a concrete that
may become a carbon sink.
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That means that we will consume more CO2
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than is emitted during cement production.
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Since we can't use CO2 gas
at a construction site,
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we knew we had to deliver
it to our concrete
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in either a solid or liquid form.
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So, we've been partnering with companies
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that are taking waste CO2
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and transforming it into a
useful family of chemicals
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like oxalic acid or citric acid,
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the same one you use in orange juice.
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When that acid reacts with our cement,
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we can pack in as much
as four times more carbon
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into the concrete, making
it carbon negative.
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That means that for a
one-kilometer road section,
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we would consume more CO2
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than almost a 100,000
trees do during one year.
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So, thanks to chemistry and waste CO2,
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we're trying to convert
the concrete industry,
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the second-most-used
material on the planet,
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into a carbon sink for the planet.
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Thank you.