Protecting and interpreting Deaf culture | Glenna Cooper | TEDxTulsaCC
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0:13 - 0:14I'm Deaf.
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0:15 - 0:16I'm profoundly Deaf.
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0:18 - 0:23My parents didn't know I was Deaf
until I was 18 months old. -
0:24 - 0:27My parents' world fell apart,
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0:27 - 0:32primarily because of the hearing society's
view on Deafness as a negative. -
0:34 - 0:37My doctor, an ear, nose
and throat specialist, -
0:37 - 0:41told my parents that I should not
learn sign language, -
0:42 - 0:46because it would make me isolated
from the hearing community. -
0:46 - 0:51I had to learn to speak and to read lips
to fit in with hearing culture. -
0:53 - 0:54So I did.
-
0:54 - 0:59I grew up learning to speak and read lips,
trying to fit in with hearing society, -
1:01 - 1:03and man, it was a challenge.
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1:03 - 1:04Frustrating.
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1:05 - 1:09Communication was not always there
with a hundred percent access. -
1:10 - 1:15When I was three years old,
I spoke my first word - boat. -
1:16 - 1:20My parents were driving,
and out the window, -
1:20 - 1:23I saw a boat and kept repeating the word.
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1:25 - 1:28That's, I guess, why I have
a 29-foot cruiser today. -
1:28 - 1:31(Laughter)
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1:34 - 1:39My parents, upon looking back, realized
that the doctors didn't really understand -
1:39 - 1:43the critical part of language
development for infants. -
1:44 - 1:48It's so critical that Deaf babies
have a first language, -
1:48 - 1:49American Sign Language.
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1:49 - 1:54It's a natural, visual language
for them to develop as a basis, -
1:54 - 1:57and then they can learn
to speak and read lips later in life. -
2:00 - 2:03That's the most important part
for Deaf babies - -
2:03 - 2:07to have that critical access,
that first language. -
2:08 - 2:10Today, I'm 53 years old.
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2:12 - 2:13I'm proud to be Deaf.
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2:15 - 2:18American Sign Language
is something that I greatly value -
2:18 - 2:21because it flung the world
wide open for me, -
2:21 - 2:24even more than I had before.
-
2:25 - 2:29I love American Sign Language,
Deaf culture and Deaf history, -
2:29 - 2:31and the Deaf community.
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2:32 - 2:34We know we're not disabled.
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2:35 - 2:38We just have a different language.
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2:38 - 2:40We know who we are.
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2:42 - 2:45We can do everything just as you can.
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2:49 - 2:56We have successful Deaf attorneys,
Deaf doctors, scientists, engineers, -
2:56 - 3:00college professors, athletes, actors -
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3:01 - 3:05we even have a Deaf receptionist
in the White House. -
3:11 - 3:14When I talk about culture,
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3:14 - 3:17what do I mean by
that I love Deaf culture? -
3:18 - 3:21We have a culture,
just like any other group - -
3:21 - 3:24Hispanic, Asian, Black -
-
3:24 - 3:27they value their language
and their own culture -
3:27 - 3:31such as we value our own Deaf culture
and our own language. -
3:34 - 3:39Let me give you some examples
of normative Deaf culture. -
3:42 - 3:44We can be really blunt.
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3:44 - 3:46(Laughter)
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3:46 - 3:49I mean, if you come up to someone Deaf,
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3:49 - 3:52they'll say, "You've gained weight!
Wow, you've gotten fat! What's wrong?" -
3:52 - 3:53(Laughter)
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3:53 - 3:55Hearing people will not say that.
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3:55 - 3:57"Oh, you look good."
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3:58 - 4:01If that's a bad haircut,
you know, we'll tell you. -
4:01 - 4:02"Those clothes aren't right for you."
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4:02 - 4:04(Laughter)
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4:04 - 4:07Hearing people are so nice, culturally.
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4:07 - 4:08(Laughter)
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4:08 - 4:10"Oh, you look good," is all they'll say.
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4:12 - 4:14It's nice to get that honesty.
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4:16 - 4:18We typically are very detail-oriented.
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4:18 - 4:21If someone passes away,
we'll ask questions. -
4:21 - 4:24"What's wrong? What happened?
How'd they die?" -
4:24 - 4:26and ask for a lot of details.
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4:26 - 4:30But in hearing culture, they'll say,
"Oh, I'm sorry that they passed." -
4:34 - 4:36If a hearing student
comes into my classroom, -
4:37 - 4:41they'll say, "I'm so sorry
I was late," and sit down. -
4:41 - 4:46But if a Deaf student comes
into my classroom, they'll say, -
4:46 - 4:49"Oh, sorry I was late.
You've got to know why! -
4:49 - 4:52A truck on the highway
that was full of egg crates fell over, -
4:52 - 4:55and the police and ambulances
came in and blocked the road! -
4:55 - 4:58I couldn't get through" - and on
and on for two or three minutes, -
4:58 - 5:00and then they end with, "Sorry I'm late."
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5:00 - 5:02(Laughter)
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5:02 - 5:04That's part of our culture.
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5:04 - 5:07We value that information sharing.
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5:09 - 5:13Let me tell about our five-stage goodbye.
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5:15 - 5:18If hearing friends come over
to my house for a party, -
5:18 - 5:21they'll stay about an hour,
hour and a half, and they'll leave. -
5:21 - 5:22"Bye."
-
5:22 - 5:23"Oh, okay."
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5:23 - 5:26But if my Deaf friends come over,
they will stay forever. -
5:26 - 5:27(Laughter)
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5:27 - 5:28I mean, forever.
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5:28 - 5:31Even if I'm urging them to leave!
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5:31 - 5:33(Laughter)
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5:35 - 5:38If we're in a restaurant together,
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5:39 - 5:40we'll be talking,
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5:40 - 5:43and the manager will come up
to the table and indicate, -
5:43 - 5:45"We're closing in about five minutes."
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5:45 - 5:46"Okay."
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5:46 - 5:49But we don't leave - we still talk
for another 10 to 15 minutes. -
5:49 - 5:50Then we realize it,
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5:50 - 5:53and we step a little further
away from the table, -
5:53 - 5:56but we're still talking
for 10 or 15 more minutes, -
5:56 - 5:57sharing information.
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5:57 - 5:59Then we're standing by the door
in a group, talking, -
5:59 - 6:02and the manager's
angrily shutting the lights off -
6:02 - 6:03and motioning us to leave.
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6:03 - 6:04That's the third stage.
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6:04 - 6:09Then we're out in the parking lot,
and that's our fourth stage of goodbye. -
6:09 - 6:12And in our cars, still talking.
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6:12 - 6:13We're still catching up.
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6:13 - 6:15And finally, we leave.
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6:17 - 6:22That's the reason we really depend
on each other to share information. -
6:22 - 6:23For hearing culture,
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6:23 - 6:26you, typically, can hear the radio
or talk amongst yourselves -
6:26 - 6:27to get news and information
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6:27 - 6:32whereas we rely on sign language
for our information, between ourselves, -
6:32 - 6:34and that's how we communicate.
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6:34 - 6:37That's the most important part
of our culture. -
6:39 - 6:45Talking about sign language,
sign language is nothing new. -
6:45 - 6:48It's been here for thousands of years.
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6:50 - 6:54When we have to fight, almost daily,
to protect sign language, -
6:55 - 6:57we experience a lot of oppression
and discrimination, -
6:57 - 7:03just as any other cultural group
experiences oppression on their cultures, -
7:03 - 7:06discrimination on their languages;
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7:06 - 7:07we are the same.
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7:08 - 7:13Looking back, historically, in 427 B.C.,
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7:13 - 7:19in the essay Cratylus
by the Greek philosopher Plato, -
7:20 - 7:24the character of Socrates is quoted,
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7:25 - 7:28"If we do not have voice or tongue
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7:28 - 7:33but we wish to communicate
our feelings and thoughts, -
7:34 - 7:35what should we do?
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7:36 - 7:38Such as those Deaf people,
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7:39 - 7:44who use gestures, body language,
facial expression and movement -
7:44 - 7:45to express their thoughts."
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7:47 - 7:51That's the earliest documented
use of sign language. -
7:51 - 7:53It's been here ever since.
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7:56 - 7:59Here in America, in the 1700s,
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8:01 - 8:03the island Martha's Vineyard
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8:04 - 8:10had the largest rate
of generational Deafness. -
8:10 - 8:15Every one out of twenty-five individuals
was hereditarily Deaf, -
8:15 - 8:19and everyone on that island
both signed and spoke. -
8:20 - 8:24Everyone, hearing and Deaf,
knew sign language. -
8:24 - 8:27It was one cohesive community
that understood each other. -
8:27 - 8:31The community's events, meetings -
everything was conducted in sign language. -
8:31 - 8:35No barriers - Deaf people
were fully included and successful. -
8:38 - 8:41Now, later on, in 1817,
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8:42 - 8:47the American School for the Deaf,
America's first Deaf education, -
8:47 - 8:49was established in Hartford, Connecticut.
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8:51 - 8:57That's when many of Martha's Vineyard
residents moved to that school, -
8:57 - 9:00and graduates from the American School
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9:00 - 9:04went on to other states
to found Deaf schools all over the US. -
9:05 - 9:09That was the most glorious moment -
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9:09 - 9:13a well-educated Deaf community -
college educated, -
9:13 - 9:16the establishment of Gallaudet University,
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9:16 - 9:19the world's only liberal arts
university for the Deaf, -
9:19 - 9:21founded in 1864,
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9:22 - 9:25which provided a college degree
for Deaf individuals. -
9:25 - 9:28Many Deaf graduates
from the American School for the Deaf -
9:28 - 9:30went to Gallaudet University.
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9:30 - 9:33It was the best time for us.
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9:34 - 9:39We had access to education;
we were successful business owners; -
9:39 - 9:42we conducted business
and our lives on equal footing. -
9:45 - 9:4666 years later,
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9:48 - 9:50in 1880 -
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9:50 - 9:53that was the year we will never forget.
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9:53 - 9:58It's indelibly etched on our minds
within the Deaf community. -
10:00 - 10:04The world delegates
convened in Milan, Italy, -
10:05 - 10:09for the Second International Congress
on Education of the Deaf. -
10:11 - 10:15There, the delegates voted
to forbid sign language, -
10:15 - 10:19and mandated that Deaf children
learn to speak and read lips, -
10:19 - 10:22just as hearing society does,
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10:22 - 10:25and that's what vastly
changed the Deaf world. -
10:26 - 10:31The result of the impact on America
was that they fired all Deaf teachers, -
10:32 - 10:34most of whom couldn't speak,
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10:34 - 10:36and replaced all of them
with hearing teachers -
10:36 - 10:39who taught Deaf children
how to read lips and speak. -
10:41 - 10:44The impact was felt worldwide,
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10:45 - 10:51and that was the darkest,
most oppressive era of the Deaf world. -
10:51 - 10:54Job opportunities vastly declined.
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10:54 - 10:58The world's hearing
and Deaf were rent apart - -
10:58 - 11:03our world using sign language,
hearing world using spoken English - -
11:03 - 11:06and it was the darkest time
we've ever been through. -
11:11 - 11:17Finally, in 1960, at Gallaudet University,
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11:18 - 11:22an English professor, Dr. William Stokoe,
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11:23 - 11:29recognized that Deaf students on campus
were signing very fluently and similarly, -
11:29 - 11:32and recruited two Deaf researchers
to work with him. -
11:33 - 11:39They researched American Sign Language
and finally proved definitively -
11:39 - 11:42that American Sign Language
is its own language - -
11:42 - 11:48its own grammar, syntax,
morphology, mouth movements, -
11:48 - 11:52hand shape, locations,
and the Five Parameters of Sign, -
11:54 - 11:57spatial movement, facial expression
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11:57 - 12:01and that it was not a form
of English, after all. -
12:01 - 12:06It was a completely different
and separate language with its own rules. -
12:07 - 12:11People would assume that sign language
was based on English, but it was not. -
12:12 - 12:19That, finally, brought our Deaf community
back to where it should've been all along. -
12:20 - 12:23The use of ASL flourished.
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12:27 - 12:31At that time, many children
who had Deaf parents, -
12:33 - 12:35that had been born into that Deaf world,
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12:35 - 12:38had American Sign Language
as their first language, -
12:38 - 12:40and they had grown up
in the Deaf community. -
12:40 - 12:43Those individuals
took on the responsibility -
12:43 - 12:47as our first interpreters
because of our worlds being so separate, -
12:47 - 12:52and communicated between both
the hearing and Deaf worlds. -
12:54 - 12:58But we didn't have enough,
we needed more interpreters. -
13:00 - 13:05There was a baby boom
and we needed more interpreters, -
13:05 - 13:08so finally, in the 1970s,
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13:09 - 13:13college programs were established
nationwide, all over the US, -
13:13 - 13:15to train interpreters,
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13:15 - 13:19and many students who are hearing,
with no prior knowledge of sign language, -
13:19 - 13:21entered those interpreter
training programs -
13:21 - 13:26but realized that you can't learn
the cultural nuances of the language -
13:26 - 13:28in two or four years,
-
13:28 - 13:33because of the deep roots of our language
and the cultural implications. -
13:36 - 13:40The interpreters, themselves,
experienced challenges -
13:40 - 13:45learning to interpret
between Deaf and hearing cultures. -
13:49 - 13:51Over the years,
-
13:51 - 13:54as the interpreting field has grown,
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13:54 - 13:56you'll be seeing a new movement -
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13:58 - 14:03Deaf individuals taking on
the responsibility to be interpreters. -
14:04 - 14:07American Sign Language
is their first language. -
14:08 - 14:12A full understanding of language
and culture, intrinsically. -
14:12 - 14:17They take signed language
and interpret it to a hearing interpreter, -
14:17 - 14:23who will then translate it
to spoken English, and back and forth; -
14:23 - 14:25a team of interpreters, Deaf and hearing.
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14:29 - 14:35If you look back to the year 1880
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14:38 - 14:39and to now,
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14:40 - 14:44we're seeing more Deaf interpreters.
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14:44 - 14:46We'll see them interpreting
in legal settings, -
14:46 - 14:49in medical and hospital settings,
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14:50 - 14:55working for a more complete interpretation
between our two separate worlds, -
14:56 - 14:58interpreting back and forth.
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15:00 - 15:05But in that year of 1880,
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15:05 - 15:10if those delegates had never voted
to forbid sign language, -
15:12 - 15:15remember the Golden Era
of the Deaf community - -
15:17 - 15:20the Deaf teachers, the children
with full access to language, -
15:20 - 15:23with everyone on one level playing field -
-
15:23 - 15:28if 1880 had never happened
and rent our worlds apart, -
15:28 - 15:33suppose that had never occurred,
that that vote had never happened, -
15:34 - 15:38would that mean that you would
be signing today along with us? -
15:40 - 15:42Signing fluidly, we would be one world.
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15:43 - 15:45We wouldn't need interpreters.
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15:47 - 15:50We could go back to those days
of Martha's Vineyard, -
15:50 - 15:54and have that experience
from then until now. -
15:55 - 15:59It's a nice idea that we
would be one world with no barriers, -
16:01 - 16:03back to our Golden Age
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16:03 - 16:07of successful, well-educated
Deaf individuals - -
16:08 - 16:10it's something to think about.
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16:10 - 16:11Thank you.
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16:11 - 16:14(Applause)
- Title:
- Protecting and interpreting Deaf culture | Glenna Cooper | TEDxTulsaCC
- Description:
-
Deaf advocate Glenna Cooper shares her personal journey as a Deaf child of hearing parents who were told to avoid teaching their daughter sign language. Glenna shares insight into Deaf culture, including why it's not considered rude to tell someone their new hairstyle isn't flattering. You'll also learn about a cutting-edge movement in interpretation that pairs Deaf with hearing interpreters.
Glenna Cooper is Assistant Professor and Department Chair for American Sign Language Education, English As Second Language, and World Language at Tulsa Community College.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at https://www.ted.com/tedx
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 16:23
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Araminta Dutta edited English subtitles for Protecting and interpreting Deaf culture | Glenna Cooper | TEDxTulsaCC |