Can you solve the sea monster riddle? - Dan Finkel

According to legend, once
every thousand years

a host of sea monsters emerges from the
depths to demand tribute

from the floating city of Atlantartica.

As the ruler of the city, you’d always
dismissed the stories…

until today, when 7 Leviathan Lords
rose out of the roiling waters

and surrounded your city.

Each commands 10 giant kraken, and
each kraken is accompanied by 12 mermites.

Your city’s puny army is
hopelessly outmatched.

You think back to the legends.

In the stories, the ruler of the city
saved his people

by feeding the creatures
a ransom of pearls.

The pearls would be split equally between
the leviathans lords.

Each leviathan would then divide its share
into 11 equal piles, keeping one,

and giving the other 10 to their kraken
commanders.

Each kraken would then divide its share
into 13 equal piles,

keeping one, and distributing the other
twelve to their mermite minions.

If any one of these divisions left an
unequal pile or leftover pearl,

the monsters would pull everyone to the
bottom of the sea.

Such was the fate of your
fabled sister city.

You rush to the ancient treasure room and
find five chests,

each containing a precisely counted number
of pearls

prepared by your ancestors
for exactly this purpose.

Each of the chests bears a number
telling how many pearls it contains.

Unfortunately, the symbols they used
to write digits 1000 years ago

have changed with time,

and you don’t know how to
read the ancient numbers.

With hundreds of thousands of pearls
in each chest, there’s no time to recount.

One of these chests will save your city

and the rest will lead
to its certain doom.

Which do you choose?

Pause the video to figure it out yourself.

Answer in 3

Answer in 2

Answer in 1

There isn’t enough information to decode
the ancient Atlantartican numeral system.

But all hope is not lost,

because there’s another piece of
information those symbols contain:

patterns.

If we can find a matching pattern
in arabic numerals,

we can still pick the right chest.

Let’s take stock of what we know.

A quantity of pearls that can appease
the sea monsters

must be divisible by 7, 11 and 13.

Rather than trying out numbers
at random,

let’s examine ones that have this property

and see if there are any
patterns that unite them.

Being divisible by 7, 11 and 13

means that our number must
be a multiple of 7, 11, and 13.

Those three numbers are all prime,
so multiplying them together

will give us their least
common multiple: 1001.

That’s a useful starting place

because we now know that any viable
offering to the sea monsters

must be a multiple of 1001.

Let’s try multiplying it by a three digit
number,

just to get a feel for what happens.

If we try 861 times 1001, we get 861,861,

and we see something similar
with other examples.

It’s a peculiar pattern.

Why would multiplying a three-digit
number by 1001

end up giving you two copies of
the that number,

written one after the other?

Breaking down the multiplication
problem can give us the answer.

1001 times any number x is equal to
1000x + x.

For example, 725 times 1000 is 725,000,
and 725 x 1 is 725.

So 725 x 1001 will be the sum of
those two numbers: 725,725.

And there’s nothing special about 725.

Pick any three-digit number,

and your final product will have
that many thousands, plus one more.

Even though you don’t know how to
read the numbers on the chests,

you can read which pattern of digits
represents a number divisible by 1001.

As with many problems, trying concrete
examples

can give you an intuition for behavior

that may at first look
abstract and mysterious.

The monsters accept your ransom
and swim back down to the depths

for another thousand years.

With the proper planning,

that should give you plenty of time
to prepare for their inevitable return.