We’re doing dying all wrong | Ken Hillman | TEDxSydney
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0:12 - 0:15This is a picture
of my grandfather and myself -
0:15 - 0:18in the mid-1950s walking around Sydney.
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0:19 - 0:22A few years later, in about 1959,
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0:22 - 0:25my grandfather died
very comfortably at home -
0:25 - 0:28under the care
of his general practitioner. -
0:29 - 0:32This is a talk about death and dying,
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0:32 - 0:35and it's too late to leave,
and the doors are locked. -
0:35 - 0:36(Laughter)
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0:36 - 0:40But it's about death and dying
only in the very elderly, -
0:40 - 0:43naturally and normally coming
to the end of their life. -
0:44 - 0:46So, why was it that my grandfather
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0:46 - 0:49was allowed to die at home
quite comfortably, -
0:49 - 0:53but my mother, 25 years later,
it was a very different story, -
0:53 - 0:55which I'll come to.
-
0:56 - 1:00One of the reasons was that at that time
in the general practitioner's bag, -
1:01 - 1:06there wasn't much more or less
than what you found in hospitals. -
1:06 - 1:08This isn't all that long ago.
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1:08 - 1:13So hospitals were where you went
if you were sort of sick, -
1:13 - 1:15but if you were poor as well,
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1:16 - 1:19and you sat in your bed
being very carefully nursed, -
1:19 - 1:22and sometimes you got better,
and sometimes you didn't. -
1:24 - 1:26You can see this in films at the time,
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1:26 - 1:30where if anyone gets injured
in the street, someone shot or stabbed, -
1:31 - 1:34then there's a bystander
shouts, "Quickly call a doctor!" -
1:35 - 1:38A few years later, the bystander says,
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1:38 - 1:40"Quickly call an ambulance!"
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1:40 - 1:43So what was it in hospitals
that was changing? -
1:43 - 1:48It was about the early 1960s,
and there was an explosion of technology, -
1:49 - 1:52marvelous ways that we could image
every single part of the body, -
1:53 - 1:54complex surgery,
-
1:55 - 1:58we divided the body into "-ologies" -
-
1:58 - 2:02neurology, cardiology,
gastroenterology, etc. - -
2:03 - 2:08and the surgeons also divided the body up
into different parts that they worked on -
2:08 - 2:10and gave themselves different names.
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2:11 - 2:14And then, of course,
there was intensive care. -
2:14 - 2:17And 25 years after my grandfather died,
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2:17 - 2:23I became an intensive care specialist
in a large London teaching hospital. -
2:23 - 2:26And I thought I could keep
people alive forever. -
2:26 - 2:29These were the early days
of intensive care. -
2:29 - 2:32I thought it was infinite,
what we could be doing. -
2:32 - 2:36And in many ways, in some ways, it is.
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2:38 - 2:41If I had a relatively normal
brain and a liver, -
2:41 - 2:43I could keep everything else going.
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2:44 - 2:47At that time I had
six intensive care beds. -
2:47 - 2:53I now work in an intensive care unit
where there are 40 intensive care beds. -
2:53 - 2:574000 Australian dollars
per patient per day. -
2:58 - 3:02But it's not only the number of beds
that have changed, -
3:02 - 3:06it's also the type of patients
that we're treating now in intensive care. -
3:07 - 3:09Many of them are over the age of 60,
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3:10 - 3:13many of them are in their 80s and 90s,
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3:13 - 3:17and many of those are
in the last few days or weeks of life. -
3:18 - 3:20So how did this happen?
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3:20 - 3:22Well, it's sort of like a conveyor belt.
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3:23 - 3:26With my grandfather,
he got sick in the community, -
3:26 - 3:30it was expected that he got treated
and managed at home. -
3:31 - 3:34If you get sick
in the community these days, -
3:35 - 3:37we almost always call an ambulance.
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3:37 - 3:42It's very frightening
to have someone become very sick. -
3:42 - 3:46The ambulance takes you
to the nearest emergency department. -
3:46 - 3:48Emergency departments are highly stressed.
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3:49 - 3:52They resuscitate you, they package you,
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3:52 - 3:56and they get you ready
for admission to the hospital. -
3:57 - 3:59And then you become
even sicker in the hospital. -
3:59 - 4:04And here I am,
at the end of the conveyor belt, -
4:04 - 4:07in the intensive care unit,
waiting for you. -
4:08 - 4:12This is a picture of my mother
and my brothers and sisters. -
4:13 - 4:17It wasn't the same
as my grandfather, for my mother. -
4:17 - 4:20The last six months of her life,
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4:20 - 4:23she was admitted 22 times
to acute hospitals. -
4:24 - 4:28She wasn't told
what exactly was wrong with her. -
4:28 - 4:30People didn't tell her
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4:30 - 4:34that as you get older,
things start to deteriorate, -
4:34 - 4:35and you become sicker.
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4:37 - 4:39She wasn't given any choice about this.
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4:39 - 4:43It was simply she got sick,
and she got put on this conveyor belt, -
4:43 - 4:45admitted to hospital.
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4:46 - 4:50I had to be a son
in those situations, not a doctor, -
4:50 - 4:54so I didn't interfere
with any of those decisions -
4:54 - 4:58until finally a very special doctor
sat us all down and said, -
4:58 - 5:01"Your mother is old, and she's dying,
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5:01 - 5:03and we should let her go in peace."
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5:03 - 5:06That was such a relief for all of us,
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5:06 - 5:08and of course,
it was a relief for my mother. -
5:08 - 5:11And so, 48 hours,
approximately, after that, -
5:11 - 5:14my mother passed very comfortably away.
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5:15 - 5:17What did my mother die of?
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5:17 - 5:22Well, when I was an intern,
we were allowed to write down "old age," -
5:22 - 5:24but we're not allowed to do that any more.
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5:24 - 5:26We have to make up a medical term.
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5:26 - 5:28So for example,
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5:28 - 5:30everyone that dies, their heart stops,
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5:30 - 5:32so we write down
"cardio vascular disease." -
5:33 - 5:35So cardio vascular disease
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5:35 - 5:37is the most common way of dying
in our community. -
5:37 - 5:40(Laughter)
-
5:41 - 5:45What was really troubling for me was
that my mother kept asking me, -
5:45 - 5:46"What is wrong with me, Ken?
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5:46 - 5:48If only they'd find out
what was wrong with me, -
5:49 - 5:51then we could do something about it."
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5:51 - 5:54This is very difficult to explain
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5:55 - 5:58because when you get old, you get sick,
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5:58 - 6:02and it's very difficult to put your finger
on exactly what's happening. -
6:02 - 6:06And also, medicine
is based on the diagnosis. -
6:07 - 6:09That's what we learn about for six years:
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6:09 - 6:10the diagnosis.
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6:11 - 6:12A single diagnosis.
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6:12 - 6:14Hospitals are wonderful places
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6:14 - 6:18if you have a single problem
that can be fixed. -
6:19 - 6:21However, when you become old,
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6:22 - 6:27the combination of all the so-called
chronic diseases or co-morbidities - -
6:27 - 6:29whatever the medicalized word is -
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6:29 - 6:31add up to something
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6:31 - 6:34that as yet, we haven't got
a name or a number for. -
6:35 - 6:37I like this word: frailty.
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6:37 - 6:40Because it comes at it
from the patient's point of view. -
6:40 - 6:43It's not a series of medicalized terms,
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6:43 - 6:44it's frailty.
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6:44 - 6:49And I'm sure many of you in the audience
have experienced people that are older, -
6:50 - 6:52and you know what happens
as you get frail, -
6:52 - 6:53as you get more frail.
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6:54 - 6:57And I particularly like this frailty score
because it' got nice pictures. -
6:58 - 6:59So you start off at number one,
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6:59 - 7:01you are very fit
in your sixties, seventies, -
7:01 - 7:04and then you gradually
get more and more frail, -
7:04 - 7:06more and more vulnerable.
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7:06 - 7:09Until you find it
very difficult to get around, -
7:09 - 7:12until you become even more vulnerable.
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7:12 - 7:14Then you are confined to a wheelchair,
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7:14 - 7:17and finally, you haven't got
the strength to get out of bed. -
7:19 - 7:22Despite all the specialties
and all the drugs -
7:22 - 7:24and all the marvelous things
we can do in medicine, -
7:25 - 7:28age-related frailty is not curable.
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7:30 - 7:32So TED Talks are not only
about the problem, -
7:32 - 7:34they are also about the solution,
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7:34 - 7:36and what I'd like to talk to you about
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7:36 - 7:39is what we are trying to do about it
in my own hospital. -
7:41 - 7:48It's not really about high technology
or IT or anything like that. -
7:48 - 7:50It's not fancy stuff.
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7:50 - 7:53But I'm very fortunate
to work in an organization -
7:53 - 7:56that has a culture of looking at things
in a different way, -
7:57 - 8:01putting the patient in the center,
rubbing all the other things out, -
8:01 - 8:03and thinking, well,
how can we do this in a better way. -
8:05 - 8:08So, believe it or not,
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8:08 - 8:11doctors in hospitals
find it very, very difficult -
8:11 - 8:13to recognize people at the end of life.
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8:14 - 8:16I know that sounds very hard to believe.
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8:17 - 8:20So we are working on a tool
that gives us some idea -
8:20 - 8:23about people that have got months
or perhaps a year to live. -
8:23 - 8:25It's called the crystal tool.
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8:25 - 8:29It's very simple, can be used
by people at the bedside. -
8:30 - 8:33It's just a combination
of things that are logical, -
8:33 - 8:36like age and the frailty score
and things like that. -
8:37 - 8:42Now, with everything
that we do in medicine, -
8:42 - 8:43there's uncertainty.
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8:43 - 8:45Uncertainty is inherent in medicine.
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8:46 - 8:52So take, for example, a 20-year-old person
with a terminal brain tumor - -
8:52 - 8:55we do all the tests,
and we find that it's terminal. -
8:55 - 8:56The first thing we do -
-
8:56 - 8:59well, the first thing
the person wants to know is, -
8:59 - 9:00"How long I've got to live?"
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9:00 - 9:05So just using all the data we've got
of everyone with that particular tumor, -
9:05 - 9:07we can say, "Well, maybe a year.
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9:08 - 9:09It could be six months.
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9:09 - 9:11It could be two years.
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9:11 - 9:15Maybe, in exceptional circumstances,
it may be three years, -
9:15 - 9:20but the disease is terminal,
and we can't do much about it." -
9:20 - 9:22And it's the same thing with the elderly.
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9:23 - 9:28Some score like this will at least able us
to move to the next stage. -
9:29 - 9:32And the next stage
is not rocket science either. -
9:32 - 9:33But believe it or not,
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9:33 - 9:38doctors are very uncomfortable
talking to elderly people about dying. -
9:39 - 9:41I'm not too sure why that is.
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9:41 - 9:47So the next step after we recognize
these people is to begin a discussion -
9:47 - 9:50in an honest and empathetic way.
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9:51 - 9:54The next step after that is also logical,
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9:54 - 9:57but believe it or not,
this doesn't occur either. -
9:57 - 10:01It's to empower the patients
and their carers with choices. -
10:01 - 10:04So you'd be honest about
where we think they are in life, -
10:05 - 10:09how long they've got to live,
and how would they like to live that life. -
10:09 - 10:12Maybe they'd like to keep
coming in and out of hospital, -
10:12 - 10:15maybe they'd like the most
aggressive treatment available, -
10:15 - 10:19but at least, it would be
based on proper data -
10:19 - 10:21and a proper way to make a decision.
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10:22 - 10:25However, many people, we've found,
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10:25 - 10:27don't want to keep coming
in and out of hospital -
10:28 - 10:30once they know they haven't got
terribly long to live. -
10:31 - 10:34In fact, about 70% of people,
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10:34 - 10:37in this country, in America
and the United Kingdom, -
10:38 - 10:41when are asked, would rather die at home.
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10:41 - 10:44Now, this contrasts with,
-
10:44 - 10:50about 70% of you will die
in acute institutions, in hospitals. -
10:50 - 10:52So there's a discrepancy here,
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10:52 - 10:54which sort of reinforces the fact
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10:54 - 10:58that we are not talking to people
about this in the proper fashion. -
11:00 - 11:02The long term solutions
are not in hospitals. -
11:02 - 11:04The long term solutions are things like
-
11:05 - 11:08putting the family doctor
more in the center of care; -
11:08 - 11:10advance care directives,
-
11:10 - 11:13you need to be thinking about this
while you're able to, -
11:13 - 11:16talking with your loved ones
and writing it down. -
11:17 - 11:21But then we also need
to move resources and support people, -
11:21 - 11:23if they are going to die in the home,
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11:23 - 11:26so that they are looked after,
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11:26 - 11:28so that they've got respite care.
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11:30 - 11:34I'd like to be controversial here
and say that I don't believe -
11:34 - 11:39the last few months or year of life
in a very elderly person -
11:39 - 11:41is a medical challenge.
-
11:41 - 11:44Maybe if they've got pain,
or they are uncomfortable - sure. -
11:44 - 11:48But most of it is about community support:
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11:48 - 11:50facilitating the carers,
-
11:51 - 11:54making sure their house is clean,
making sure they've got food, -
11:54 - 11:55making sure they're washed
-
11:56 - 11:58and all of those sorts of things.
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11:58 - 12:01This is not so much a health
or medical problem. -
12:03 - 12:06So dying in the elderly has been hijacked.
-
12:07 - 12:10Patients are divided
into individual organs, -
12:10 - 12:14and we try to fine-tune
and make these individual organs better. -
12:15 - 12:19A little bit like birthing was
in the 50s or 60s, -
12:19 - 12:20which was also hijacked.
-
12:20 - 12:22Women in labor were taken to hospital,
-
12:22 - 12:25strung up, legs apart, baby taken out,
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12:25 - 12:27baby put in with all the other babies,
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12:28 - 12:30fathers not allowed
to be with their wives, -
12:30 - 12:32fathers not even allowed to hold the baby.
-
12:32 - 12:36This was the normal way
that we conducted birthing -
12:36 - 12:38in the 50s and 60s.
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12:38 - 12:42That's similar to what's happening
with the elderly at the moment. -
12:43 - 12:45So this is where many of you will die:
-
12:46 - 12:48surrounded by high technology,
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12:48 - 12:51cared for by well-meaning people
-
12:51 - 12:56with a lot of expertise
in their own particular area. -
12:58 - 13:00It's also
-
13:01 - 13:05that we hear about medical miracles
almost on a daily basis, -
13:05 - 13:07and that's exciting.
-
13:07 - 13:11But we hear about what health can do,
what modern medicine can do, -
13:12 - 13:16but we don't hear very much
about what modern medicine can't do. -
13:16 - 13:19We need to be far more honest
with our community -
13:19 - 13:22about the limitations of modern medicine.
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13:23 - 13:28There's rarely a day goes by
when I do my ward rounds with colleagues -
13:28 - 13:34that one of us doesn't say, "Please,
don't ever let this happen to me!" -
13:35 - 13:38So this is one of the most important
decisions in your life. -
13:38 - 13:43You need to take control
over your own end of life. -
13:43 - 13:45Thank you very much.
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13:45 - 13:48(Applause)
- Title:
- We’re doing dying all wrong | Ken Hillman | TEDxSydney
- Description:
-
As a world leader in managing the care of very sick people, Ken Hillman’s breakthrough methods of treating critically ill patients have become the gold standard in Australia, the U.S. and Europe. His job is about keeping people alive, but he asks us to question whether that’s always a good thing.
Ken Hillman is Professor of Intensive Care at the University of New South Wales. He graduated from Sydney University and worked at St Vincent’s Hospital in Sydney before continuing his training at St Bartholomew’s Hospital in London. He was Director of the Intensive Care Unit at Charing Cross Hospital in London, before returning to Australia, where he is an actively practising clinician in intensive care at Liverpool Hospital in Sydney.
He has published over 150 peer reviewed articles as well as writing many chapters and edited several books. Ken has written a book, ‘Vital Signs’, aimed at the lay public on what really happens in intensive care. He is about to publish another one on ageing, dying and death.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 14:03
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